4 The first step in getting fio to simulate a desired I/O workload, is writing a
5 job file describing that specific setup. A job file may contain any number of
6 threads and/or files -- the typical contents of the job file is a *global*
7 section defining shared parameters, and one or more job sections describing the
8 jobs involved. When run, fio parses this file and sets everything up as
9 described. If we break down a job from top to bottom, it contains the following
14 Defines the I/O pattern issued to the file(s). We may only be reading
15 sequentially from this file(s), or we may be writing randomly. Or even
16 mixing reads and writes, sequentially or randomly.
17 Should we be doing buffered I/O, or direct/raw I/O?
21 In how large chunks are we issuing I/O? This may be a single value,
22 or it may describe a range of block sizes.
26 How much data are we going to be reading/writing.
30 How do we issue I/O? We could be memory mapping the file, we could be
31 using regular read/write, we could be using splice, async I/O, or even
36 If the I/O engine is async, how large a queuing depth do we want to
42 How many files are we spreading the workload over.
44 `Threads, processes and job synchronization`_
46 How many threads or processes should we spread this workload over.
48 The above are the basic parameters defined for a workload, in addition there's a
49 multitude of parameters that modify other aspects of how this job behaves.
55 .. option:: --debug=type
57 Enable verbose tracing `type` of various fio actions. May be ``all`` for all types
58 or individual types separated by a comma (e.g. ``--debug=file,mem`` will
59 enable file and memory debugging). Currently, additional logging is
63 Dump info related to processes.
65 Dump info related to file actions.
67 Dump info related to I/O queuing.
69 Dump info related to memory allocations.
71 Dump info related to blktrace setup.
73 Dump info related to I/O verification.
75 Enable all debug options.
77 Dump info related to random offset generation.
79 Dump info related to option matching and parsing.
81 Dump info related to disk utilization updates.
83 Dump info only related to job number x.
85 Dump info only related to mutex up/down ops.
87 Dump info related to profile extensions.
89 Dump info related to internal time keeping.
91 Dump info related to networking connections.
93 Dump info related to I/O rate switching.
95 Dump info related to log compress/decompress.
97 Dump info related to steadystate detection.
99 Dump info related to the helper thread.
101 Dump info related to support for zoned block devices.
103 Show available debug options.
105 .. option:: --parse-only
107 Parse options only, don't start any I/O.
109 .. option:: --merge-blktrace-only
111 Merge blktraces only, don't start any I/O.
113 .. option:: --output=filename
115 Write output to file `filename`.
117 .. option:: --output-format=format
119 Set the reporting `format` to `normal`, `terse`, `json`, or `json+`. Multiple
120 formats can be selected, separated by a comma. `terse` is a CSV based
121 format. `json+` is like `json`, except it adds a full dump of the latency
124 .. option:: --bandwidth-log
126 Generate aggregate bandwidth logs.
128 .. option:: --minimal
130 Print statistics in a terse, semicolon-delimited format.
132 .. option:: --append-terse
134 Print statistics in selected mode AND terse, semicolon-delimited format.
135 **Deprecated**, use :option:`--output-format` instead to select multiple
138 .. option:: --terse-version=version
140 Set terse `version` output format (default 3, or 2 or 4 or 5).
142 .. option:: --version
144 Print version information and exit.
148 Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
150 .. option:: --cpuclock-test
152 Perform test and validation of internal CPU clock.
154 .. option:: --crctest=[test]
156 Test the speed of the built-in checksumming functions. If no argument is
157 given, all of them are tested. Alternatively, a comma separated list can
158 be passed, in which case the given ones are tested.
160 .. option:: --cmdhelp=command
162 Print help information for `command`. May be ``all`` for all commands.
164 .. option:: --enghelp=[ioengine[,command]]
166 List all commands defined by `ioengine`, or print help for `command`
167 defined by `ioengine`. If no `ioengine` is given, list all
170 .. option:: --showcmd
172 Convert given job files to a set of command-line options.
174 .. option:: --readonly
176 Turn on safety read-only checks, preventing writes and trims. The
177 ``--readonly`` option is an extra safety guard to prevent users from
178 accidentally starting a write or trim workload when that is not desired.
179 Fio will only modify the device under test if
180 `rw=write/randwrite/rw/randrw/trim/randtrim/trimwrite` is given. This
181 safety net can be used as an extra precaution.
183 .. option:: --eta=when
185 Specifies when real-time ETA estimate should be printed. `when` may be
186 `always`, `never` or `auto`. `auto` is the default, it prints ETA
187 when requested if the output is a TTY. `always` disregards the output
188 type, and prints ETA when requested. `never` never prints ETA.
190 .. option:: --eta-interval=time
192 By default, fio requests client ETA status roughly every second. With
193 this option, the interval is configurable. Fio imposes a minimum
194 allowed time to avoid flooding the console, less than 250 msec is
197 .. option:: --eta-newline=time
199 Force a new line for every `time` period passed. When the unit is omitted,
200 the value is interpreted in seconds.
202 .. option:: --status-interval=time
204 Force a full status dump of cumulative (from job start) values at `time`
205 intervals. This option does *not* provide per-period measurements. So
206 values such as bandwidth are running averages. When the time unit is omitted,
207 `time` is interpreted in seconds. Note that using this option with
208 ``--output-format=json`` will yield output that technically isn't valid
209 json, since the output will be collated sets of valid json. It will need
210 to be split into valid sets of json after the run.
212 .. option:: --section=name
214 Only run specified section `name` in job file. Multiple sections can be specified.
215 The ``--section`` option allows one to combine related jobs into one file.
216 E.g. one job file could define light, moderate, and heavy sections. Tell
217 fio to run only the "heavy" section by giving ``--section=heavy``
218 command line option. One can also specify the "write" operations in one
219 section and "verify" operation in another section. The ``--section`` option
220 only applies to job sections. The reserved *global* section is always
223 .. option:: --alloc-size=kb
225 Allocate additional internal smalloc pools of size `kb` in KiB. The
226 ``--alloc-size`` option increases shared memory set aside for use by fio.
227 If running large jobs with randommap enabled, fio can run out of memory.
228 Smalloc is an internal allocator for shared structures from a fixed size
229 memory pool and can grow to 16 pools. The pool size defaults to 16MiB.
231 NOTE: While running :file:`.fio_smalloc.*` backing store files are visible
234 .. option:: --warnings-fatal
236 All fio parser warnings are fatal, causing fio to exit with an
239 .. option:: --max-jobs=nr
241 Set the maximum number of threads/processes to support to `nr`.
242 NOTE: On Linux, it may be necessary to increase the shared-memory
243 limit (:file:`/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax`) if fio runs into errors while
246 .. option:: --server=args
248 Start a backend server, with `args` specifying what to listen to.
249 See `Client/Server`_ section.
251 .. option:: --daemonize=pidfile
253 Background a fio server, writing the pid to the given `pidfile` file.
255 .. option:: --client=hostname
257 Instead of running the jobs locally, send and run them on the given `hostname`
258 or set of `hostname`\s. See `Client/Server`_ section.
260 .. option:: --remote-config=file
262 Tell fio server to load this local `file`.
264 .. option:: --idle-prof=option
266 Report CPU idleness. `option` is one of the following:
269 Run unit work calibration only and exit.
272 Show aggregate system idleness and unit work.
275 As **system** but also show per CPU idleness.
277 .. option:: --inflate-log=log
279 Inflate and output compressed `log`.
281 .. option:: --trigger-file=file
283 Execute trigger command when `file` exists.
285 .. option:: --trigger-timeout=time
287 Execute trigger at this `time`.
289 .. option:: --trigger=command
291 Set this `command` as local trigger.
293 .. option:: --trigger-remote=command
295 Set this `command` as remote trigger.
297 .. option:: --aux-path=path
299 Use the directory specified by `path` for generated state files instead
300 of the current working directory.
302 Any parameters following the options will be assumed to be job files, unless
303 they match a job file parameter. Multiple job files can be listed and each job
304 file will be regarded as a separate group. Fio will :option:`stonewall`
305 execution between each group.
311 As previously described, fio accepts one or more job files describing what it is
312 supposed to do. The job file format is the classic ini file, where the names
313 enclosed in [] brackets define the job name. You are free to use any ASCII name
314 you want, except *global* which has special meaning. Following the job name is
315 a sequence of zero or more parameters, one per line, that define the behavior of
316 the job. If the first character in a line is a ';' or a '#', the entire line is
317 discarded as a comment.
319 A *global* section sets defaults for the jobs described in that file. A job may
320 override a *global* section parameter, and a job file may even have several
321 *global* sections if so desired. A job is only affected by a *global* section
324 The :option:`--cmdhelp` option also lists all options. If used with a `command`
325 argument, :option:`--cmdhelp` will detail the given `command`.
327 See the `examples/` directory for inspiration on how to write job files. Note
328 the copyright and license requirements currently apply to `examples/` files.
330 So let's look at a really simple job file that defines two processes, each
331 randomly reading from a 128MiB file:
335 ; -- start job file --
346 As you can see, the job file sections themselves are empty as all the described
347 parameters are shared. As no :option:`filename` option is given, fio makes up a
348 `filename` for each of the jobs as it sees fit. On the command line, this job
349 would look as follows::
351 $ fio --name=global --rw=randread --size=128m --name=job1 --name=job2
354 Let's look at an example that has a number of processes writing randomly to
359 ; -- start job file --
370 Here we have no *global* section, as we only have one job defined anyway. We
371 want to use async I/O here, with a depth of 4 for each file. We also increased
372 the buffer size used to 32KiB and define numjobs to 4 to fork 4 identical
373 jobs. The result is 4 processes each randomly writing to their own 64MiB
374 file. Instead of using the above job file, you could have given the parameters
375 on the command line. For this case, you would specify::
377 $ fio --name=random-writers --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=4 --rw=randwrite --bs=32k --direct=0 --size=64m --numjobs=4
379 When fio is utilized as a basis of any reasonably large test suite, it might be
380 desirable to share a set of standardized settings across multiple job files.
381 Instead of copy/pasting such settings, any section may pull in an external
382 :file:`filename.fio` file with *include filename* directive, as in the following
385 ; -- start job file including.fio --
389 include glob-include.fio
396 include test-include.fio
397 ; -- end job file including.fio --
401 ; -- start job file glob-include.fio --
404 ; -- end job file glob-include.fio --
408 ; -- start job file test-include.fio --
411 ; -- end job file test-include.fio --
413 Settings pulled into a section apply to that section only (except *global*
414 section). Include directives may be nested in that any included file may contain
415 further include directive(s). Include files may not contain [] sections.
418 Environment variables
419 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
421 Fio also supports environment variable expansion in job files. Any sub-string of
422 the form ``${VARNAME}`` as part of an option value (in other words, on the right
423 of the '='), will be expanded to the value of the environment variable called
424 `VARNAME`. If no such environment variable is defined, or `VARNAME` is the
425 empty string, the empty string will be substituted.
427 As an example, let's look at a sample fio invocation and job file::
429 $ SIZE=64m NUMJOBS=4 fio jobfile.fio
433 ; -- start job file --
440 This will expand to the following equivalent job file at runtime:
444 ; -- start job file --
451 Fio ships with a few example job files, you can also look there for inspiration.
456 Additionally, fio has a set of reserved keywords that will be replaced
457 internally with the appropriate value. Those keywords are:
461 The architecture page size of the running system.
465 Megabytes of total memory in the system.
469 Number of online available CPUs.
471 These can be used on the command line or in the job file, and will be
472 automatically substituted with the current system values when the job is
473 run. Simple math is also supported on these keywords, so you can perform actions
478 and get that properly expanded to 8 times the size of memory in the machine.
484 This section describes in details each parameter associated with a job. Some
485 parameters take an option of a given type, such as an integer or a
486 string. Anywhere a numeric value is required, an arithmetic expression may be
487 used, provided it is surrounded by parentheses. Supported operators are:
496 For time values in expressions, units are microseconds by default. This is
497 different than for time values not in expressions (not enclosed in
498 parentheses). The following types are used:
505 String: A sequence of alphanumeric characters.
508 Integer with possible time suffix. Without a unit value is interpreted as
509 seconds unless otherwise specified. Accepts a suffix of 'd' for days, 'h' for
510 hours, 'm' for minutes, 's' for seconds, 'ms' (or 'msec') for milliseconds and
511 'us' (or 'usec') for microseconds. For example, use 10m for 10 minutes.
516 Integer. A whole number value, which may contain an integer prefix
517 and an integer suffix:
519 [*integer prefix*] **number** [*integer suffix*]
521 The optional *integer prefix* specifies the number's base. The default
522 is decimal. *0x* specifies hexadecimal.
524 The optional *integer suffix* specifies the number's units, and includes an
525 optional unit prefix and an optional unit. For quantities of data, the
526 default unit is bytes. For quantities of time, the default unit is seconds
527 unless otherwise specified.
529 With :option:`kb_base`\=1000, fio follows international standards for unit
530 prefixes. To specify power-of-10 decimal values defined in the
531 International System of Units (SI):
533 * *K* -- means kilo (K) or 1000
534 * *M* -- means mega (M) or 1000**2
535 * *G* -- means giga (G) or 1000**3
536 * *T* -- means tera (T) or 1000**4
537 * *P* -- means peta (P) or 1000**5
539 To specify power-of-2 binary values defined in IEC 80000-13:
541 * *Ki* -- means kibi (Ki) or 1024
542 * *Mi* -- means mebi (Mi) or 1024**2
543 * *Gi* -- means gibi (Gi) or 1024**3
544 * *Ti* -- means tebi (Ti) or 1024**4
545 * *Pi* -- means pebi (Pi) or 1024**5
547 For Zone Block Device Mode:
550 With :option:`kb_base`\=1024 (the default), the unit prefixes are opposite
551 from those specified in the SI and IEC 80000-13 standards to provide
552 compatibility with old scripts. For example, 4k means 4096.
554 For quantities of data, an optional unit of 'B' may be included
555 (e.g., 'kB' is the same as 'k').
557 The *integer suffix* is not case sensitive (e.g., m/mi mean mebi/mega,
558 not milli). 'b' and 'B' both mean byte, not bit.
560 Examples with :option:`kb_base`\=1000:
562 * *4 KiB*: 4096, 4096b, 4096B, 4ki, 4kib, 4kiB, 4Ki, 4KiB
563 * *1 MiB*: 1048576, 1mi, 1024ki
564 * *1 MB*: 1000000, 1m, 1000k
565 * *1 TiB*: 1099511627776, 1ti, 1024gi, 1048576mi
566 * *1 TB*: 1000000000, 1t, 1000m, 1000000k
568 Examples with :option:`kb_base`\=1024 (default):
570 * *4 KiB*: 4096, 4096b, 4096B, 4k, 4kb, 4kB, 4K, 4KB
571 * *1 MiB*: 1048576, 1m, 1024k
572 * *1 MB*: 1000000, 1mi, 1000ki
573 * *1 TiB*: 1099511627776, 1t, 1024g, 1048576m
574 * *1 TB*: 1000000000, 1ti, 1000mi, 1000000ki
576 To specify times (units are not case sensitive):
580 * *M* -- means minutes
581 * *s* -- or sec means seconds (default)
582 * *ms* -- or *msec* means milliseconds
583 * *us* -- or *usec* means microseconds
585 If the option accepts an upper and lower range, use a colon ':' or
586 minus '-' to separate such values. See :ref:`irange <irange>`.
587 If the lower value specified happens to be larger than the upper value
588 the two values are swapped.
593 Boolean. Usually parsed as an integer, however only defined for
594 true and false (1 and 0).
599 Integer range with suffix. Allows value range to be given, such as
600 1024-4096. A colon may also be used as the separator, e.g. 1k:4k. If the
601 option allows two sets of ranges, they can be specified with a ',' or '/'
602 delimiter: 1k-4k/8k-32k. Also see :ref:`int <int>`.
605 A list of floating point numbers, separated by a ':' character.
607 With the above in mind, here follows the complete list of fio job parameters.
613 .. option:: kb_base=int
615 Select the interpretation of unit prefixes in input parameters.
618 Inputs comply with IEC 80000-13 and the International
619 System of Units (SI). Use:
621 - power-of-2 values with IEC prefixes (e.g., KiB)
622 - power-of-10 values with SI prefixes (e.g., kB)
625 Compatibility mode (default). To avoid breaking old scripts:
627 - power-of-2 values with SI prefixes
628 - power-of-10 values with IEC prefixes
630 See :option:`bs` for more details on input parameters.
632 Outputs always use correct prefixes. Most outputs include both
635 bw=2383.3kB/s (2327.4KiB/s)
637 If only one value is reported, then kb_base selects the one to use:
639 **1000** -- SI prefixes
641 **1024** -- IEC prefixes
643 .. option:: unit_base=int
645 Base unit for reporting. Allowed values are:
648 Use auto-detection (default).
660 ASCII name of the job. This may be used to override the name printed by fio
661 for this job. Otherwise the job name is used. On the command line this
662 parameter has the special purpose of also signaling the start of a new job.
664 .. option:: description=str
666 Text description of the job. Doesn't do anything except dump this text
667 description when this job is run. It's not parsed.
669 .. option:: loops=int
671 Run the specified number of iterations of this job. Used to repeat the same
672 workload a given number of times. Defaults to 1.
674 .. option:: numjobs=int
676 Create the specified number of clones of this job. Each clone of job
677 is spawned as an independent thread or process. May be used to setup a
678 larger number of threads/processes doing the same thing. Each thread is
679 reported separately; to see statistics for all clones as a whole, use
680 :option:`group_reporting` in conjunction with :option:`new_group`.
681 See :option:`--max-jobs`. Default: 1.
684 Time related parameters
685 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
687 .. option:: runtime=time
689 Limit runtime. The test will run until it completes the configured I/O
690 workload or until it has run for this specified amount of time, whichever
691 occurs first. It can be quite hard to determine for how long a specified
692 job will run, so this parameter is handy to cap the total runtime to a
693 given time. When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in
696 .. option:: time_based
698 If set, fio will run for the duration of the :option:`runtime` specified
699 even if the file(s) are completely read or written. It will simply loop over
700 the same workload as many times as the :option:`runtime` allows.
702 .. option:: startdelay=irange(time)
704 Delay the start of job for the specified amount of time. Can be a single
705 value or a range. When given as a range, each thread will choose a value
706 randomly from within the range. Value is in seconds if a unit is omitted.
708 .. option:: ramp_time=time
710 If set, fio will run the specified workload for this amount of time before
711 logging any performance numbers. Useful for letting performance settle
712 before logging results, thus minimizing the runtime required for stable
713 results. Note that the ``ramp_time`` is considered lead in time for a job,
714 thus it will increase the total runtime if a special timeout or
715 :option:`runtime` is specified. When the unit is omitted, the value is
718 .. option:: clocksource=str
720 Use the given clocksource as the base of timing. The supported options are:
723 :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)`
726 :manpage:`clock_gettime(2)`
729 Internal CPU clock source
731 cpu is the preferred clocksource if it is reliable, as it is very fast (and
732 fio is heavy on time calls). Fio will automatically use this clocksource if
733 it's supported and considered reliable on the system it is running on,
734 unless another clocksource is specifically set. For x86/x86-64 CPUs, this
735 means supporting TSC Invariant.
737 .. option:: gtod_reduce=bool
739 Enable all of the :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` reducing options
740 (:option:`disable_clat`, :option:`disable_slat`, :option:`disable_bw_measurement`) plus
741 reduce precision of the timeout somewhat to really shrink the
742 :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` call count. With this option enabled, we only do
743 about 0.4% of the :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` calls we would have done if all
744 time keeping was enabled.
746 .. option:: gtod_cpu=int
748 Sometimes it's cheaper to dedicate a single thread of execution to just
749 getting the current time. Fio (and databases, for instance) are very
750 intensive on :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` calls. With this option, you can set
751 one CPU aside for doing nothing but logging current time to a shared memory
752 location. Then the other threads/processes that run I/O workloads need only
753 copy that segment, instead of entering the kernel with a
754 :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` call. The CPU set aside for doing these time
755 calls will be excluded from other uses. Fio will manually clear it from the
756 CPU mask of other jobs.
762 .. option:: directory=str
764 Prefix filenames with this directory. Used to place files in a different
765 location than :file:`./`. You can specify a number of directories by
766 separating the names with a ':' character. These directories will be
767 assigned equally distributed to job clones created by :option:`numjobs` as
768 long as they are using generated filenames. If specific `filename(s)` are
769 set fio will use the first listed directory, and thereby matching the
770 `filename` semantic (which generates a file for each clone if not
771 specified, but lets all clones use the same file if set).
773 See the :option:`filename` option for information on how to escape "``:``"
774 characters within the directory path itself.
776 Note: To control the directory fio will use for internal state files
777 use :option:`--aux-path`.
779 .. option:: filename=str
781 Fio normally makes up a `filename` based on the job name, thread number, and
782 file number (see :option:`filename_format`). If you want to share files
783 between threads in a job or several
784 jobs with fixed file paths, specify a `filename` for each of them to override
785 the default. If the ioengine is file based, you can specify a number of files
786 by separating the names with a ':' colon. So if you wanted a job to open
787 :file:`/dev/sda` and :file:`/dev/sdb` as the two working files, you would use
788 ``filename=/dev/sda:/dev/sdb``. This also means that whenever this option is
789 specified, :option:`nrfiles` is ignored. The size of regular files specified
790 by this option will be :option:`size` divided by number of files unless an
791 explicit size is specified by :option:`filesize`.
793 Each colon in the wanted path must be escaped with a ``\``
794 character. For instance, if the path is :file:`/dev/dsk/foo@3,0:c` then you
795 would use ``filename=/dev/dsk/foo@3,0\:c`` and if the path is
796 :file:`F:\\filename` then you would use ``filename=F\:\filename``.
798 On Windows, disk devices are accessed as :file:`\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive0` for
799 the first device, :file:`\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive1` for the second etc.
800 Note: Windows and FreeBSD prevent write access to areas
801 of the disk containing in-use data (e.g. filesystems).
803 The filename "`-`" is a reserved name, meaning *stdin* or *stdout*. Which
804 of the two depends on the read/write direction set.
806 .. option:: filename_format=str
808 If sharing multiple files between jobs, it is usually necessary to have fio
809 generate the exact names that you want. By default, fio will name a file
810 based on the default file format specification of
811 :file:`jobname.jobnumber.filenumber`. With this option, that can be
812 customized. Fio will recognize and replace the following keywords in this
816 The name of the worker thread or process.
818 IP of the fio process when using client/server mode.
820 The incremental number of the worker thread or process.
822 The incremental number of the file for that worker thread or
825 To have dependent jobs share a set of files, this option can be set to have
826 fio generate filenames that are shared between the two. For instance, if
827 :file:`testfiles.$filenum` is specified, file number 4 for any job will be
828 named :file:`testfiles.4`. The default of :file:`$jobname.$jobnum.$filenum`
829 will be used if no other format specifier is given.
831 If you specify a path then the directories will be created up to the
832 main directory for the file. So for example if you specify
833 ``filename_format=a/b/c/$jobnum`` then the directories a/b/c will be
834 created before the file setup part of the job. If you specify
835 :option:`directory` then the path will be relative that directory,
836 otherwise it is treated as the absolute path.
838 .. option:: unique_filename=bool
840 To avoid collisions between networked clients, fio defaults to prefixing any
841 generated filenames (with a directory specified) with the source of the
842 client connecting. To disable this behavior, set this option to 0.
844 .. option:: opendir=str
846 Recursively open any files below directory `str`. This accepts only a
847 single directory and unlike related options, colons appearing in the
848 path must not be escaped.
850 .. option:: lockfile=str
852 Fio defaults to not locking any files before it does I/O to them. If a file
853 or file descriptor is shared, fio can serialize I/O to that file to make the
854 end result consistent. This is usual for emulating real workloads that share
855 files. The lock modes are:
858 No locking. The default.
860 Only one thread or process may do I/O at a time, excluding all
863 Read-write locking on the file. Many readers may
864 access the file at the same time, but writes get exclusive access.
866 .. option:: nrfiles=int
868 Number of files to use for this job. Defaults to 1. The size of files
869 will be :option:`size` divided by this unless explicit size is specified by
870 :option:`filesize`. Files are created for each thread separately, and each
871 file will have a file number within its name by default, as explained in
872 :option:`filename` section.
875 .. option:: openfiles=int
877 Number of files to keep open at the same time. Defaults to the same as
878 :option:`nrfiles`, can be set smaller to limit the number simultaneous
881 .. option:: file_service_type=str
883 Defines how fio decides which file from a job to service next. The following
887 Choose a file at random.
890 Round robin over opened files. This is the default.
893 Finish one file before moving on to the next. Multiple files can
894 still be open depending on :option:`openfiles`.
897 Use a *Zipf* distribution to decide what file to access.
900 Use a *Pareto* distribution to decide what file to access.
903 Use a *Gaussian* (normal) distribution to decide what file to
909 For *random*, *roundrobin*, and *sequential*, a postfix can be appended to
910 tell fio how many I/Os to issue before switching to a new file. For example,
911 specifying ``file_service_type=random:8`` would cause fio to issue
912 8 I/Os before selecting a new file at random. For the non-uniform
913 distributions, a floating point postfix can be given to influence how the
914 distribution is skewed. See :option:`random_distribution` for a description
915 of how that would work.
917 .. option:: ioscheduler=str
919 Attempt to switch the device hosting the file to the specified I/O scheduler
922 .. option:: create_serialize=bool
924 If true, serialize the file creation for the jobs. This may be handy to
925 avoid interleaving of data files, which may greatly depend on the filesystem
926 used and even the number of processors in the system. Default: true.
928 .. option:: create_fsync=bool
930 :manpage:`fsync(2)` the data file after creation. This is the default.
932 .. option:: create_on_open=bool
934 If true, don't pre-create files but allow the job's open() to create a file
935 when it's time to do I/O. Default: false -- pre-create all necessary files
938 .. option:: create_only=bool
940 If true, fio will only run the setup phase of the job. If files need to be
941 laid out or updated on disk, only that will be done -- the actual job contents
942 are not executed. Default: false.
944 .. option:: allow_file_create=bool
946 If true, fio is permitted to create files as part of its workload. If this
947 option is false, then fio will error out if
948 the files it needs to use don't already exist. Default: true.
950 .. option:: allow_mounted_write=bool
952 If this isn't set, fio will abort jobs that are destructive (e.g. that write)
953 to what appears to be a mounted device or partition. This should help catch
954 creating inadvertently destructive tests, not realizing that the test will
955 destroy data on the mounted file system. Note that some platforms don't allow
956 writing against a mounted device regardless of this option. Default: false.
958 .. option:: pre_read=bool
960 If this is given, files will be pre-read into memory before starting the
961 given I/O operation. This will also clear the :option:`invalidate` flag,
962 since it is pointless to pre-read and then drop the cache. This will only
963 work for I/O engines that are seek-able, since they allow you to read the
964 same data multiple times. Thus it will not work on non-seekable I/O engines
965 (e.g. network, splice). Default: false.
967 .. option:: unlink=bool
969 Unlink the job files when done. Not the default, as repeated runs of that
970 job would then waste time recreating the file set again and again. Default:
973 .. option:: unlink_each_loop=bool
975 Unlink job files after each iteration or loop. Default: false.
977 .. option:: zonemode=str
982 The :option:`zonerange`, :option:`zonesize`,
983 :option `zonecapacity` and option:`zoneskip`
984 parameters are ignored.
986 I/O happens in a single zone until
987 :option:`zonesize` bytes have been transferred.
988 After that number of bytes has been
989 transferred processing of the next zone
990 starts. :option `zonecapacity` is ignored.
992 Zoned block device mode. I/O happens
993 sequentially in each zone, even if random I/O
994 has been selected. Random I/O happens across
995 all zones instead of being restricted to a
996 single zone. The :option:`zoneskip` parameter
997 is ignored. :option:`zonerange` and
998 :option:`zonesize` must be identical.
999 Trim is handled using a zone reset operation.
1000 Trim only considers non-empty sequential write
1001 required and sequential write preferred zones.
1003 .. option:: zonerange=int
1005 Size of a single zone. See also :option:`zonesize` and
1008 .. option:: zonesize=int
1010 For :option:`zonemode` =strided, this is the number of bytes to
1011 transfer before skipping :option:`zoneskip` bytes. If this parameter
1012 is smaller than :option:`zonerange` then only a fraction of each zone
1013 with :option:`zonerange` bytes will be accessed. If this parameter is
1014 larger than :option:`zonerange` then each zone will be accessed
1015 multiple times before skipping to the next zone.
1017 For :option:`zonemode` =zbd, this is the size of a single zone. The
1018 :option:`zonerange` parameter is ignored in this mode.
1021 .. option:: zonecapacity=int
1023 For :option:`zonemode` =zbd, this defines the capacity of a single zone,
1024 which is the accessible area starting from the zone start address.
1025 This parameter only applies when using :option:`zonemode` =zbd in
1026 combination with regular block devices. If not specified it defaults to
1027 the zone size. If the target device is a zoned block device, the zone
1028 capacity is obtained from the device information and this option is
1031 .. option:: zoneskip=int
1033 For :option:`zonemode` =strided, the number of bytes to skip after
1034 :option:`zonesize` bytes of data have been transferred. This parameter
1035 must be zero for :option:`zonemode` =zbd.
1037 .. option:: read_beyond_wp=bool
1039 This parameter applies to :option:`zonemode` =zbd only.
1041 Zoned block devices are block devices that consist of multiple zones.
1042 Each zone has a type, e.g. conventional or sequential. A conventional
1043 zone can be written at any offset that is a multiple of the block
1044 size. Sequential zones must be written sequentially. The position at
1045 which a write must occur is called the write pointer. A zoned block
1046 device can be either drive managed, host managed or host aware. For
1047 host managed devices the host must ensure that writes happen
1048 sequentially. Fio recognizes host managed devices and serializes
1049 writes to sequential zones for these devices.
1051 If a read occurs in a sequential zone beyond the write pointer then
1052 the zoned block device will complete the read without reading any data
1053 from the storage medium. Since such reads lead to unrealistically high
1054 bandwidth and IOPS numbers fio only reads beyond the write pointer if
1055 explicitly told to do so. Default: false.
1057 .. option:: max_open_zones=int
1059 When a zone of a zoned block device is partially written (i.e. not all
1060 sectors of the zone have been written), the zone is in one of three
1061 conditions: 'implicit open', 'explicit open' or 'closed'. Zoned block
1062 devices may have a limit called 'max_open_zones' (same name as the
1063 parameter) on the total number of zones that can simultaneously be in
1064 the 'implicit open' or 'explicit open' conditions. Zoned block devices
1065 may have another limit called 'max_active_zones', on the total number of
1066 zones that can simultaneously be in the three conditions. The
1067 :option:`max_open_zones` parameter limits the number of zones to which
1068 write commands are issued by all fio jobs, that is, limits the number of
1069 zones that will be in the conditions. When the device has the
1070 max_open_zones limit and does not have the max_active_zones limit, the
1071 :option:`max_open_zones` parameter limits the number of zones in the two
1072 open conditions up to the limit. In this case, fio includes zones in the
1073 two open conditions to the write target zones at fio start. When the
1074 device has both the max_open_zones and the max_active_zones limits, the
1075 :option:`max_open_zones` parameter limits the number of zones in the
1076 three conditions up to the limit. In this case, fio includes zones in
1077 the three conditions to the write target zones at fio start.
1079 This parameter is relevant only if the :option:`zonemode` =zbd is used.
1080 The default value is always equal to the max_open_zones limit of the
1081 target zoned block device and a value higher than this limit cannot be
1082 specified by users unless the option :option:`ignore_zone_limits` is
1083 specified. When :option:`ignore_zone_limits` is specified or the target
1084 device does not have the max_open_zones limit, :option:`max_open_zones`
1085 can specify 0 to disable any limit on the number of zones that can be
1086 simultaneously written to by all jobs.
1088 .. option:: job_max_open_zones=int
1090 In the same manner as :option:`max_open_zones`, limit the number of open
1091 zones per fio job, that is, the number of zones that a single job can
1092 simultaneously write to. A value of zero indicates no limit.
1095 .. option:: ignore_zone_limits=bool
1097 If this option is used, fio will ignore the maximum number of open
1098 zones limit of the zoned block device in use, thus allowing the
1099 option :option:`max_open_zones` value to be larger than the device
1100 reported limit. Default: false.
1102 .. option:: zone_reset_threshold=float
1104 A number between zero and one that indicates the ratio of written bytes
1105 in the zones with write pointers in the IO range to the size of the IO
1106 range. When current ratio is above this ratio, zones are reset
1107 periodically as :option:`zone_reset_frequency` specifies. If there are
1108 multiple jobs when using this option, the IO range for all write jobs
1111 .. option:: zone_reset_frequency=float
1113 A number between zero and one that indicates how often a zone reset
1114 should be issued if the zone reset threshold has been exceeded. A zone
1115 reset is submitted after each (1 / zone_reset_frequency) write
1116 requests. This and the previous parameter can be used to simulate
1117 garbage collection activity.
1123 .. option:: direct=bool
1125 If value is true, use non-buffered I/O. This is usually O_DIRECT. Note that
1126 OpenBSD and ZFS on Solaris don't support direct I/O. On Windows the synchronous
1127 ioengines don't support direct I/O. Default: false.
1129 .. option:: buffered=bool
1131 If value is true, use buffered I/O. This is the opposite of the
1132 :option:`direct` option. Defaults to true.
1134 .. option:: readwrite=str, rw=str
1136 Type of I/O pattern. Accepted values are:
1143 Sequential trims (Linux block devices and SCSI
1144 character devices only).
1150 Random trims (Linux block devices and SCSI
1151 character devices only).
1153 Sequential mixed reads and writes.
1155 Random mixed reads and writes.
1157 Sequential trim+write sequences. Blocks will be trimmed first,
1158 then the same blocks will be written to. So if ``io_size=64K``
1159 is specified, Fio will trim a total of 64K bytes and also
1160 write 64K bytes on the same trimmed blocks. This behaviour
1161 will be consistent with ``number_ios`` or other Fio options
1162 limiting the total bytes or number of I/O's.
1164 Like trimwrite, but uses random offsets rather
1165 than sequential writes.
1167 Fio defaults to read if the option is not specified. For the mixed I/O
1168 types, the default is to split them 50/50. For certain types of I/O the
1169 result may still be skewed a bit, since the speed may be different.
1171 It is possible to specify the number of I/Os to do before getting a new
1172 offset by appending ``:<nr>`` to the end of the string given. For a
1173 random read, it would look like ``rw=randread:8`` for passing in an offset
1174 modifier with a value of 8. If the suffix is used with a sequential I/O
1175 pattern, then the *<nr>* value specified will be **added** to the generated
1176 offset for each I/O turning sequential I/O into sequential I/O with holes.
1177 For instance, using ``rw=write:4k`` will skip 4k for every write. Also see
1178 the :option:`rw_sequencer` option.
1180 .. option:: rw_sequencer=str
1182 If an offset modifier is given by appending a number to the ``rw=<str>``
1183 line, then this option controls how that number modifies the I/O offset
1184 being generated. Accepted values are:
1187 Generate sequential offset.
1189 Generate the same offset.
1191 ``sequential`` is only useful for random I/O, where fio would normally
1192 generate a new random offset for every I/O. If you append e.g. 8 to
1193 randread, i.e. ``rw=randread:8`` you would get a new random offset for
1194 every 8 I/Os. The result would be a sequence of 8 sequential offsets
1195 with a random starting point. However this behavior may change if a
1196 sequential I/O reaches end of the file. As sequential I/O is already
1197 sequential, setting ``sequential`` for that would not result in any
1198 difference. ``identical`` behaves in a similar fashion, except it sends
1199 the same offset 8 number of times before generating a new offset.
1204 rw_sequencer=sequential
1207 The generated sequence of offsets will look like this:
1208 4k, 8k, 12k, 16k, 20k, 24k, 28k, 32k, 92k, 96k, 100k, 104k, 108k,
1209 112k, 116k, 120k, 48k, 52k ...
1214 rw_sequencer=identical
1217 The generated sequence of offsets will look like this:
1218 4k, 4k, 4k, 4k, 4k, 4k, 4k, 4k, 92k, 92k, 92k, 92k, 92k, 92k, 92k, 92k,
1221 .. option:: unified_rw_reporting=str
1223 Fio normally reports statistics on a per data direction basis, meaning that
1224 reads, writes, and trims are accounted and reported separately. This option
1225 determines whether fio reports the results normally, summed together, or as
1227 Accepted values are:
1230 Normal statistics reporting.
1233 Statistics are summed per data direction and reported together.
1236 Statistics are reported normally, followed by the mixed statistics.
1239 Backward-compatible alias for **none**.
1242 Backward-compatible alias for **mixed**.
1247 .. option:: randrepeat=bool
1249 Seed all random number generators in a predictable way so the pattern
1250 is repeatable across runs. Default: true.
1252 .. option:: allrandrepeat=bool
1254 Alias for :option:`randrepeat`. Default: true.
1256 .. option:: randseed=int
1258 Seed the random number generators based on this seed value, to be able to
1259 control what sequence of output is being generated. If not set, the random
1260 sequence depends on the :option:`randrepeat` setting.
1262 .. option:: fallocate=str
1264 Whether pre-allocation is performed when laying down files.
1265 Accepted values are:
1268 Do not pre-allocate space.
1271 Use a platform's native pre-allocation call but fall back to
1272 **none** behavior if it fails/is not implemented.
1275 Pre-allocate via :manpage:`posix_fallocate(3)`.
1278 Pre-allocate via :manpage:`fallocate(2)` with
1279 FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE set.
1282 Extend file to final size via :manpage:`ftruncate(2)`
1283 instead of allocating.
1286 Backward-compatible alias for **none**.
1289 Backward-compatible alias for **posix**.
1291 May not be available on all supported platforms. **keep** is only available
1292 on Linux. If using ZFS on Solaris this cannot be set to **posix**
1293 because ZFS doesn't support pre-allocation. Default: **native** if any
1294 pre-allocation methods except **truncate** are available, **none** if not.
1296 Note that using **truncate** on Windows will interact surprisingly
1297 with non-sequential write patterns. When writing to a file that has
1298 been extended by setting the end-of-file information, Windows will
1299 backfill the unwritten portion of the file up to that offset with
1300 zeroes before issuing the new write. This means that a single small
1301 write to the end of an extended file will stall until the entire
1302 file has been filled with zeroes.
1304 .. option:: fadvise_hint=str
1306 Use :manpage:`posix_fadvise(2)` or :manpage:`posix_fadvise(2)` to
1307 advise the kernel on what I/O patterns are likely to be issued.
1308 Accepted values are:
1311 Backwards-compatible hint for "no hint".
1314 Backwards compatible hint for "advise with fio workload type". This
1315 uses **FADV_RANDOM** for a random workload, and **FADV_SEQUENTIAL**
1316 for a sequential workload.
1319 Advise using **FADV_SEQUENTIAL**.
1322 Advise using **FADV_RANDOM**.
1325 Advise using **FADV_NOREUSE**. This may be a no-op on older Linux
1326 kernels. Since Linux 6.3, it provides a hint to the LRU algorithm.
1327 See the :manpage:`posix_fadvise(2)` man page.
1329 .. option:: write_hint=str
1331 Use :manpage:`fcntl(2)` to advise the kernel what life time to expect
1332 from a write. Only supported on Linux, as of version 4.13. Accepted
1336 No particular life time associated with this file.
1339 Data written to this file has a short life time.
1342 Data written to this file has a medium life time.
1345 Data written to this file has a long life time.
1348 Data written to this file has a very long life time.
1350 The values are all relative to each other, and no absolute meaning
1351 should be associated with them.
1353 .. option:: offset=int
1355 Start I/O at the provided offset in the file, given as either a fixed size in
1356 bytes, zones or a percentage. If a percentage is given, the generated offset will be
1357 aligned to the minimum ``blocksize`` or to the value of ``offset_align`` if
1358 provided. Data before the given offset will not be touched. This
1359 effectively caps the file size at `real_size - offset`. Can be combined with
1360 :option:`size` to constrain the start and end range of the I/O workload.
1361 A percentage can be specified by a number between 1 and 100 followed by '%',
1362 for example, ``offset=20%`` to specify 20%. In ZBD mode, value can be set as
1363 number of zones using 'z'.
1365 .. option:: offset_align=int
1367 If set to non-zero value, the byte offset generated by a percentage ``offset``
1368 is aligned upwards to this value. Defaults to 0 meaning that a percentage
1369 offset is aligned to the minimum block size.
1371 .. option:: offset_increment=int
1373 If this is provided, then the real offset becomes `offset + offset_increment
1374 * thread_number`, where the thread number is a counter that starts at 0 and
1375 is incremented for each sub-job (i.e. when :option:`numjobs` option is
1376 specified). This option is useful if there are several jobs which are
1377 intended to operate on a file in parallel disjoint segments, with even
1378 spacing between the starting points. Percentages can be used for this option.
1379 If a percentage is given, the generated offset will be aligned to the minimum
1380 ``blocksize`` or to the value of ``offset_align`` if provided. In ZBD mode, value can
1381 also be set as number of zones using 'z'.
1383 .. option:: number_ios=int
1385 Fio will normally perform I/Os until it has exhausted the size of the region
1386 set by :option:`size`, or if it exhaust the allocated time (or hits an error
1387 condition). With this setting, the range/size can be set independently of
1388 the number of I/Os to perform. When fio reaches this number, it will exit
1389 normally and report status. Note that this does not extend the amount of I/O
1390 that will be done, it will only stop fio if this condition is met before
1391 other end-of-job criteria.
1393 .. option:: fsync=int
1395 If writing to a file, issue an :manpage:`fsync(2)` (or its equivalent) of
1396 the dirty data for every number of blocks given. For example, if you give 32
1397 as a parameter, fio will sync the file after every 32 writes issued. If fio is
1398 using non-buffered I/O, we may not sync the file. The exception is the sg
1399 I/O engine, which synchronizes the disk cache anyway. Defaults to 0, which
1400 means fio does not periodically issue and wait for a sync to complete. Also
1401 see :option:`end_fsync` and :option:`fsync_on_close`.
1403 .. option:: fdatasync=int
1405 Like :option:`fsync` but uses :manpage:`fdatasync(2)` to only sync data and
1406 not metadata blocks. In Windows, DragonFlyBSD or OSX there is no
1407 :manpage:`fdatasync(2)` so this falls back to using :manpage:`fsync(2)`.
1408 Defaults to 0, which means fio does not periodically issue and wait for a
1409 data-only sync to complete.
1411 .. option:: write_barrier=int
1413 Make every `N-th` write a barrier write.
1415 .. option:: sync_file_range=str:int
1417 Use :manpage:`sync_file_range(2)` for every `int` number of write
1418 operations. Fio will track range of writes that have happened since the last
1419 :manpage:`sync_file_range(2)` call. `str` can currently be one or more of:
1422 SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE
1424 SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE
1426 SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER
1428 So if you do ``sync_file_range=wait_before,write:8``, fio would use
1429 ``SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE`` for every 8
1430 writes. Also see the :manpage:`sync_file_range(2)` man page. This option is
1433 .. option:: overwrite=bool
1435 If true, writes to a file will always overwrite existing data. If the file
1436 doesn't already exist, it will be created before the write phase begins. If
1437 the file exists and is large enough for the specified write phase, nothing
1438 will be done. Default: false.
1440 .. option:: end_fsync=bool
1442 If true, :manpage:`fsync(2)` file contents when a write stage has completed.
1445 .. option:: fsync_on_close=bool
1447 If true, fio will :manpage:`fsync(2)` a dirty file on close. This differs
1448 from :option:`end_fsync` in that it will happen on every file close, not
1449 just at the end of the job. Default: false.
1451 .. option:: rwmixread=int
1453 Percentage of a mixed workload that should be reads. Default: 50.
1455 .. option:: rwmixwrite=int
1457 Percentage of a mixed workload that should be writes. If both
1458 :option:`rwmixread` and :option:`rwmixwrite` is given and the values do not
1459 add up to 100%, the latter of the two will be used to override the
1460 first. This may interfere with a given rate setting, if fio is asked to
1461 limit reads or writes to a certain rate. If that is the case, then the
1462 distribution may be skewed. Default: 50.
1464 .. option:: random_distribution=str:float[:float][,str:float][,str:float]
1466 By default, fio will use a completely uniform random distribution when asked
1467 to perform random I/O. Sometimes it is useful to skew the distribution in
1468 specific ways, ensuring that some parts of the data is more hot than others.
1469 fio includes the following distribution models:
1472 Uniform random distribution
1481 Normal (Gaussian) distribution
1484 Zoned random distribution
1487 Zone absolute random distribution
1489 When using a **zipf** or **pareto** distribution, an input value is also
1490 needed to define the access pattern. For **zipf**, this is the `Zipf
1491 theta`. For **pareto**, it's the `Pareto power`. Fio includes a test
1492 program, :command:`fio-genzipf`, that can be used visualize what the given input
1493 values will yield in terms of hit rates. If you wanted to use **zipf** with
1494 a `theta` of 1.2, you would use ``random_distribution=zipf:1.2`` as the
1495 option. If a non-uniform model is used, fio will disable use of the random
1496 map. For the **normal** distribution, a normal (Gaussian) deviation is
1497 supplied as a value between 0 and 100.
1499 The second, optional float is allowed for **pareto**, **zipf** and **normal** distributions.
1500 It allows one to set base of distribution in non-default place, giving more control
1501 over most probable outcome. This value is in range [0-1] which maps linearly to
1502 range of possible random values.
1503 Defaults are: random for **pareto** and **zipf**, and 0.5 for **normal**.
1504 If you wanted to use **zipf** with a `theta` of 1.2 centered on 1/4 of allowed value range,
1505 you would use ``random_distribution=zipf:1.2:0.25``.
1507 For a **zoned** distribution, fio supports specifying percentages of I/O
1508 access that should fall within what range of the file or device. For
1509 example, given a criteria of:
1511 * 60% of accesses should be to the first 10%
1512 * 30% of accesses should be to the next 20%
1513 * 8% of accesses should be to the next 30%
1514 * 2% of accesses should be to the next 40%
1516 we can define that through zoning of the random accesses. For the above
1517 example, the user would do::
1519 random_distribution=zoned:60/10:30/20:8/30:2/40
1521 A **zoned_abs** distribution works exactly like the **zoned**, except
1522 that it takes absolute sizes. For example, let's say you wanted to
1523 define access according to the following criteria:
1525 * 60% of accesses should be to the first 20G
1526 * 30% of accesses should be to the next 100G
1527 * 10% of accesses should be to the next 500G
1529 we can define an absolute zoning distribution with:
1531 random_distribution=zoned_abs=60/20G:30/100G:10/500g
1533 For both **zoned** and **zoned_abs**, fio supports defining up to
1536 Similarly to how :option:`bssplit` works for setting ranges and
1537 percentages of block sizes. Like :option:`bssplit`, it's possible to
1538 specify separate zones for reads, writes, and trims. If just one set
1539 is given, it'll apply to all of them. This goes for both **zoned**
1540 **zoned_abs** distributions.
1542 .. option:: percentage_random=int[,int][,int]
1544 For a random workload, set how big a percentage should be random. This
1545 defaults to 100%, in which case the workload is fully random. It can be set
1546 from anywhere from 0 to 100. Setting it to 0 would make the workload fully
1547 sequential. Any setting in between will result in a random mix of sequential
1548 and random I/O, at the given percentages. Comma-separated values may be
1549 specified for reads, writes, and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.
1551 .. option:: norandommap
1553 Normally fio will cover every block of the file when doing random I/O. If
1554 this option is given, fio will just get a new random offset without looking
1555 at past I/O history. This means that some blocks may not be read or written,
1556 and that some blocks may be read/written more than once. If this option is
1557 used with :option:`verify` and multiple blocksizes (via :option:`bsrange`),
1558 only intact blocks are verified, i.e., partially-overwritten blocks are
1559 ignored. With an async I/O engine and an I/O depth > 1, it is possible for
1560 the same block to be overwritten, which can cause verification errors. Either
1561 do not use norandommap in this case, or also use the lfsr random generator.
1563 .. option:: softrandommap=bool
1565 See :option:`norandommap`. If fio runs with the random block map enabled and
1566 it fails to allocate the map, if this option is set it will continue without
1567 a random block map. As coverage will not be as complete as with random maps,
1568 this option is disabled by default.
1570 .. option:: random_generator=str
1572 Fio supports the following engines for generating I/O offsets for random I/O:
1575 Strong 2^88 cycle random number generator.
1577 Linear feedback shift register generator.
1579 Strong 64-bit 2^258 cycle random number generator.
1581 **tausworthe** is a strong random number generator, but it requires tracking
1582 on the side if we want to ensure that blocks are only read or written
1583 once. **lfsr** guarantees that we never generate the same offset twice, and
1584 it's also less computationally expensive. It's not a true random generator,
1585 however, though for I/O purposes it's typically good enough. **lfsr** only
1586 works with single block sizes, not with workloads that use multiple block
1587 sizes. If used with such a workload, fio may read or write some blocks
1588 multiple times. The default value is **tausworthe**, unless the required
1589 space exceeds 2^32 blocks. If it does, then **tausworthe64** is
1590 selected automatically.
1596 .. option:: blocksize=int[,int][,int], bs=int[,int][,int]
1598 The block size in bytes used for I/O units. Default: 4096. A single value
1599 applies to reads, writes, and trims. Comma-separated values may be
1600 specified for reads, writes, and trims. A value not terminated in a comma
1601 applies to subsequent types.
1606 means 256k for reads, writes and trims.
1609 means 8k for reads, 32k for writes and trims.
1612 means 8k for reads, 32k for writes, and default for trims.
1615 means default for reads, 8k for writes and trims.
1618 means default for reads, 8k for writes, and default for trims.
1620 .. option:: blocksize_range=irange[,irange][,irange], bsrange=irange[,irange][,irange]
1622 A range of block sizes in bytes for I/O units. The issued I/O unit will
1623 always be a multiple of the minimum size, unless
1624 :option:`blocksize_unaligned` is set.
1626 Comma-separated ranges may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as
1627 described in :option:`blocksize`.
1629 Example: ``bsrange=1k-4k,2k-8k``.
1631 .. option:: bssplit=str[,str][,str]
1633 Sometimes you want even finer grained control of the block sizes
1634 issued, not just an even split between them. This option allows you to
1635 weight various block sizes, so that you are able to define a specific
1636 amount of block sizes issued. The format for this option is::
1638 bssplit=blocksize/percentage:blocksize/percentage
1640 for as many block sizes as needed. So if you want to define a workload
1641 that has 50% 64k blocks, 10% 4k blocks, and 40% 32k blocks, you would
1644 bssplit=4k/10:64k/50:32k/40
1646 Ordering does not matter. If the percentage is left blank, fio will
1647 fill in the remaining values evenly. So a bssplit option like this one::
1649 bssplit=4k/50:1k/:32k/
1651 would have 50% 4k ios, and 25% 1k and 32k ios. The percentages always
1652 add up to 100, if bssplit is given a range that adds up to more, it
1655 Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as
1656 described in :option:`blocksize`.
1658 If you want a workload that has 50% 2k reads and 50% 4k reads, while
1659 having 90% 4k writes and 10% 8k writes, you would specify::
1661 bssplit=2k/50:4k/50,4k/90:8k/10
1663 Fio supports defining up to 64 different weights for each data
1666 .. option:: blocksize_unaligned, bs_unaligned
1668 If set, fio will issue I/O units with any size within
1669 :option:`blocksize_range`, not just multiples of the minimum size. This
1670 typically won't work with direct I/O, as that normally requires sector
1673 .. option:: bs_is_seq_rand=bool
1675 If this option is set, fio will use the normal read,write blocksize settings
1676 as sequential,random blocksize settings instead. Any random read or write
1677 will use the WRITE blocksize settings, and any sequential read or write will
1678 use the READ blocksize settings.
1680 .. option:: blockalign=int[,int][,int], ba=int[,int][,int]
1682 Boundary to which fio will align random I/O units. Default:
1683 :option:`blocksize`. Minimum alignment is typically 512b for using direct
1684 I/O, though it usually depends on the hardware block size. This option is
1685 mutually exclusive with using a random map for files, so it will turn off
1686 that option. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and
1687 trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.
1693 .. option:: zero_buffers
1695 Initialize buffers with all zeros. Default: fill buffers with random data.
1697 .. option:: refill_buffers
1699 If this option is given, fio will refill the I/O buffers on every
1700 submit. Only makes sense if :option:`zero_buffers` isn't specified,
1701 naturally. Defaults to being unset i.e., the buffer is only filled at
1702 init time and the data in it is reused when possible but if any of
1703 :option:`verify`, :option:`buffer_compress_percentage` or
1704 :option:`dedupe_percentage` are enabled then `refill_buffers` is also
1705 automatically enabled.
1707 .. option:: scramble_buffers=bool
1709 If :option:`refill_buffers` is too costly and the target is using data
1710 deduplication, then setting this option will slightly modify the I/O buffer
1711 contents to defeat normal de-dupe attempts. This is not enough to defeat
1712 more clever block compression attempts, but it will stop naive dedupe of
1713 blocks. Default: true.
1715 .. option:: buffer_compress_percentage=int
1717 If this is set, then fio will attempt to provide I/O buffer content
1718 (on WRITEs) that compresses to the specified level. Fio does this by
1719 providing a mix of random data followed by fixed pattern data. The
1720 fixed pattern is either zeros, or the pattern specified by
1721 :option:`buffer_pattern`. If the `buffer_pattern` option is used, it
1722 might skew the compression ratio slightly. Setting
1723 `buffer_compress_percentage` to a value other than 100 will also
1724 enable :option:`refill_buffers` in order to reduce the likelihood that
1725 adjacent blocks are so similar that they over compress when seen
1726 together. See :option:`buffer_compress_chunk` for how to set a finer or
1727 coarser granularity for the random/fixed data region. Defaults to unset
1728 i.e., buffer data will not adhere to any compression level.
1730 .. option:: buffer_compress_chunk=int
1732 This setting allows fio to manage how big the random/fixed data region
1733 is when using :option:`buffer_compress_percentage`. When
1734 `buffer_compress_chunk` is set to some non-zero value smaller than the
1735 block size, fio can repeat the random/fixed region throughout the I/O
1736 buffer at the specified interval (which particularly useful when
1737 bigger block sizes are used for a job). When set to 0, fio will use a
1738 chunk size that matches the block size resulting in a single
1739 random/fixed region within the I/O buffer. Defaults to 512. When the
1740 unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in bytes.
1742 .. option:: buffer_pattern=str
1744 If set, fio will fill the I/O buffers with this pattern or with the contents
1745 of a file. If not set, the contents of I/O buffers are defined by the other
1746 options related to buffer contents. The setting can be any pattern of bytes,
1747 and can be prefixed with 0x for hex values. It may also be a string, where
1748 the string must then be wrapped with ``""``. Or it may also be a filename,
1749 where the filename must be wrapped with ``''`` in which case the file is
1750 opened and read. Note that not all the file contents will be read if that
1751 would cause the buffers to overflow. So, for example::
1753 buffer_pattern='filename'
1757 buffer_pattern="abcd"
1765 buffer_pattern=0xdeadface
1767 Also you can combine everything together in any order::
1769 buffer_pattern=0xdeadface"abcd"-12'filename'
1771 .. option:: dedupe_percentage=int
1773 If set, fio will generate this percentage of identical buffers when
1774 writing. These buffers will be naturally dedupable. The contents of the
1775 buffers depend on what other buffer compression settings have been set. It's
1776 possible to have the individual buffers either fully compressible, or not at
1777 all -- this option only controls the distribution of unique buffers. Setting
1778 this option will also enable :option:`refill_buffers` to prevent every buffer
1781 .. option:: dedupe_mode=str
1783 If ``dedupe_percentage=<int>`` is given, then this option controls how fio
1784 generates the dedupe buffers.
1787 Generate dedupe buffers by repeating previous writes
1789 Generate dedupe buffers from working set
1791 ``repeat`` is the default option for fio. Dedupe buffers are generated
1792 by repeating previous unique write.
1794 ``working_set`` is a more realistic workload.
1795 With ``working_set``, ``dedupe_working_set_percentage=<int>`` should be provided.
1796 Given that, fio will use the initial unique write buffers as its working set.
1797 Upon deciding to dedupe, fio will randomly choose a buffer from the working set.
1798 Note that by using ``working_set`` the dedupe percentage will converge
1799 to the desired over time while ``repeat`` maintains the desired percentage
1802 .. option:: dedupe_working_set_percentage=int
1804 If ``dedupe_mode=<str>`` is set to ``working_set``, then this controls
1805 the percentage of size of the file or device used as the buffers
1806 fio will choose to generate the dedupe buffers from
1808 Note that size needs to be explicitly provided and only 1 file per
1811 .. option:: dedupe_global=bool
1813 This controls whether the deduplication buffers will be shared amongst
1814 all jobs that have this option set. The buffers are spread evenly between
1817 .. option:: invalidate=bool
1819 Invalidate the buffer/page cache parts of the files to be used prior to
1820 starting I/O if the platform and file type support it. Defaults to true.
1821 This will be ignored if :option:`pre_read` is also specified for the
1824 .. option:: sync=str
1826 Whether, and what type, of synchronous I/O to use for writes. The allowed
1830 Do not use synchronous IO, the default.
1836 Use synchronous file IO. For the majority of I/O engines,
1837 this means using O_SYNC.
1843 Use synchronous data IO. For the majority of I/O engines,
1844 this means using O_DSYNC.
1847 .. option:: iomem=str, mem=str
1849 Fio can use various types of memory as the I/O unit buffer. The allowed
1853 Use memory from :manpage:`malloc(3)` as the buffers. Default memory
1857 Use shared memory as the buffers. Allocated through
1858 :manpage:`shmget(2)`.
1861 Same as shm, but use huge pages as backing.
1864 Use :manpage:`mmap(2)` to allocate buffers. May either be anonymous memory, or can
1865 be file backed if a filename is given after the option. The format
1866 is `mem=mmap:/path/to/file`.
1869 Use a memory mapped huge file as the buffer backing. Append filename
1870 after mmaphuge, ala `mem=mmaphuge:/hugetlbfs/file`.
1873 Same as mmap, but use a MMAP_SHARED mapping.
1876 Use GPU memory as the buffers for GPUDirect RDMA benchmark.
1877 The :option:`ioengine` must be `rdma`.
1879 The area allocated is a function of the maximum allowed bs size for the job,
1880 multiplied by the I/O depth given. Note that for **shmhuge** and
1881 **mmaphuge** to work, the system must have free huge pages allocated. This
1882 can normally be checked and set by reading/writing
1883 :file:`/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages` on a Linux system. Fio assumes a huge page
1884 is 2 or 4MiB in size depending on the platform. So to calculate the
1885 number of huge pages you need for a given job file, add up the I/O
1886 depth of all jobs (normally one unless :option:`iodepth` is used) and
1887 multiply by the maximum bs set. Then divide that number by the huge
1888 page size. You can see the size of the huge pages in
1889 :file:`/proc/meminfo`. If no huge pages are allocated by having a
1890 non-zero number in `nr_hugepages`, using **mmaphuge** or **shmhuge**
1891 will fail. Also see :option:`hugepage-size`.
1893 **mmaphuge** also needs to have hugetlbfs mounted and the file location
1894 should point there. So if it's mounted in :file:`/huge`, you would use
1895 `mem=mmaphuge:/huge/somefile`.
1897 .. option:: iomem_align=int, mem_align=int
1899 This indicates the memory alignment of the I/O memory buffers. Note that
1900 the given alignment is applied to the first I/O unit buffer, if using
1901 :option:`iodepth` the alignment of the following buffers are given by the
1902 :option:`bs` used. In other words, if using a :option:`bs` that is a
1903 multiple of the page sized in the system, all buffers will be aligned to
1904 this value. If using a :option:`bs` that is not page aligned, the alignment
1905 of subsequent I/O memory buffers is the sum of the :option:`iomem_align` and
1908 .. option:: hugepage-size=int
1910 Defines the size of a huge page. Must at least be equal to the system
1911 setting, see :file:`/proc/meminfo` and
1912 :file:`/sys/kernel/mm/hugepages/`. Defaults to 2 or 4MiB depending on
1913 the platform. Should probably always be a multiple of megabytes, so
1914 using ``hugepage-size=Xm`` is the preferred way to set this to avoid
1915 setting a non-pow-2 bad value.
1917 .. option:: lockmem=int
1919 Pin the specified amount of memory with :manpage:`mlock(2)`. Can be used to
1920 simulate a smaller amount of memory. The amount specified is per worker.
1926 .. option:: size=int
1928 The total size of file I/O for each thread of this job. Fio will run until
1929 this many bytes has been transferred, unless runtime is altered by other means
1930 such as (1) :option:`runtime`, (2) :option:`io_size` (3) :option:`number_ios`,
1931 (4) gaps/holes while doing I/O's such as ``rw=read:16K``, or (5) sequential
1932 I/O reaching end of the file which is possible when :option:`percentage_random`
1934 Fio will divide this size between the available files determined by options
1935 such as :option:`nrfiles`, :option:`filename`, unless :option:`filesize` is
1936 specified by the job. If the result of division happens to be 0, the size is
1937 set to the physical size of the given files or devices if they exist.
1938 If this option is not specified, fio will use the full size of the given
1939 files or devices. If the files do not exist, size must be given. It is also
1940 possible to give size as a percentage between 1 and 100. If ``size=20%`` is
1941 given, fio will use 20% of the full size of the given files or devices.
1942 In ZBD mode, value can also be set as number of zones using 'z'.
1943 Can be combined with :option:`offset` to constrain the start and end range
1944 that I/O will be done within.
1946 .. option:: io_size=int, io_limit=int
1948 Normally fio operates within the region set by :option:`size`, which means
1949 that the :option:`size` option sets both the region and size of I/O to be
1950 performed. Sometimes that is not what you want. With this option, it is
1951 possible to define just the amount of I/O that fio should do. For instance,
1952 if :option:`size` is set to 20GiB and :option:`io_size` is set to 5GiB, fio
1953 will perform I/O within the first 20GiB but exit when 5GiB have been
1954 done. The opposite is also possible -- if :option:`size` is set to 20GiB,
1955 and :option:`io_size` is set to 40GiB, then fio will do 40GiB of I/O within
1956 the 0..20GiB region.
1958 .. option:: filesize=irange(int)
1960 Individual file sizes. May be a range, in which case fio will select sizes for
1961 files at random within the given range. If not given, each created file is the
1962 same size. This option overrides :option:`size` in terms of file size, i.e. if
1963 :option:`filesize` is specified then :option:`size` becomes merely the default
1964 for :option:`io_size` and has no effect at all if :option:`io_size` is set
1967 .. option:: file_append=bool
1969 Perform I/O after the end of the file. Normally fio will operate within the
1970 size of a file. If this option is set, then fio will append to the file
1971 instead. This has identical behavior to setting :option:`offset` to the size
1972 of a file. This option is ignored on non-regular files.
1974 .. option:: fill_device=bool, fill_fs=bool
1976 Sets size to something really large and waits for ENOSPC (no space left on
1977 device) or EDQUOT (disk quota exceeded)
1978 as the terminating condition. Only makes sense with sequential
1979 write. For a read workload, the mount point will be filled first then I/O
1980 started on the result. This option doesn't make sense if operating on a raw
1981 device node, since the size of that is already known by the file system.
1982 Additionally, writing beyond end-of-device will not return ENOSPC there.
1988 .. option:: ioengine=str
1990 Defines how the job issues I/O to the file. The following types are defined:
1993 Basic :manpage:`read(2)` or :manpage:`write(2)`
1994 I/O. :manpage:`lseek(2)` is used to position the I/O location.
1995 See :option:`fsync` and :option:`fdatasync` for syncing write I/Os.
1998 Basic :manpage:`pread(2)` or :manpage:`pwrite(2)` I/O. Default on
1999 all supported operating systems except for Windows.
2002 Basic :manpage:`readv(2)` or :manpage:`writev(2)` I/O. Will emulate
2003 queuing by coalescing adjacent I/Os into a single submission.
2006 Basic :manpage:`preadv(2)` or :manpage:`pwritev(2)` I/O.
2009 Basic :manpage:`preadv2(2)` or :manpage:`pwritev2(2)` I/O.
2012 Fast Linux native asynchronous I/O. Supports async IO
2013 for both direct and buffered IO.
2014 This engine defines engine specific options.
2017 Fast Linux native asynchronous I/O for pass through commands.
2018 This engine defines engine specific options.
2021 Linux native asynchronous I/O. Note that Linux may only support
2022 queued behavior with non-buffered I/O (set ``direct=1`` or
2024 This engine defines engine specific options.
2027 POSIX asynchronous I/O using :manpage:`aio_read(3)` and
2028 :manpage:`aio_write(3)`.
2031 Solaris native asynchronous I/O.
2034 Windows native asynchronous I/O. Default on Windows.
2037 File is memory mapped with :manpage:`mmap(2)` and data copied
2038 to/from using :manpage:`memcpy(3)`.
2041 :manpage:`splice(2)` is used to transfer the data and
2042 :manpage:`vmsplice(2)` to transfer data from user space to the
2046 SCSI generic sg v3 I/O. May either be synchronous using the SG_IO
2047 ioctl, or if the target is an sg character device we use
2048 :manpage:`read(2)` and :manpage:`write(2)` for asynchronous
2049 I/O. Requires :option:`filename` option to specify either block or
2050 character devices. This engine supports trim operations.
2051 The sg engine includes engine specific options.
2054 Read, write, trim and ZBC/ZAC operations to a zoned
2055 block device using libzbc library. The target can be
2056 either an SG character device or a block device file.
2059 Doesn't transfer any data, just pretends to. This is mainly used to
2060 exercise fio itself and for debugging/testing purposes.
2063 Transfer over the network to given ``host:port``. Depending on the
2064 :option:`protocol` used, the :option:`hostname`, :option:`port`,
2065 :option:`listen` and :option:`filename` options are used to specify
2066 what sort of connection to make, while the :option:`protocol` option
2067 determines which protocol will be used. This engine defines engine
2071 Like **net**, but uses :manpage:`splice(2)` and
2072 :manpage:`vmsplice(2)` to map data and send/receive.
2073 This engine defines engine specific options.
2076 Doesn't transfer any data, but burns CPU cycles according to the
2077 :option:`cpuload`, :option:`cpuchunks` and :option:`cpumode` options.
2078 Setting :option:`cpuload`\=85 will cause that job to do nothing but burn 85%
2079 of the CPU. In case of SMP machines, use :option:`numjobs`\=<nr_of_cpu>
2080 to get desired CPU usage, as the cpuload only loads a
2081 single CPU at the desired rate. A job never finishes unless there is
2082 at least one non-cpuio job.
2083 Setting :option:`cpumode`\=qsort replace the default noop instructions loop
2084 by a qsort algorithm to consume more energy.
2087 The RDMA I/O engine supports both RDMA memory semantics
2088 (RDMA_WRITE/RDMA_READ) and channel semantics (Send/Recv) for the
2089 InfiniBand, RoCE and iWARP protocols. This engine defines engine
2093 I/O engine that does regular fallocate to simulate data transfer as
2097 does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,).
2100 does fallocate(,mode = 0).
2103 does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE|FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE).
2106 I/O engine that sends :manpage:`ftruncate(2)` operations in response
2107 to write (DDIR_WRITE) events. Each ftruncate issued sets the file's
2108 size to the current block offset. :option:`blocksize` is ignored.
2111 I/O engine that does regular EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT ioctls to simulate
2112 defragment activity in request to DDIR_WRITE event.
2115 I/O engine supporting direct access to Ceph Reliable Autonomic
2116 Distributed Object Store (RADOS) via librados. This ioengine
2117 defines engine specific options.
2120 I/O engine supporting direct access to Ceph Rados Block Devices
2121 (RBD) via librbd without the need to use the kernel rbd driver. This
2122 ioengine defines engine specific options.
2125 I/O engine supporting GET/PUT requests over HTTP(S) with libcurl to
2126 a WebDAV or S3 endpoint. This ioengine defines engine specific options.
2128 This engine only supports direct IO of iodepth=1; you need to scale this
2129 via numjobs. blocksize defines the size of the objects to be created.
2131 TRIM is translated to object deletion.
2134 Using GlusterFS libgfapi sync interface to direct access to
2135 GlusterFS volumes without having to go through FUSE. This ioengine
2136 defines engine specific options.
2139 Using GlusterFS libgfapi async interface to direct access to
2140 GlusterFS volumes without having to go through FUSE. This ioengine
2141 defines engine specific options.
2144 Read and write through Hadoop (HDFS). The :option:`filename` option
2145 is used to specify host,port of the hdfs name-node to connect. This
2146 engine interprets offsets a little differently. In HDFS, files once
2147 created cannot be modified so random writes are not possible. To
2148 imitate this the libhdfs engine expects a bunch of small files to be
2149 created over HDFS and will randomly pick a file from them
2150 based on the offset generated by fio backend (see the example
2151 job file to create such files, use ``rw=write`` option). Please
2152 note, it may be necessary to set environment variables to work
2153 with HDFS/libhdfs properly. Each job uses its own connection to
2157 Read, write and erase an MTD character device (e.g.,
2158 :file:`/dev/mtd0`). Discards are treated as erases. Depending on the
2159 underlying device type, the I/O may have to go in a certain pattern,
2160 e.g., on NAND, writing sequentially to erase blocks and discarding
2161 before overwriting. The `trimwrite` mode works well for this
2165 Read and write using device DAX to a persistent memory device (e.g.,
2166 /dev/dax0.0) through the PMDK libpmem library.
2169 Prefix to specify loading an external I/O engine object file. Append
2170 the engine filename, e.g. ``ioengine=external:/tmp/foo.o`` to load
2171 ioengine :file:`foo.o` in :file:`/tmp`. The path can be either
2172 absolute or relative. See :file:`engines/skeleton_external.c` for
2173 details of writing an external I/O engine.
2176 Simply create the files and do no I/O to them. You still need to
2177 set `filesize` so that all the accounting still occurs, but no
2178 actual I/O will be done other than creating the file.
2181 Simply do stat() and do no I/O to the file. You need to set 'filesize'
2182 and 'nrfiles', so that files will be created.
2183 This engine is to measure file lookup and meta data access.
2186 Simply delete the files by unlink() and do no I/O to them. You need to set 'filesize'
2187 and 'nrfiles', so that the files will be created.
2188 This engine is to measure file delete.
2191 Read and write using mmap I/O to a file on a filesystem
2192 mounted with DAX on a persistent memory device through the PMDK
2196 Synchronous read and write using DDN's Infinite Memory Engine (IME).
2197 This engine is very basic and issues calls to IME whenever an IO is
2201 Synchronous read and write using DDN's Infinite Memory Engine (IME).
2202 This engine uses iovecs and will try to stack as much IOs as possible
2203 (if the IOs are "contiguous" and the IO depth is not exceeded)
2204 before issuing a call to IME.
2207 Asynchronous read and write using DDN's Infinite Memory Engine (IME).
2208 This engine will try to stack as much IOs as possible by creating
2209 requests for IME. FIO will then decide when to commit these requests.
2212 Read and write iscsi lun with libiscsi.
2215 Read and write a Network Block Device (NBD).
2218 I/O engine supporting libcufile synchronous access to nvidia-fs and a
2219 GPUDirect Storage-supported filesystem. This engine performs
2220 I/O without transferring buffers between user-space and the kernel,
2221 unless :option:`verify` is set or :option:`cuda_io` is `posix`.
2222 :option:`iomem` must not be `cudamalloc`. This ioengine defines
2223 engine specific options.
2226 I/O engine supporting asynchronous read and write operations to the
2227 DAOS File System (DFS) via libdfs.
2230 I/O engine supporting asynchronous read and write operations to
2231 NFS filesystems from userspace via libnfs. This is useful for
2232 achieving higher concurrency and thus throughput than is possible
2236 Execute 3rd party tools. Could be used to perform monitoring during jobs runtime.
2239 I/O engine using the xNVMe C API, for NVMe devices. The xnvme engine provides
2240 flexibility to access GNU/Linux Kernel NVMe driver via libaio, IOCTLs, io_uring,
2241 the SPDK NVMe driver, or your own custom NVMe driver. The xnvme engine includes
2242 engine specific options. (See https://xnvme.io).
2245 Use the libblkio library
2246 (https://gitlab.com/libblkio/libblkio). The specific
2247 *driver* to use must be set using
2248 :option:`libblkio_driver`. If
2249 :option:`mem`/:option:`iomem` is not specified, memory
2250 allocation is delegated to libblkio (and so is
2251 guaranteed to work with the selected *driver*). One
2252 libblkio instance is used per process, so all jobs
2253 setting option :option:`thread` will share a single
2254 instance (with one queue per thread) and must specify
2255 compatible options. Note that some drivers don't allow
2256 several instances to access the same device or file
2257 simultaneously, but allow it for threads.
2259 I/O engine specific parameters
2260 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2262 In addition, there are some parameters which are only valid when a specific
2263 :option:`ioengine` is in use. These are used identically to normal parameters,
2264 with the caveat that when used on the command line, they must come after the
2265 :option:`ioengine` that defines them is selected.
2267 .. option:: cmdprio_percentage=int[,int] : [io_uring] [libaio]
2269 Set the percentage of I/O that will be issued with the highest priority.
2270 Default: 0. A single value applies to reads and writes. Comma-separated
2271 values may be specified for reads and writes. For this option to be
2272 effective, NCQ priority must be supported and enabled, and the :option:`direct`
2273 option must be set. fio must also be run as the root user. Unlike
2274 slat/clat/lat stats, which can be tracked and reported independently, per
2275 priority stats only track and report a single type of latency. By default,
2276 completion latency (clat) will be reported, if :option:`lat_percentiles` is
2277 set, total latency (lat) will be reported.
2279 .. option:: cmdprio_class=int[,int] : [io_uring] [libaio]
2281 Set the I/O priority class to use for I/Os that must be issued with
2282 a priority when :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or
2283 :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set. If not specified when
2284 :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set,
2285 this defaults to the highest priority class. A single value applies
2286 to reads and writes. Comma-separated values may be specified for
2287 reads and writes. See :manpage:`ionice(1)`. See also the
2288 :option:`prioclass` option.
2290 .. option:: cmdprio_hint=int[,int] : [io_uring] [libaio]
2292 Set the I/O priority hint to use for I/Os that must be issued with
2293 a priority when :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or
2294 :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set. If not specified when
2295 :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set,
2296 this defaults to 0 (no hint). A single value applies to reads and
2297 writes. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads and writes.
2298 See also the :option:`priohint` option.
2300 .. option:: cmdprio=int[,int] : [io_uring] [libaio]
2302 Set the I/O priority value to use for I/Os that must be issued with
2303 a priority when :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or
2304 :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set. If not specified when
2305 :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set,
2307 Linux limits us to a positive value between 0 and 7, with 0 being the
2308 highest. A single value applies to reads and writes. Comma-separated
2309 values may be specified for reads and writes. See :manpage:`ionice(1)`.
2310 Refer to an appropriate manpage for other operating systems since
2311 meaning of priority may differ. See also the :option:`prio` option.
2313 .. option:: cmdprio_bssplit=str[,str] : [io_uring] [libaio]
2315 To get a finer control over I/O priority, this option allows
2316 specifying the percentage of IOs that must have a priority set
2317 depending on the block size of the IO. This option is useful only
2318 when used together with the :option:`bssplit` option, that is,
2319 multiple different block sizes are used for reads and writes.
2321 The first accepted format for this option is the same as the format of
2322 the :option:`bssplit` option:
2324 cmdprio_bssplit=blocksize/percentage:blocksize/percentage
2326 In this case, each entry will use the priority class, priority hint
2327 and priority level defined by the options :option:`cmdprio_class`,
2328 :option:`cmdprio` and :option:`cmdprio_hint` respectively.
2330 The second accepted format for this option is:
2332 cmdprio_bssplit=blocksize/percentage/class/level:blocksize/percentage/class/level
2334 In this case, the priority class and priority level is defined inside
2335 each entry. In comparison with the first accepted format, the second
2336 accepted format does not restrict all entries to have the same priority
2337 class and priority level.
2339 The third accepted format for this option is:
2341 cmdprio_bssplit=blocksize/percentage/class/level/hint:...
2343 This is an extension of the second accepted format that allows to also
2344 specify a priority hint.
2346 For all formats, only the read and write data directions are supported,
2347 values for trim IOs are ignored. This option is mutually exclusive with
2348 the :option:`cmdprio_percentage` option.
2350 .. option:: fixedbufs : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]
2352 If fio is asked to do direct IO, then Linux will map pages for each
2353 IO call, and release them when IO is done. If this option is set, the
2354 pages are pre-mapped before IO is started. This eliminates the need to
2355 map and release for each IO. This is more efficient, and reduces the
2358 .. option:: nonvectored=int : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]
2360 With this option, fio will use non-vectored read/write commands, where
2361 address must contain the address directly. Default is -1.
2363 .. option:: force_async=int : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]
2365 Normal operation for io_uring is to try and issue an sqe as
2366 non-blocking first, and if that fails, execute it in an async manner.
2367 With this option set to N, then every N request fio will ask sqe to
2368 be issued in an async manner. Default is 0.
2370 .. option:: registerfiles : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]
2372 With this option, fio registers the set of files being used with the
2373 kernel. This avoids the overhead of managing file counts in the kernel,
2374 making the submission and completion part more lightweight. Required
2375 for the below :option:`sqthread_poll` option.
2377 .. option:: sqthread_poll : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd] [xnvme]
2379 Normally fio will submit IO by issuing a system call to notify the
2380 kernel of available items in the SQ ring. If this option is set, the
2381 act of submitting IO will be done by a polling thread in the kernel.
2382 This frees up cycles for fio, at the cost of using more CPU in the
2383 system. As submission is just the time it takes to fill in the sqe
2384 entries and any syscall required to wake up the idle kernel thread,
2385 fio will not report submission latencies.
2387 .. option:: sqthread_poll_cpu=int : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]
2389 When :option:`sqthread_poll` is set, this option provides a way to
2390 define which CPU should be used for the polling thread.
2392 .. option:: cmd_type=str : [io_uring_cmd]
2394 Specifies the type of uring passthrough command to be used. Supported
2395 value is nvme. Default is nvme.
2399 [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd] [xnvme]
2401 If this option is set, fio will attempt to use polled IO completions.
2402 Normal IO completions generate interrupts to signal the completion of
2403 IO, polled completions do not. Hence they are require active reaping
2404 by the application. The benefits are more efficient IO for high IOPS
2405 scenarios, and lower latencies for low queue depth IO.
2409 Use poll queues. This is incompatible with
2410 :option:`libblkio_wait_mode=eventfd <libblkio_wait_mode>` and
2411 :option:`libblkio_force_enable_completion_eventfd`.
2415 Set RWF_HIPRI on I/O, indicating to the kernel that it's of higher priority
2420 If this option is set, fio will attempt to use polled IO completions.
2421 This will have a similar effect as (io_uring)hipri. Only SCSI READ and
2422 WRITE commands will have the SGV4_FLAG_HIPRI set (not UNMAP (trim) nor
2423 VERIFY). Older versions of the Linux sg driver that do not support
2424 hipri will simply ignore this flag and do normal IO. The Linux SCSI
2425 Low Level Driver (LLD) that "owns" the device also needs to support
2426 hipri (also known as iopoll and mq_poll). The MegaRAID driver is an
2427 example of a SCSI LLD. Default: clear (0) which does normal
2428 (interrupted based) IO.
2430 .. option:: userspace_reap : [libaio]
2432 Normally, with the libaio engine in use, fio will use the
2433 :manpage:`io_getevents(2)` system call to reap newly returned events. With
2434 this flag turned on, the AIO ring will be read directly from user-space to
2435 reap events. The reaping mode is only enabled when polling for a minimum of
2436 0 events (e.g. when :option:`iodepth_batch_complete` `=0`).
2438 .. option:: hipri_percentage : [pvsync2]
2440 When hipri is set this determines the probability of a pvsync2 I/O being high
2441 priority. The default is 100%.
2443 .. option:: nowait=bool : [pvsync2] [libaio] [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]
2445 By default if a request cannot be executed immediately (e.g. resource starvation,
2446 waiting on locks) it is queued and the initiating process will be blocked until
2447 the required resource becomes free.
2449 This option sets the RWF_NOWAIT flag (supported from the 4.14 Linux kernel) and
2450 the call will return instantly with EAGAIN or a partial result rather than waiting.
2452 It is useful to also use ignore_error=EAGAIN when using this option.
2454 Note: glibc 2.27, 2.28 have a bug in syscall wrappers preadv2, pwritev2.
2455 They return EOPNOTSUP instead of EAGAIN.
2457 For cached I/O, using this option usually means a request operates only with
2458 cached data. Currently the RWF_NOWAIT flag does not supported for cached write.
2460 For direct I/O, requests will only succeed if cache invalidation isn't required,
2461 file blocks are fully allocated and the disk request could be issued immediately.
2463 .. option:: fdp=bool : [io_uring_cmd] [xnvme]
2465 Enable Flexible Data Placement mode for write commands.
2467 .. option:: fdp_pli_select=str : [io_uring_cmd] [xnvme]
2469 Defines how fio decides which placement ID to use next. The following
2473 Choose a placement ID at random (uniform).
2476 Round robin over available placement IDs. This is the
2479 The available placement ID index/indices is defined by the option
2482 .. option:: fdp_pli=str : [io_uring_cmd] [xnvme]
2484 Select which Placement ID Index/Indicies this job is allowed to use for
2485 writes. By default, the job will cycle through all available Placement
2486 IDs, so use this to isolate these identifiers to specific jobs. If you
2487 want fio to use placement identifier only at indices 0, 2 and 5 specify
2490 .. option:: md_per_io_size=int : [io_uring_cmd]
2492 Size in bytes for separate metadata buffer per IO. Default: 0.
2494 .. option:: cpuload=int : [cpuio]
2496 Attempt to use the specified percentage of CPU cycles. This is a mandatory
2497 option when using cpuio I/O engine.
2499 .. option:: cpuchunks=int : [cpuio]
2501 Split the load into cycles of the given time. In microseconds.
2503 .. option:: cpumode=str : [cpuio]
2505 Specify how to stress the CPU. It can take these two values:
2508 This is the default where the CPU executes noop instructions.
2510 Replace the default noop instructions loop with a qsort algorithm to
2511 consume more energy.
2513 .. option:: exit_on_io_done=bool : [cpuio]
2515 Detect when I/O threads are done, then exit.
2517 .. option:: namenode=str : [libhdfs]
2519 The hostname or IP address of a HDFS cluster namenode to contact.
2521 .. option:: port=int
2525 The listening port of the HFDS cluster namenode.
2529 The TCP or UDP port to bind to or connect to. If this is used with
2530 :option:`numjobs` to spawn multiple instances of the same job type, then
2531 this will be the starting port number since fio will use a range of
2536 The port to use for RDMA-CM communication. This should be the same value
2537 on the client and the server side.
2539 .. option:: hostname=str : [netsplice] [net] [rdma]
2541 The hostname or IP address to use for TCP, UDP or RDMA-CM based I/O. If the job
2542 is a TCP listener or UDP reader, the hostname is not used and must be omitted
2543 unless it is a valid UDP multicast address.
2545 .. option:: serverip=str : [librpma_*]
2547 The IP address to be used for RDMA-CM based I/O.
2549 .. option:: direct_write_to_pmem=bool : [librpma_*]
2551 Set to 1 only when Direct Write to PMem from the remote host is possible.
2552 Otherwise, set to 0.
2554 .. option:: busy_wait_polling=bool : [librpma_*_server]
2556 Set to 0 to wait for completion instead of busy-wait polling completion.
2559 .. option:: interface=str : [netsplice] [net]
2561 The IP address of the network interface used to send or receive UDP
2564 .. option:: ttl=int : [netsplice] [net]
2566 Time-to-live value for outgoing UDP multicast packets. Default: 1.
2568 .. option:: nodelay=bool : [netsplice] [net]
2570 Set TCP_NODELAY on TCP connections.
2572 .. option:: protocol=str, proto=str : [netsplice] [net]
2574 The network protocol to use. Accepted values are:
2577 Transmission control protocol.
2579 Transmission control protocol V6.
2581 User datagram protocol.
2583 User datagram protocol V6.
2587 When the protocol is TCP or UDP, the port must also be given, as well as the
2588 hostname if the job is a TCP listener or UDP reader. For unix sockets, the
2589 normal :option:`filename` option should be used and the port is invalid.
2591 .. option:: listen : [netsplice] [net]
2593 For TCP network connections, tell fio to listen for incoming connections
2594 rather than initiating an outgoing connection. The :option:`hostname` must
2595 be omitted if this option is used.
2597 .. option:: pingpong : [netsplice] [net]
2599 Normally a network writer will just continue writing data, and a network
2600 reader will just consume packages. If ``pingpong=1`` is set, a writer will
2601 send its normal payload to the reader, then wait for the reader to send the
2602 same payload back. This allows fio to measure network latencies. The
2603 submission and completion latencies then measure local time spent sending or
2604 receiving, and the completion latency measures how long it took for the
2605 other end to receive and send back. For UDP multicast traffic
2606 ``pingpong=1`` should only be set for a single reader when multiple readers
2607 are listening to the same address.
2609 .. option:: window_size : [netsplice] [net]
2611 Set the desired socket buffer size for the connection.
2613 .. option:: mss : [netsplice] [net]
2615 Set the TCP maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG).
2617 .. option:: donorname=str : [e4defrag]
2619 File will be used as a block donor (swap extents between files).
2621 .. option:: inplace=int : [e4defrag]
2623 Configure donor file blocks allocation strategy:
2626 Default. Preallocate donor's file on init.
2628 Allocate space immediately inside defragment event, and free right
2631 .. option:: clustername=str : [rbd,rados]
2633 Specifies the name of the Ceph cluster.
2635 .. option:: rbdname=str : [rbd]
2637 Specifies the name of the RBD.
2639 .. option:: clientname=str : [rbd,rados]
2641 Specifies the username (without the 'client.' prefix) used to access the
2642 Ceph cluster. If the *clustername* is specified, the *clientname* shall be
2643 the full *type.id* string. If no type. prefix is given, fio will add
2644 'client.' by default.
2646 .. option:: conf=str : [rados]
2648 Specifies the configuration path of ceph cluster, so conf file does not
2649 have to be /etc/ceph/ceph.conf.
2651 .. option:: busy_poll=bool : [rbd,rados]
2653 Poll store instead of waiting for completion. Usually this provides better
2654 throughput at cost of higher(up to 100%) CPU utilization.
2656 .. option:: touch_objects=bool : [rados]
2658 During initialization, touch (create if do not exist) all objects (files).
2659 Touching all objects affects ceph caches and likely impacts test results.
2662 .. option:: pool=str :
2666 Specifies the name of the Ceph pool containing RBD or RADOS data.
2670 Specify the label or UUID of the DAOS pool to connect to.
2672 .. option:: cont=str : [dfs]
2674 Specify the label or UUID of the DAOS container to open.
2676 .. option:: chunk_size=int
2680 Specify a different chunk size (in bytes) for the dfs file.
2681 Use DAOS container's chunk size by default.
2685 The size of the chunk to use for each file.
2687 .. option:: object_class=str : [dfs]
2689 Specify a different object class for the dfs file.
2690 Use DAOS container's object class by default.
2692 .. option:: skip_bad=bool : [mtd]
2694 Skip operations against known bad blocks.
2696 .. option:: hdfsdirectory : [libhdfs]
2698 libhdfs will create chunk in this HDFS directory.
2700 .. option:: verb=str : [rdma]
2702 The RDMA verb to use on this side of the RDMA ioengine connection. Valid
2703 values are write, read, send and recv. These correspond to the equivalent
2704 RDMA verbs (e.g. write = rdma_write etc.). Note that this only needs to be
2705 specified on the client side of the connection. See the examples folder.
2707 .. option:: bindname=str : [rdma]
2709 The name to use to bind the local RDMA-CM connection to a local RDMA device.
2710 This could be a hostname or an IPv4 or IPv6 address. On the server side this
2711 will be passed into the rdma_bind_addr() function and on the client site it
2712 will be used in the rdma_resolve_add() function. This can be useful when
2713 multiple paths exist between the client and the server or in certain loopback
2716 .. option:: stat_type=str : [filestat]
2718 Specify stat system call type to measure lookup/getattr performance.
2719 Default is **stat** for :manpage:`stat(2)`.
2721 .. option:: readfua=bool : [sg]
2723 With readfua option set to 1, read operations include
2724 the force unit access (fua) flag. Default is 0.
2726 .. option:: writefua=bool : [sg]
2728 With writefua option set to 1, write operations include
2729 the force unit access (fua) flag. Default is 0.
2731 .. option:: sg_write_mode=str : [sg]
2733 Specify the type of write commands to issue. This option can take three values:
2736 This is the default where write opcodes are issued as usual.
2737 **write_and_verify**
2738 Issue WRITE AND VERIFY commands. The BYTCHK bit is set to 0. This
2739 directs the device to carry out a medium verification with no data
2740 comparison. The writefua option is ignored with this selection.
2742 This option is deprecated. Use write_and_verify instead.
2744 Issue WRITE SAME commands. This transfers a single block to the device
2745 and writes this same block of data to a contiguous sequence of LBAs
2746 beginning at the specified offset. fio's block size parameter specifies
2747 the amount of data written with each command. However, the amount of data
2748 actually transferred to the device is equal to the device's block
2749 (sector) size. For a device with 512 byte sectors, blocksize=8k will
2750 write 16 sectors with each command. fio will still generate 8k of data
2751 for each command but only the first 512 bytes will be used and
2752 transferred to the device. The writefua option is ignored with this
2755 This option is deprecated. Use write_same instead.
2757 Issue WRITE SAME(16) commands as above but with the No Data Output
2758 Buffer (NDOB) bit set. No data will be transferred to the device with
2759 this bit set. Data written will be a pre-determined pattern such as
2762 Issue WRITE STREAM(16) commands. Use the **stream_id** option to specify
2763 the stream identifier.
2764 **verify_bytchk_00**
2765 Issue VERIFY commands with BYTCHK set to 00. This directs the
2766 device to carry out a medium verification with no data comparison.
2767 **verify_bytchk_01**
2768 Issue VERIFY commands with BYTCHK set to 01. This directs the device to
2769 compare the data on the device with the data transferred to the device.
2770 **verify_bytchk_11**
2771 Issue VERIFY commands with BYTCHK set to 11. This transfers a
2772 single block to the device and compares the contents of this block with the
2773 data on the device beginning at the specified offset. fio's block size
2774 parameter specifies the total amount of data compared with this command.
2775 However, only one block (sector) worth of data is transferred to the device.
2776 This is similar to the WRITE SAME command except that data is compared instead
2779 .. option:: stream_id=int : [sg]
2781 Set the stream identifier for WRITE STREAM commands. If this is set to 0 (which is not
2782 a valid stream identifier) fio will open a stream and then close it when done. Default
2785 .. option:: http_host=str : [http]
2787 Hostname to connect to. For S3, this could be the bucket hostname.
2788 Default is **localhost**
2790 .. option:: http_user=str : [http]
2792 Username for HTTP authentication.
2794 .. option:: http_pass=str : [http]
2796 Password for HTTP authentication.
2798 .. option:: https=str : [http]
2800 Enable HTTPS instead of http. *on* enables HTTPS; *insecure*
2801 will enable HTTPS, but disable SSL peer verification (use with
2802 caution!). Default is **off**
2804 .. option:: http_mode=str : [http]
2806 Which HTTP access mode to use: *webdav*, *swift*, or *s3*.
2807 Default is **webdav**
2809 .. option:: http_s3_region=str : [http]
2811 The S3 region/zone string.
2812 Default is **us-east-1**
2814 .. option:: http_s3_key=str : [http]
2818 .. option:: http_s3_keyid=str : [http]
2820 The S3 key/access id.
2822 .. option:: http_s3_sse_customer_key=str : [http]
2824 The encryption customer key in SSE server side.
2826 .. option:: http_s3_sse_customer_algorithm=str : [http]
2828 The encryption customer algorithm in SSE server side.
2829 Default is **AES256**
2831 .. option:: http_s3_storage_class=str : [http]
2833 Which storage class to access. User-customizable settings.
2834 Default is **STANDARD**
2836 .. option:: http_swift_auth_token=str : [http]
2838 The Swift auth token. See the example configuration file on how
2841 .. option:: http_verbose=int : [http]
2843 Enable verbose requests from libcurl. Useful for debugging. 1
2844 turns on verbose logging from libcurl, 2 additionally enables
2845 HTTP IO tracing. Default is **0**
2847 .. option:: uri=str : [nbd]
2849 Specify the NBD URI of the server to test. The string
2850 is a standard NBD URI
2851 (see https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/tree/master/doc).
2852 Example URIs: nbd://localhost:10809
2853 nbd+unix:///?socket=/tmp/socket
2854 nbds://tlshost/exportname
2856 .. option:: gpu_dev_ids=str : [libcufile]
2858 Specify the GPU IDs to use with CUDA. This is a colon-separated list of
2859 int. GPUs are assigned to workers roundrobin. Default is 0.
2861 .. option:: cuda_io=str : [libcufile]
2863 Specify the type of I/O to use with CUDA. Default is **cufile**.
2866 Use libcufile and nvidia-fs. This option performs I/O directly
2867 between a GPUDirect Storage filesystem and GPU buffers,
2868 avoiding use of a bounce buffer. If :option:`verify` is set,
2869 cudaMemcpy is used to copy verificaton data between RAM and GPU.
2870 Verification data is copied from RAM to GPU before a write
2871 and from GPU to RAM after a read. :option:`direct` must be 1.
2873 Use POSIX to perform I/O with a RAM buffer, and use cudaMemcpy
2874 to transfer data between RAM and the GPUs. Data is copied from
2875 GPU to RAM before a write and copied from RAM to GPU after a
2876 read. :option:`verify` does not affect use of cudaMemcpy.
2878 .. option:: nfs_url=str : [nfs]
2880 URL in libnfs format, eg nfs://<server|ipv4|ipv6>/path[?arg=val[&arg=val]*]
2881 Refer to the libnfs README for more details.
2883 .. option:: program=str : [exec]
2885 Specify the program to execute.
2887 .. option:: arguments=str : [exec]
2889 Specify arguments to pass to program.
2890 Some special variables can be expanded to pass fio's job details to the program.
2893 Replaced by the duration of the job in seconds.
2895 Replaced by the name of the job.
2897 .. option:: grace_time=int : [exec]
2899 Specify the time between the SIGTERM and SIGKILL signals. Default is 1 second.
2901 .. option:: std_redirect=bool : [exec]
2903 If set, stdout and stderr streams are redirected to files named from the job name. Default is true.
2905 .. option:: xnvme_async=str : [xnvme]
2907 Select the xnvme async command interface. This can take these values.
2910 This is default and use to emulate asynchronous I/O by using a
2911 single thread to create a queue pair on top of a synchronous
2912 I/O interface using the NVMe driver IOCTL.
2914 Emulate an asynchronous I/O interface with a pool of userspace
2915 threads on top of a synchronous I/O interface using the NVMe
2916 driver IOCTL. By default four threads are used.
2918 Linux native asynchronous I/O interface which supports both
2919 direct and buffered I/O.
2921 Fast Linux native asynchronous I/O interface for NVMe pass
2922 through commands. This only works with NVMe character device
2925 Use Linux aio for Asynchronous I/O.
2927 Use the posix asynchronous I/O interface to perform one or
2928 more I/O operations asynchronously.
2930 Use the user-space VFIO-based backend, implemented using
2931 libvfn instead of SPDK.
2933 Do not transfer any data; just pretend to. This is mainly used
2934 for introspective performance evaluation.
2936 .. option:: xnvme_sync=str : [xnvme]
2938 Select the xnvme synchronous command interface. This can take these values.
2941 This is default and uses Linux NVMe Driver ioctl() for
2944 This supports regular as well as vectored pread() and pwrite()
2947 This is the same as psync except that it also supports zone
2948 management commands using Linux block layer IOCTLs.
2950 .. option:: xnvme_admin=str : [xnvme]
2952 Select the xnvme admin command interface. This can take these values.
2955 This is default and uses linux NVMe Driver ioctl() for admin
2958 Use Linux Block Layer ioctl() and sysfs for admin commands.
2960 .. option:: xnvme_dev_nsid=int : [xnvme]
2962 xnvme namespace identifier for userspace NVMe driver, SPDK or vfio.
2964 .. option:: xnvme_dev_subnqn=str : [xnvme]
2966 Sets the subsystem NQN for fabrics. This is for xNVMe to utilize a
2967 fabrics target with multiple systems.
2969 .. option:: xnvme_mem=str : [xnvme]
2971 Select the xnvme memory backend. This can take these values.
2974 This is the default posix memory backend for linux NVMe driver.
2976 Use hugepages, instead of existing posix memory backend. The
2977 memory backend uses hugetlbfs. This require users to allocate
2978 hugepages, mount hugetlbfs and set an enviornment variable for
2981 Uses SPDK's memory allocator.
2983 Uses libvfn's memory allocator. This also specifies the use
2984 of libvfn backend instead of SPDK.
2986 .. option:: xnvme_iovec=int : [xnvme]
2988 If this option is set. xnvme will use vectored read/write commands.
2990 .. option:: libblkio_driver=str : [libblkio]
2992 The libblkio *driver* to use. Different drivers access devices through
2993 different underlying interfaces. Available drivers depend on the
2994 libblkio version in use and are listed at
2995 https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers
2997 .. option:: libblkio_path=str : [libblkio]
2999 Sets the value of the driver-specific "path" property before connecting
3000 the libblkio instance, which identifies the target device or file on
3001 which to perform I/O. Its exact semantics are driver-dependent and not
3002 all drivers may support it; see
3003 https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers
3005 .. option:: libblkio_pre_connect_props=str : [libblkio]
3007 A colon-separated list of additional libblkio properties to be set after
3008 creating but before connecting the libblkio instance. Each property must
3009 have the format ``<name>=<value>``. Colons can be escaped as ``\:``.
3010 These are set after the engine sets any other properties, so those can
3011 be overriden. Available properties depend on the libblkio version in use
3013 https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#properties
3015 .. option:: libblkio_num_entries=int : [libblkio]
3017 Sets the value of the driver-specific "num-entries" property before
3018 starting the libblkio instance. Its exact semantics are driver-dependent
3019 and not all drivers may support it; see
3020 https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers
3022 .. option:: libblkio_queue_size=int : [libblkio]
3024 Sets the value of the driver-specific "queue-size" property before
3025 starting the libblkio instance. Its exact semantics are driver-dependent
3026 and not all drivers may support it; see
3027 https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers
3029 .. option:: libblkio_pre_start_props=str : [libblkio]
3031 A colon-separated list of additional libblkio properties to be set after
3032 connecting but before starting the libblkio instance. Each property must
3033 have the format ``<name>=<value>``. Colons can be escaped as ``\:``.
3034 These are set after the engine sets any other properties, so those can
3035 be overriden. Available properties depend on the libblkio version in use
3037 https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#properties
3039 .. option:: libblkio_vectored : [libblkio]
3041 Submit vectored read and write requests.
3043 .. option:: libblkio_write_zeroes_on_trim : [libblkio]
3045 Submit trims as "write zeroes" requests instead of discard requests.
3047 .. option:: libblkio_wait_mode=str : [libblkio]
3049 How to wait for completions:
3052 Use a blocking call to ``blkioq_do_io()``.
3054 Use a blocking call to ``read()`` on the completion eventfd.
3056 Use a busy loop with a non-blocking call to ``blkioq_do_io()``.
3058 .. option:: libblkio_force_enable_completion_eventfd : [libblkio]
3060 Enable the queue's completion eventfd even when unused. This may impact
3061 performance. The default is to enable it only if
3062 :option:`libblkio_wait_mode=eventfd <libblkio_wait_mode>`.
3064 .. option:: no_completion_thread : [windowsaio]
3066 Avoid using a separate thread for completion polling.
3071 .. option:: iodepth=int
3073 Number of I/O units to keep in flight against the file. Note that
3074 increasing *iodepth* beyond 1 will not affect synchronous ioengines (except
3075 for small degrees when :option:`verify_async` is in use). Even async
3076 engines may impose OS restrictions causing the desired depth not to be
3077 achieved. This may happen on Linux when using libaio and not setting
3078 :option:`direct`\=1, since buffered I/O is not async on that OS. Keep an
3079 eye on the I/O depth distribution in the fio output to verify that the
3080 achieved depth is as expected. Default: 1.
3082 .. option:: iodepth_batch_submit=int, iodepth_batch=int
3084 This defines how many pieces of I/O to submit at once. It defaults to 1
3085 which means that we submit each I/O as soon as it is available, but can be
3086 raised to submit bigger batches of I/O at the time. If it is set to 0 the
3087 :option:`iodepth` value will be used.
3089 .. option:: iodepth_batch_complete_min=int, iodepth_batch_complete=int
3091 This defines how many pieces of I/O to retrieve at once. It defaults to 1
3092 which means that we'll ask for a minimum of 1 I/O in the retrieval process
3093 from the kernel. The I/O retrieval will go on until we hit the limit set by
3094 :option:`iodepth_low`. If this variable is set to 0, then fio will always
3095 check for completed events before queuing more I/O. This helps reduce I/O
3096 latency, at the cost of more retrieval system calls.
3098 .. option:: iodepth_batch_complete_max=int
3100 This defines maximum pieces of I/O to retrieve at once. This variable should
3101 be used along with :option:`iodepth_batch_complete_min`\=int variable,
3102 specifying the range of min and max amount of I/O which should be
3103 retrieved. By default it is equal to the :option:`iodepth_batch_complete_min`
3108 iodepth_batch_complete_min=1
3109 iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth>
3111 which means that we will retrieve at least 1 I/O and up to the whole
3112 submitted queue depth. If none of I/O has been completed yet, we will wait.
3116 iodepth_batch_complete_min=0
3117 iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth>
3119 which means that we can retrieve up to the whole submitted queue depth, but
3120 if none of I/O has been completed yet, we will NOT wait and immediately exit
3121 the system call. In this example we simply do polling.
3123 .. option:: iodepth_low=int
3125 The low water mark indicating when to start filling the queue
3126 again. Defaults to the same as :option:`iodepth`, meaning that fio will
3127 attempt to keep the queue full at all times. If :option:`iodepth` is set to
3128 e.g. 16 and *iodepth_low* is set to 4, then after fio has filled the queue of
3129 16 requests, it will let the depth drain down to 4 before starting to fill
3132 .. option:: serialize_overlap=bool
3134 Serialize in-flight I/Os that might otherwise cause or suffer from data races.
3135 When two or more I/Os are submitted simultaneously, there is no guarantee that
3136 the I/Os will be processed or completed in the submitted order. Further, if
3137 two or more of those I/Os are writes, any overlapping region between them can
3138 become indeterminate/undefined on certain storage. These issues can cause
3139 verification to fail erratically when at least one of the racing I/Os is
3140 changing data and the overlapping region has a non-zero size. Setting
3141 ``serialize_overlap`` tells fio to avoid provoking this behavior by explicitly
3142 serializing in-flight I/Os that have a non-zero overlap. Note that setting
3143 this option can reduce both performance and the :option:`iodepth` achieved.
3145 This option only applies to I/Os issued for a single job except when it is
3146 enabled along with :option:`io_submit_mode`\=offload. In offload mode, fio
3147 will check for overlap among all I/Os submitted by offload jobs with :option:`serialize_overlap`
3152 .. option:: io_submit_mode=str
3154 This option controls how fio submits the I/O to the I/O engine. The default
3155 is `inline`, which means that the fio job threads submit and reap I/O
3156 directly. If set to `offload`, the job threads will offload I/O submission
3157 to a dedicated pool of I/O threads. This requires some coordination and thus
3158 has a bit of extra overhead, especially for lower queue depth I/O where it
3159 can increase latencies. The benefit is that fio can manage submission rates
3160 independently of the device completion rates. This avoids skewed latency
3161 reporting if I/O gets backed up on the device side (the coordinated omission
3162 problem). Note that this option cannot reliably be used with async IO
3169 .. option:: thinktime=time
3171 Stall the job for the specified period of time after an I/O has completed before issuing the
3172 next. May be used to simulate processing being done by an application.
3173 When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds. See
3174 :option:`thinktime_blocks`, :option:`thinktime_iotime` and :option:`thinktime_spin`.
3176 .. option:: thinktime_spin=time
3178 Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - pretend to spend CPU time doing
3179 something with the data received, before falling back to sleeping for the
3180 rest of the period specified by :option:`thinktime`. When the unit is
3181 omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds.
3183 .. option:: thinktime_blocks=int
3185 Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - control how many blocks to issue,
3186 before waiting :option:`thinktime` usecs. If not set, defaults to 1 which will make
3187 fio wait :option:`thinktime` usecs after every block. This effectively makes any
3188 queue depth setting redundant, since no more than 1 I/O will be queued
3189 before we have to complete it and do our :option:`thinktime`. In other words, this
3190 setting effectively caps the queue depth if the latter is larger.
3192 .. option:: thinktime_blocks_type=str
3194 Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - control how :option:`thinktime_blocks`
3195 triggers. The default is `complete`, which triggers thinktime when fio completes
3196 :option:`thinktime_blocks` blocks. If this is set to `issue`, then the trigger happens
3199 .. option:: thinktime_iotime=time
3201 Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - control :option:`thinktime`
3202 interval by time. The :option:`thinktime` stall is repeated after IOs
3203 are executed for :option:`thinktime_iotime`. For example,
3204 ``--thinktime_iotime=9s --thinktime=1s`` repeat 10-second cycle with IOs
3205 for 9 seconds and stall for 1 second. When the unit is omitted,
3206 :option:`thinktime_iotime` is interpreted as a number of seconds. If
3207 this option is used together with :option:`thinktime_blocks`, the
3208 :option:`thinktime` stall is repeated after :option:`thinktime_iotime`
3209 or after :option:`thinktime_blocks` IOs, whichever happens first.
3211 .. option:: rate=int[,int][,int]
3213 Cap the bandwidth used by this job. The number is in bytes/sec, the normal
3214 suffix rules apply. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads,
3215 writes, and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.
3217 For example, using `rate=1m,500k` would limit reads to 1MiB/sec and writes to
3218 500KiB/sec. Capping only reads or writes can be done with `rate=,500k` or
3219 `rate=500k,` where the former will only limit writes (to 500KiB/sec) and the
3220 latter will only limit reads.
3222 .. option:: rate_min=int[,int][,int]
3224 Tell fio to do whatever it can to maintain at least this bandwidth. Failing
3225 to meet this requirement will cause the job to exit. Comma-separated values
3226 may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as described in
3227 :option:`blocksize`.
3229 .. option:: rate_iops=int[,int][,int]
3231 Cap the bandwidth to this number of IOPS. Basically the same as
3232 :option:`rate`, just specified independently of bandwidth. If the job is
3233 given a block size range instead of a fixed value, the smallest block size
3234 is used as the metric. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads,
3235 writes, and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.
3237 .. option:: rate_iops_min=int[,int][,int]
3239 If fio doesn't meet this rate of I/O, it will cause the job to exit.
3240 Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as
3241 described in :option:`blocksize`.
3243 .. option:: rate_process=str
3245 This option controls how fio manages rated I/O submissions. The default is
3246 `linear`, which submits I/O in a linear fashion with fixed delays between
3247 I/Os that gets adjusted based on I/O completion rates. If this is set to
3248 `poisson`, fio will submit I/O based on a more real world random request
3249 flow, known as the Poisson process
3250 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_point_process). The lambda will be
3251 10^6 / IOPS for the given workload.
3253 .. option:: rate_ignore_thinktime=bool
3255 By default, fio will attempt to catch up to the specified rate setting,
3256 if any kind of thinktime setting was used. If this option is set, then
3257 fio will ignore the thinktime and continue doing IO at the specified
3258 rate, instead of entering a catch-up mode after thinktime is done.
3260 .. option:: rate_cycle=int
3262 Average bandwidth for :option:`rate` and :option:`rate_min` over this number
3263 of milliseconds. Defaults to 1000.
3269 .. option:: latency_target=time
3271 If set, fio will attempt to find the max performance point that the given
3272 workload will run at while maintaining a latency below this target. When
3273 the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds. See
3274 :option:`latency_window` and :option:`latency_percentile`.
3276 .. option:: latency_window=time
3278 Used with :option:`latency_target` to specify the sample window that the job
3279 is run at varying queue depths to test the performance. When the unit is
3280 omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds.
3282 .. option:: latency_percentile=float
3284 The percentage of I/Os that must fall within the criteria specified by
3285 :option:`latency_target` and :option:`latency_window`. If not set, this
3286 defaults to 100.0, meaning that all I/Os must be equal or below to the value
3287 set by :option:`latency_target`.
3289 .. option:: latency_run=bool
3291 Used with :option:`latency_target`. If false (default), fio will find
3292 the highest queue depth that meets :option:`latency_target` and exit. If
3293 true, fio will continue running and try to meet :option:`latency_target`
3294 by adjusting queue depth.
3296 .. option:: max_latency=time[,time][,time]
3298 If set, fio will exit the job with an ETIMEDOUT error if it exceeds this
3299 maximum latency. When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in
3300 microseconds. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes,
3301 and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.
3307 .. option:: write_iolog=str
3309 Write the issued I/O patterns to the specified file. See
3310 :option:`read_iolog`. Specify a separate file for each job, otherwise the
3311 iologs will be interspersed and the file may be corrupt. This file will
3312 be opened in append mode.
3314 .. option:: read_iolog=str
3316 Open an iolog with the specified filename and replay the I/O patterns it
3317 contains. This can be used to store a workload and replay it sometime
3318 later. The iolog given may also be a blktrace binary file, which allows fio
3319 to replay a workload captured by :command:`blktrace`. See
3320 :manpage:`blktrace(8)` for how to capture such logging data. For blktrace
3321 replay, the file needs to be turned into a blkparse binary data file first
3322 (``blkparse <device> -o /dev/null -d file_for_fio.bin``).
3323 You can specify a number of files by separating the names with a ':'
3324 character. See the :option:`filename` option for information on how to
3325 escape ':' characters within the file names. These files will
3326 be sequentially assigned to job clones created by :option:`numjobs`.
3327 '-' is a reserved name, meaning read from stdin, notably if
3328 :option:`filename` is set to '-' which means stdin as well, then
3329 this flag can't be set to '-'.
3331 .. option:: read_iolog_chunked=bool
3333 Determines how iolog is read. If false(default) entire :option:`read_iolog`
3334 will be read at once. If selected true, input from iolog will be read
3335 gradually. Useful when iolog is very large, or it is generated.
3337 .. option:: merge_blktrace_file=str
3339 When specified, rather than replaying the logs passed to :option:`read_iolog`,
3340 the logs go through a merge phase which aggregates them into a single
3341 blktrace. The resulting file is then passed on as the :option:`read_iolog`
3342 parameter. The intention here is to make the order of events consistent.
3343 This limits the influence of the scheduler compared to replaying multiple
3344 blktraces via concurrent jobs.
3346 .. option:: merge_blktrace_scalars=float_list
3348 This is a percentage based option that is index paired with the list of
3349 files passed to :option:`read_iolog`. When merging is performed, scale
3350 the time of each event by the corresponding amount. For example,
3351 ``--merge_blktrace_scalars="50:100"`` runs the first trace in halftime
3352 and the second trace in realtime. This knob is separately tunable from
3353 :option:`replay_time_scale` which scales the trace during runtime and
3354 does not change the output of the merge unlike this option.
3356 .. option:: merge_blktrace_iters=float_list
3358 This is a whole number option that is index paired with the list of files
3359 passed to :option:`read_iolog`. When merging is performed, run each trace
3360 for the specified number of iterations. For example,
3361 ``--merge_blktrace_iters="2:1"`` runs the first trace for two iterations
3362 and the second trace for one iteration.
3364 .. option:: replay_no_stall=bool
3366 When replaying I/O with :option:`read_iolog` the default behavior is to
3367 attempt to respect the timestamps within the log and replay them with the
3368 appropriate delay between IOPS. By setting this variable fio will not
3369 respect the timestamps and attempt to replay them as fast as possible while
3370 still respecting ordering. The result is the same I/O pattern to a given
3371 device, but different timings.
3373 .. option:: replay_time_scale=int
3375 When replaying I/O with :option:`read_iolog`, fio will honor the
3376 original timing in the trace. With this option, it's possible to scale
3377 the time. It's a percentage option, if set to 50 it means run at 50%
3378 the original IO rate in the trace. If set to 200, run at twice the
3379 original IO rate. Defaults to 100.
3381 .. option:: replay_redirect=str
3383 While replaying I/O patterns using :option:`read_iolog` the default behavior
3384 is to replay the IOPS onto the major/minor device that each IOP was recorded
3385 from. This is sometimes undesirable because on a different machine those
3386 major/minor numbers can map to a different device. Changing hardware on the
3387 same system can also result in a different major/minor mapping.
3388 ``replay_redirect`` causes all I/Os to be replayed onto the single specified
3389 device regardless of the device it was recorded
3390 from. i.e. :option:`replay_redirect`\= :file:`/dev/sdc` would cause all I/O
3391 in the blktrace or iolog to be replayed onto :file:`/dev/sdc`. This means
3392 multiple devices will be replayed onto a single device, if the trace
3393 contains multiple devices. If you want multiple devices to be replayed
3394 concurrently to multiple redirected devices you must blkparse your trace
3395 into separate traces and replay them with independent fio invocations.
3396 Unfortunately this also breaks the strict time ordering between multiple
3399 .. option:: replay_align=int
3401 Force alignment of the byte offsets in a trace to this value. The value
3402 must be a power of 2.
3404 .. option:: replay_scale=int
3406 Scale byte offsets down by this factor when replaying traces. Should most
3407 likely use :option:`replay_align` as well.
3409 .. option:: replay_skip=str
3411 Sometimes it's useful to skip certain IO types in a replay trace.
3412 This could be, for instance, eliminating the writes in the trace.
3413 Or not replaying the trims/discards, if you are redirecting to
3414 a device that doesn't support them. This option takes a comma
3415 separated list of read, write, trim, sync.
3418 Threads, processes and job synchronization
3419 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3423 Fio defaults to creating jobs by using fork, however if this option is
3424 given, fio will create jobs by using POSIX Threads' function
3425 :manpage:`pthread_create(3)` to create threads instead.
3427 .. option:: wait_for=str
3429 If set, the current job won't be started until all workers of the specified
3430 waitee job are done.
3432 ``wait_for`` operates on the job name basis, so there are a few
3433 limitations. First, the waitee must be defined prior to the waiter job
3434 (meaning no forward references). Second, if a job is being referenced as a
3435 waitee, it must have a unique name (no duplicate waitees).
3437 .. option:: nice=int
3439 Run the job with the given nice value. See man :manpage:`nice(2)`.
3441 On Windows, values less than -15 set the process class to "High"; -1 through
3442 -15 set "Above Normal"; 1 through 15 "Below Normal"; and above 15 "Idle"
3445 .. option:: prio=int
3447 Set the I/O priority value of this job. Linux limits us to a positive value
3448 between 0 and 7, with 0 being the highest. See man
3449 :manpage:`ionice(1)`. Refer to an appropriate manpage for other operating
3450 systems since meaning of priority may differ. For per-command priority
3451 setting, see I/O engine specific :option:`cmdprio_percentage` and
3452 :option:`cmdprio` options.
3454 .. option:: prioclass=int
3456 Set the I/O priority class. See man :manpage:`ionice(1)`. For per-command
3457 priority setting, see I/O engine specific :option:`cmdprio_percentage`
3458 and :option:`cmdprio_class` options.
3460 .. option:: priohint=int
3462 Set the I/O priority hint. This is only applicable to platforms that
3463 support I/O priority classes and to devices with features controlled
3464 through priority hints, e.g. block devices supporting command duration
3465 limits, or CDL. CDL is a way to indicate the desired maximum latency
3466 of I/Os so that the device can optimize its internal command scheduling
3467 according to the latency limits indicated by the user.
3469 For per-I/O priority hint setting, see the I/O engine specific
3470 :option:`cmdprio_hint` option.
3472 .. option:: cpus_allowed=str
3474 Controls the same options as :option:`cpumask`, but accepts a textual
3475 specification of the permitted CPUs instead and CPUs are indexed from 0. So
3476 to use CPUs 0 and 5 you would specify ``cpus_allowed=0,5``. This option also
3477 allows a range of CPUs to be specified -- say you wanted a binding to CPUs
3478 0, 5, and 8 to 15, you would set ``cpus_allowed=0,5,8-15``.
3480 On Windows, when ``cpus_allowed`` is unset only CPUs from fio's current
3481 processor group will be used and affinity settings are inherited from the
3482 system. An fio build configured to target Windows 7 makes options that set
3483 CPUs processor group aware and values will set both the processor group
3484 and a CPU from within that group. For example, on a system where processor
3485 group 0 has 40 CPUs and processor group 1 has 32 CPUs, ``cpus_allowed``
3486 values between 0 and 39 will bind CPUs from processor group 0 and
3487 ``cpus_allowed`` values between 40 and 71 will bind CPUs from processor
3488 group 1. When using ``cpus_allowed_policy=shared`` all CPUs specified by a
3489 single ``cpus_allowed`` option must be from the same processor group. For
3490 Windows fio builds not built for Windows 7, CPUs will only be selected from
3491 (and be relative to) whatever processor group fio happens to be running in
3492 and CPUs from other processor groups cannot be used.
3494 .. option:: cpus_allowed_policy=str
3496 Set the policy of how fio distributes the CPUs specified by
3497 :option:`cpus_allowed` or :option:`cpumask`. Two policies are supported:
3500 All jobs will share the CPU set specified.
3502 Each job will get a unique CPU from the CPU set.
3504 **shared** is the default behavior, if the option isn't specified. If
3505 **split** is specified, then fio will assign one cpu per job. If not
3506 enough CPUs are given for the jobs listed, then fio will roundrobin the CPUs
3509 .. option:: cpumask=int
3511 Set the CPU affinity of this job. The parameter given is a bit mask of
3512 allowed CPUs the job may run on. So if you want the allowed CPUs to be 1
3513 and 5, you would pass the decimal value of (1 << 1 | 1 << 5), or 34. See man
3514 :manpage:`sched_setaffinity(2)`. This may not work on all supported
3515 operating systems or kernel versions. This option doesn't work well for a
3516 higher CPU count than what you can store in an integer mask, so it can only
3517 control cpus 1-32. For boxes with larger CPU counts, use
3518 :option:`cpus_allowed`.
3520 .. option:: numa_cpu_nodes=str
3522 Set this job running on specified NUMA nodes' CPUs. The arguments allow
3523 comma delimited list of cpu numbers, A-B ranges, or `all`. Note, to enable
3524 NUMA options support, fio must be built on a system with libnuma-dev(el)
3527 .. option:: numa_mem_policy=str
3529 Set this job's memory policy and corresponding NUMA nodes. Format of the
3534 ``mode`` is one of the following memory policies: ``default``, ``prefer``,
3535 ``bind``, ``interleave`` or ``local``. For ``default`` and ``local`` memory
3536 policies, no node needs to be specified. For ``prefer``, only one node is
3537 allowed. For ``bind`` and ``interleave`` the ``nodelist`` may be as
3538 follows: a comma delimited list of numbers, A-B ranges, or `all`.
3540 .. option:: cgroup=str
3542 Add job to this control group. If it doesn't exist, it will be created. The
3543 system must have a mounted cgroup blkio mount point for this to work. If
3544 your system doesn't have it mounted, you can do so with::
3546 # mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup
3548 .. option:: cgroup_weight=int
3550 Set the weight of the cgroup to this value. See the documentation that comes
3551 with the kernel, allowed values are in the range of 100..1000.
3553 .. option:: cgroup_nodelete=bool
3555 Normally fio will delete the cgroups it has created after the job
3556 completion. To override this behavior and to leave cgroups around after the
3557 job completion, set ``cgroup_nodelete=1``. This can be useful if one wants
3558 to inspect various cgroup files after job completion. Default: false.
3560 .. option:: flow_id=int
3562 The ID of the flow. If not specified, it defaults to being a global
3563 flow. See :option:`flow`.
3565 .. option:: flow=int
3567 Weight in token-based flow control. If this value is used, then fio
3568 regulates the activity between two or more jobs sharing the same
3569 flow_id. Fio attempts to keep each job activity proportional to other
3570 jobs' activities in the same flow_id group, with respect to requested
3571 weight per job. That is, if one job has `flow=3', another job has
3572 `flow=2' and another with `flow=1`, then there will be a roughly 3:2:1
3573 ratio in how much one runs vs the others.
3575 .. option:: flow_sleep=int
3577 The period of time, in microseconds, to wait after the flow counter
3578 has exceeded its proportion before retrying operations.
3580 .. option:: stonewall, wait_for_previous
3582 Wait for preceding jobs in the job file to exit, before starting this
3583 one. Can be used to insert serialization points in the job file. A stone
3584 wall also implies starting a new reporting group, see
3585 :option:`group_reporting`.
3589 By default, fio will continue running all other jobs when one job finishes.
3590 Sometimes this is not the desired action. Setting ``exitall`` will instead
3591 make fio terminate all jobs in the same group, as soon as one job of that
3594 .. option:: exit_what=str
3596 By default, fio will continue running all other jobs when one job finishes.
3597 Sometimes this is not the desired action. Setting ``exitall`` will
3598 instead make fio terminate all jobs in the same group. The option
3599 ``exit_what`` allows to control which jobs get terminated when ``exitall`` is
3600 enabled. The default is ``group`` and does not change the behaviour of
3601 ``exitall``. The setting ``all`` terminates all jobs. The setting ``stonewall``
3602 terminates all currently running jobs across all groups and continues execution
3603 with the next stonewalled group.
3605 .. option:: exec_prerun=str
3607 Before running this job, issue the command specified through
3608 :manpage:`system(3)`. Output is redirected in a file called
3609 :file:`jobname.prerun.txt`.
3611 .. option:: exec_postrun=str
3613 After the job completes, issue the command specified though
3614 :manpage:`system(3)`. Output is redirected in a file called
3615 :file:`jobname.postrun.txt`.
3619 Instead of running as the invoking user, set the user ID to this value
3620 before the thread/process does any work.
3624 Set group ID, see :option:`uid`.
3630 .. option:: verify_only
3632 Do not perform specified workload, only verify data still matches previous
3633 invocation of this workload. This option allows one to check data multiple
3634 times at a later date without overwriting it. This option makes sense only
3635 for workloads that write data, and does not support workloads with the
3636 :option:`time_based` option set.
3638 .. option:: do_verify=bool
3640 Run the verify phase after a write phase. Only valid if :option:`verify` is
3643 .. option:: verify=str
3645 If writing to a file, fio can verify the file contents after each iteration
3646 of the job. Each verification method also implies verification of special
3647 header, which is written to the beginning of each block. This header also
3648 includes meta information, like offset of the block, block number, timestamp
3649 when block was written, etc. :option:`verify` can be combined with
3650 :option:`verify_pattern` option. The allowed values are:
3653 Use an md5 sum of the data area and store it in the header of
3657 Use an experimental crc64 sum of the data area and store it in the
3658 header of each block.
3661 Use a crc32c sum of the data area and store it in the header of
3662 each block. This will automatically use hardware acceleration
3663 (e.g. SSE4.2 on an x86 or CRC crypto extensions on ARM64) but will
3664 fall back to software crc32c if none is found. Generally the
3665 fastest checksum fio supports when hardware accelerated.
3671 Use a crc32 sum of the data area and store it in the header of each
3675 Use a crc16 sum of the data area and store it in the header of each
3679 Use a crc7 sum of the data area and store it in the header of each
3683 Use xxhash as the checksum function. Generally the fastest software
3684 checksum that fio supports.
3687 Use sha512 as the checksum function.
3690 Use sha256 as the checksum function.
3693 Use optimized sha1 as the checksum function.
3696 Use optimized sha3-224 as the checksum function.
3699 Use optimized sha3-256 as the checksum function.
3702 Use optimized sha3-384 as the checksum function.
3705 Use optimized sha3-512 as the checksum function.
3708 This option is deprecated, since now meta information is included in
3709 generic verification header and meta verification happens by
3710 default. For detailed information see the description of the
3711 :option:`verify` setting. This option is kept because of
3712 compatibility's sake with old configurations. Do not use it.
3715 Verify a strict pattern. Normally fio includes a header with some
3716 basic information and checksumming, but if this option is set, only
3717 the specific pattern set with :option:`verify_pattern` is verified.
3720 Only pretend to verify. Useful for testing internals with
3721 :option:`ioengine`\=null, not for much else.
3723 This option can be used for repeated burn-in tests of a system to make sure
3724 that the written data is also correctly read back. If the data direction
3725 given is a read or random read, fio will assume that it should verify a
3726 previously written file. If the data direction includes any form of write,
3727 the verify will be of the newly written data.
3729 To avoid false verification errors, do not use the norandommap option when
3730 verifying data with async I/O engines and I/O depths > 1. Or use the
3731 norandommap and the lfsr random generator together to avoid writing to the
3732 same offset with multiple outstanding I/Os.
3734 .. option:: verify_offset=int
3736 Swap the verification header with data somewhere else in the block before
3737 writing. It is swapped back before verifying.
3739 .. option:: verify_interval=int
3741 Write the verification header at a finer granularity than the
3742 :option:`blocksize`. It will be written for chunks the size of
3743 ``verify_interval``. :option:`blocksize` should divide this evenly.
3745 .. option:: verify_pattern=str
3747 If set, fio will fill the I/O buffers with this pattern. Fio defaults to
3748 filling with totally random bytes, but sometimes it's interesting to fill
3749 with a known pattern for I/O verification purposes. Depending on the width
3750 of the pattern, fio will fill 1/2/3/4 bytes of the buffer at the time (it can
3751 be either a decimal or a hex number). The ``verify_pattern`` if larger than
3752 a 32-bit quantity has to be a hex number that starts with either "0x" or
3753 "0X". Use with :option:`verify`. Also, ``verify_pattern`` supports %o
3754 format, which means that for each block offset will be written and then
3755 verified back, e.g.::
3759 Or use combination of everything::
3761 verify_pattern=0xff%o"abcd"-12
3763 .. option:: verify_fatal=bool
3765 Normally fio will keep checking the entire contents before quitting on a
3766 block verification failure. If this option is set, fio will exit the job on
3767 the first observed failure. Default: false.
3769 .. option:: verify_dump=bool
3771 If set, dump the contents of both the original data block and the data block
3772 we read off disk to files. This allows later analysis to inspect just what
3773 kind of data corruption occurred. Off by default.
3775 .. option:: verify_async=int
3777 Fio will normally verify I/O inline from the submitting thread. This option
3778 takes an integer describing how many async offload threads to create for I/O
3779 verification instead, causing fio to offload the duty of verifying I/O
3780 contents to one or more separate threads. If using this offload option, even
3781 sync I/O engines can benefit from using an :option:`iodepth` setting higher
3782 than 1, as it allows them to have I/O in flight while verifies are running.
3783 Defaults to 0 async threads, i.e. verification is not asynchronous.
3785 .. option:: verify_async_cpus=str
3787 Tell fio to set the given CPU affinity on the async I/O verification
3788 threads. See :option:`cpus_allowed` for the format used.
3790 .. option:: verify_backlog=int
3792 Fio will normally verify the written contents of a job that utilizes verify
3793 once that job has completed. In other words, everything is written then
3794 everything is read back and verified. You may want to verify continually
3795 instead for a variety of reasons. Fio stores the meta data associated with
3796 an I/O block in memory, so for large verify workloads, quite a bit of memory
3797 would be used up holding this meta data. If this option is enabled, fio will
3798 write only N blocks before verifying these blocks.
3800 .. option:: verify_backlog_batch=int
3802 Control how many blocks fio will verify if :option:`verify_backlog` is
3803 set. If not set, will default to the value of :option:`verify_backlog`
3804 (meaning the entire queue is read back and verified). If
3805 ``verify_backlog_batch`` is less than :option:`verify_backlog` then not all
3806 blocks will be verified, if ``verify_backlog_batch`` is larger than
3807 :option:`verify_backlog`, some blocks will be verified more than once.
3809 .. option:: verify_state_save=bool
3811 When a job exits during the write phase of a verify workload, save its
3812 current state. This allows fio to replay up until that point, if the verify
3813 state is loaded for the verify read phase. The format of the filename is,
3816 <type>-<jobname>-<jobindex>-verify.state.
3818 <type> is "local" for a local run, "sock" for a client/server socket
3819 connection, and "ip" (192.168.0.1, for instance) for a networked
3820 client/server connection. Defaults to true.
3822 .. option:: verify_state_load=bool
3824 If a verify termination trigger was used, fio stores the current write state
3825 of each thread. This can be used at verification time so that fio knows how
3826 far it should verify. Without this information, fio will run a full
3827 verification pass, according to the settings in the job file used. Default
3830 .. option:: experimental_verify=bool
3832 Enable experimental verification. Standard verify records I/O metadata
3833 for later use during the verification phase. Experimental verify
3834 instead resets the file after the write phase and then replays I/Os for
3835 the verification phase.
3837 .. option:: trim_percentage=int
3839 Number of verify blocks to discard/trim.
3841 .. option:: trim_verify_zero=bool
3843 Verify that trim/discarded blocks are returned as zeros.
3845 .. option:: trim_backlog=int
3847 Trim after this number of blocks are written.
3849 .. option:: trim_backlog_batch=int
3851 Trim this number of I/O blocks.
3856 .. option:: steadystate=str:float, ss=str:float
3858 Define the criterion and limit for assessing steady state performance. The
3859 first parameter designates the criterion whereas the second parameter sets
3860 the threshold. When the criterion falls below the threshold for the
3861 specified duration, the job will stop. For example, `iops_slope:0.1%` will
3862 direct fio to terminate the job when the least squares regression slope
3863 falls below 0.1% of the mean IOPS. If :option:`group_reporting` is enabled
3864 this will apply to all jobs in the group. Below is the list of available
3865 steady state assessment criteria. All assessments are carried out using only
3866 data from the rolling collection window. Threshold limits can be expressed
3867 as a fixed value or as a percentage of the mean in the collection window.
3869 When using this feature, most jobs should include the :option:`time_based`
3870 and :option:`runtime` options or the :option:`loops` option so that fio does not
3871 stop running after it has covered the full size of the specified file(s) or device(s).
3874 Collect IOPS data. Stop the job if all individual IOPS measurements
3875 are within the specified limit of the mean IOPS (e.g., ``iops:2``
3876 means that all individual IOPS values must be within 2 of the mean,
3877 whereas ``iops:0.2%`` means that all individual IOPS values must be
3878 within 0.2% of the mean IOPS to terminate the job).
3881 Collect IOPS data and calculate the least squares regression
3882 slope. Stop the job if the slope falls below the specified limit.
3885 Collect bandwidth data. Stop the job if all individual bandwidth
3886 measurements are within the specified limit of the mean bandwidth.
3889 Collect bandwidth data and calculate the least squares regression
3890 slope. Stop the job if the slope falls below the specified limit.
3892 .. option:: steadystate_duration=time, ss_dur=time
3894 A rolling window of this duration will be used to judge whether steady
3895 state has been reached. Data will be collected every
3896 :option:`ss_interval`. The default is 0 which disables steady state
3897 detection. When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in
3900 .. option:: steadystate_ramp_time=time, ss_ramp=time
3902 Allow the job to run for the specified duration before beginning data
3903 collection for checking the steady state job termination criterion. The
3904 default is 0. When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in seconds.
3906 .. option:: steadystate_check_interval=time, ss_interval=time
3908 The values during the rolling window will be collected with a period of
3909 this value. If :option:`ss_interval` is 30s and :option:`ss_dur` is
3910 300s, 10 measurements will be taken. Default is 1s but that might not
3911 converge, especially for slower devices, so set this accordingly. When
3912 the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in seconds.
3915 Measurements and reporting
3916 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3918 .. option:: per_job_logs=bool
3920 If set, this generates bw/clat/iops log with per file private filenames. If
3921 not set, jobs with identical names will share the log filename. Default:
3924 .. option:: group_reporting
3926 It may sometimes be interesting to display statistics for groups of jobs as
3927 a whole instead of for each individual job. This is especially true if
3928 :option:`numjobs` is used; looking at individual thread/process output
3929 quickly becomes unwieldy. To see the final report per-group instead of
3930 per-job, use :option:`group_reporting`. Jobs in a file will be part of the
3931 same reporting group, unless if separated by a :option:`stonewall`, or by
3932 using :option:`new_group`.
3934 .. option:: new_group
3936 Start a new reporting group. See: :option:`group_reporting`. If not given,
3937 all jobs in a file will be part of the same reporting group, unless
3938 separated by a :option:`stonewall`.
3940 .. option:: stats=bool
3942 By default, fio collects and shows final output results for all jobs
3943 that run. If this option is set to 0, then fio will ignore it in
3944 the final stat output.
3946 .. option:: write_bw_log=str
3948 If given, write a bandwidth log for this job. Can be used to store data of
3949 the bandwidth of the jobs in their lifetime.
3951 If no str argument is given, the default filename of
3952 :file:`jobname_type.x.log` is used. Even when the argument is given, fio
3953 will still append the type of log. So if one specifies::
3957 The actual log name will be :file:`foo_bw.x.log` where `x` is the index
3958 of the job (`1..N`, where `N` is the number of jobs). If
3959 :option:`per_job_logs` is false, then the filename will not include the
3962 The included :command:`fio_generate_plots` script uses :command:`gnuplot` to turn these
3963 text files into nice graphs. See `Log File Formats`_ for how data is
3964 structured within the file.
3966 .. option:: write_lat_log=str
3968 Same as :option:`write_bw_log`, except this option creates I/O
3969 submission (e.g., :file:`name_slat.x.log`), completion (e.g.,
3970 :file:`name_clat.x.log`), and total (e.g., :file:`name_lat.x.log`)
3971 latency files instead. See :option:`write_bw_log` for details about
3972 the filename format and `Log File Formats`_ for how data is structured
3975 .. option:: write_hist_log=str
3977 Same as :option:`write_bw_log` but writes an I/O completion latency
3978 histogram file (e.g., :file:`name_hist.x.log`) instead. Note that this
3979 file will be empty unless :option:`log_hist_msec` has also been set.
3980 See :option:`write_bw_log` for details about the filename format and
3981 `Log File Formats`_ for how data is structured within the file.
3983 .. option:: write_iops_log=str
3985 Same as :option:`write_bw_log`, but writes an IOPS file (e.g.
3986 :file:`name_iops.x.log`) instead. Because fio defaults to individual
3987 I/O logging, the value entry in the IOPS log will be 1 unless windowed
3988 logging (see :option:`log_avg_msec`) has been enabled. See
3989 :option:`write_bw_log` for details about the filename format and `Log
3990 File Formats`_ for how data is structured within the file.
3992 .. option:: log_entries=int
3994 By default, fio will log an entry in the iops, latency, or bw log for
3995 every I/O that completes. The initial number of I/O log entries is 1024.
3996 When the log entries are all used, new log entries are dynamically
3997 allocated. This dynamic log entry allocation may negatively impact
3998 time-related statistics such as I/O tail latencies (e.g. 99.9th percentile
3999 completion latency). This option allows specifying a larger initial
4000 number of log entries to avoid run-time allocations of new log entries,
4001 resulting in more precise time-related I/O statistics.
4002 Also see :option:`log_avg_msec`. Defaults to 1024.
4004 .. option:: log_avg_msec=int
4006 By default, fio will log an entry in the iops, latency, or bw log for every
4007 I/O that completes. When writing to the disk log, that can quickly grow to a
4008 very large size. Setting this option makes fio average the each log entry
4009 over the specified period of time, reducing the resolution of the log. See
4010 :option:`log_max_value` as well. Defaults to 0, logging all entries.
4011 Also see `Log File Formats`_.
4013 .. option:: log_hist_msec=int
4015 Same as :option:`log_avg_msec`, but logs entries for completion latency
4016 histograms. Computing latency percentiles from averages of intervals using
4017 :option:`log_avg_msec` is inaccurate. Setting this option makes fio log
4018 histogram entries over the specified period of time, reducing log sizes for
4019 high IOPS devices while retaining percentile accuracy. See
4020 :option:`log_hist_coarseness` and :option:`write_hist_log` as well.
4021 Defaults to 0, meaning histogram logging is disabled.
4023 .. option:: log_hist_coarseness=int
4025 Integer ranging from 0 to 6, defining the coarseness of the resolution of
4026 the histogram logs enabled with :option:`log_hist_msec`. For each increment
4027 in coarseness, fio outputs half as many bins. Defaults to 0, for which
4028 histogram logs contain 1216 latency bins. See :option:`write_hist_log`
4029 and `Log File Formats`_.
4031 .. option:: log_max_value=bool
4033 If :option:`log_avg_msec` is set, fio logs the average over that window. If
4034 you instead want to log the maximum value, set this option to 1. Defaults to
4035 0, meaning that averaged values are logged.
4037 .. option:: log_offset=bool
4039 If this is set, the iolog options will include the byte offset for the I/O
4040 entry as well as the other data values. Defaults to 0 meaning that
4041 offsets are not present in logs. Also see `Log File Formats`_.
4043 .. option:: log_compression=int
4045 If this is set, fio will compress the I/O logs as it goes, to keep the
4046 memory footprint lower. When a log reaches the specified size, that chunk is
4047 removed and compressed in the background. Given that I/O logs are fairly
4048 highly compressible, this yields a nice memory savings for longer runs. The
4049 downside is that the compression will consume some background CPU cycles, so
4050 it may impact the run. This, however, is also true if the logging ends up
4051 consuming most of the system memory. So pick your poison. The I/O logs are
4052 saved normally at the end of a run, by decompressing the chunks and storing
4053 them in the specified log file. This feature depends on the availability of
4056 .. option:: log_compression_cpus=str
4058 Define the set of CPUs that are allowed to handle online log compression for
4059 the I/O jobs. This can provide better isolation between performance
4060 sensitive jobs, and background compression work. See
4061 :option:`cpus_allowed` for the format used.
4063 .. option:: log_store_compressed=bool
4065 If set, fio will store the log files in a compressed format. They can be
4066 decompressed with fio, using the :option:`--inflate-log` command line
4067 parameter. The files will be stored with a :file:`.fz` suffix.
4069 .. option:: log_unix_epoch=bool
4071 If set, fio will log Unix timestamps to the log files produced by enabling
4072 write_type_log for each log type, instead of the default zero-based
4075 .. option:: log_alternate_epoch=bool
4077 If set, fio will log timestamps based on the epoch used by the clock specified
4078 in the log_alternate_epoch_clock_id option, to the log files produced by
4079 enabling write_type_log for each log type, instead of the default zero-based
4082 .. option:: log_alternate_epoch_clock_id=int
4084 Specifies the clock_id to be used by clock_gettime to obtain the alternate epoch
4085 if either log_unix_epoch or log_alternate_epoch are true. Otherwise has no
4086 effect. Default value is 0, or CLOCK_REALTIME.
4088 .. option:: block_error_percentiles=bool
4090 If set, record errors in trim block-sized units from writes and trims and
4091 output a histogram of how many trims it took to get to errors, and what kind
4092 of error was encountered.
4094 .. option:: bwavgtime=int
4096 Average the calculated bandwidth over the given time. Value is specified in
4097 milliseconds. If the job also does bandwidth logging through
4098 :option:`write_bw_log`, then the minimum of this option and
4099 :option:`log_avg_msec` will be used. Default: 500ms.
4101 .. option:: iopsavgtime=int
4103 Average the calculated IOPS over the given time. Value is specified in
4104 milliseconds. If the job also does IOPS logging through
4105 :option:`write_iops_log`, then the minimum of this option and
4106 :option:`log_avg_msec` will be used. Default: 500ms.
4108 .. option:: disk_util=bool
4110 Generate disk utilization statistics, if the platform supports it.
4113 .. option:: disable_lat=bool
4115 Disable measurements of total latency numbers. Useful only for cutting back
4116 the number of calls to :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)`, as that does impact
4117 performance at really high IOPS rates. Note that to really get rid of a
4118 large amount of these calls, this option must be used with
4119 :option:`disable_slat` and :option:`disable_bw_measurement` as well.
4121 .. option:: disable_clat=bool
4123 Disable measurements of completion latency numbers. See
4124 :option:`disable_lat`.
4126 .. option:: disable_slat=bool
4128 Disable measurements of submission latency numbers. See
4129 :option:`disable_lat`.
4131 .. option:: disable_bw_measurement=bool, disable_bw=bool
4133 Disable measurements of throughput/bandwidth numbers. See
4134 :option:`disable_lat`.
4136 .. option:: slat_percentiles=bool
4138 Report submission latency percentiles. Submission latency is not recorded
4139 for synchronous ioengines.
4141 .. option:: clat_percentiles=bool
4143 Report completion latency percentiles.
4145 .. option:: lat_percentiles=bool
4147 Report total latency percentiles. Total latency is the sum of submission
4148 latency and completion latency.
4150 .. option:: percentile_list=float_list
4152 Overwrite the default list of percentiles for latencies and the block error
4153 histogram. Each number is a floating point number in the range (0,100], and
4154 the maximum length of the list is 20. Use ``:`` to separate the numbers. For
4155 example, ``--percentile_list=99.5:99.9`` will cause fio to report the
4156 latency durations below which 99.5% and 99.9% of the observed latencies fell,
4159 .. option:: significant_figures=int
4161 If using :option:`--output-format` of `normal`, set the significant
4162 figures to this value. Higher values will yield more precise IOPS and
4163 throughput units, while lower values will round. Requires a minimum
4164 value of 1 and a maximum value of 10. Defaults to 4.
4170 .. option:: exitall_on_error
4172 When one job finishes in error, terminate the rest. The default is to wait
4173 for each job to finish.
4175 .. option:: continue_on_error=str
4177 Normally fio will exit the job on the first observed failure. If this option
4178 is set, fio will continue the job when there is a 'non-fatal error' (EIO or
4179 EILSEQ) until the runtime is exceeded or the I/O size specified is
4180 completed. If this option is used, there are two more stats that are
4181 appended, the total error count and the first error. The error field given
4182 in the stats is the first error that was hit during the run.
4184 Note: a write error from the device may go unnoticed by fio when using
4185 buffered IO, as the write() (or similar) system call merely dirties the
4186 kernel pages, unless :option:`sync` or :option:`direct` is used. Device IO
4187 errors occur when the dirty data is actually written out to disk. If fully
4188 sync writes aren't desirable, :option:`fsync` or :option:`fdatasync` can be
4189 used as well. This is specific to writes, as reads are always synchronous.
4191 The allowed values are:
4194 Exit on any I/O or verify errors.
4197 Continue on read errors, exit on all others.
4200 Continue on write errors, exit on all others.
4203 Continue on any I/O error, exit on all others.
4206 Continue on verify errors, exit on all others.
4209 Continue on all errors.
4212 Backward-compatible alias for 'none'.
4215 Backward-compatible alias for 'all'.
4217 .. option:: ignore_error=str
4219 Sometimes you want to ignore some errors during test in that case you can
4220 specify error list for each error type, instead of only being able to
4221 ignore the default 'non-fatal error' using :option:`continue_on_error`.
4222 ``ignore_error=READ_ERR_LIST,WRITE_ERR_LIST,VERIFY_ERR_LIST`` errors for
4223 given error type is separated with ':'. Error may be symbol ('ENOSPC',
4224 'ENOMEM') or integer. Example::
4226 ignore_error=EAGAIN,ENOSPC:122
4228 This option will ignore EAGAIN from READ, and ENOSPC and 122(EDQUOT) from
4229 WRITE. This option works by overriding :option:`continue_on_error` with
4230 the list of errors for each error type if any.
4232 .. option:: error_dump=bool
4234 If set dump every error even if it is non fatal, true by default. If
4235 disabled only fatal error will be dumped.
4237 Running predefined workloads
4238 ----------------------------
4240 Fio includes predefined profiles that mimic the I/O workloads generated by
4243 .. option:: profile=str
4245 The predefined workload to run. Current profiles are:
4248 Threaded I/O bench (tiotest/tiobench) like workload.
4251 Aerospike Certification Tool (ACT) like workload.
4253 To view a profile's additional options use :option:`--cmdhelp` after specifying
4254 the profile. For example::
4256 $ fio --profile=act --cmdhelp
4261 .. option:: device-names=str
4266 .. option:: load=int
4269 ACT load multiplier. Default: 1.
4271 .. option:: test-duration=time
4274 How long the entire test takes to run. When the unit is omitted, the value
4275 is given in seconds. Default: 24h.
4277 .. option:: threads-per-queue=int
4280 Number of read I/O threads per device. Default: 8.
4282 .. option:: read-req-num-512-blocks=int
4285 Number of 512B blocks to read at the time. Default: 3.
4287 .. option:: large-block-op-kbytes=int
4290 Size of large block ops in KiB (writes). Default: 131072.
4295 Set to run ACT prep phase.
4297 Tiobench profile options
4298 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4300 .. option:: size=str
4305 .. option:: block=int
4308 Block size in bytes. Default: 4096.
4310 .. option:: numruns=int
4320 .. option:: threads=int
4325 Interpreting the output
4326 -----------------------
4329 Example output was based on the following:
4330 TZ=UTC fio --iodepth=8 --ioengine=null --size=100M --time_based \
4331 --rate=1256k --bs=14K --name=quick --runtime=1s --name=mixed \
4332 --runtime=2m --rw=rw
4334 Fio spits out a lot of output. While running, fio will display the status of the
4335 jobs created. An example of that would be::
4337 Jobs: 1 (f=1): [_(1),M(1)][24.8%][r=20.5MiB/s,w=23.5MiB/s][r=82,w=94 IOPS][eta 01m:31s]
4339 The characters inside the first set of square brackets denote the current status of
4340 each thread. The first character is the first job defined in the job file, and so
4341 forth. The possible values (in typical life cycle order) are:
4343 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4345 +======+=====+===========================================================+
4346 | P | | Thread setup, but not started. |
4347 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4348 | C | | Thread created. |
4349 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4350 | I | | Thread initialized, waiting or generating necessary data. |
4351 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4352 | | p | Thread running pre-reading file(s). |
4353 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4354 | | / | Thread is in ramp period. |
4355 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4356 | | R | Running, doing sequential reads. |
4357 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4358 | | r | Running, doing random reads. |
4359 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4360 | | W | Running, doing sequential writes. |
4361 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4362 | | w | Running, doing random writes. |
4363 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4364 | | M | Running, doing mixed sequential reads/writes. |
4365 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4366 | | m | Running, doing mixed random reads/writes. |
4367 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4368 | | D | Running, doing sequential trims. |
4369 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4370 | | d | Running, doing random trims. |
4371 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4372 | | F | Running, currently waiting for :manpage:`fsync(2)`. |
4373 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4374 | | V | Running, doing verification of written data. |
4375 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4376 | f | | Thread finishing. |
4377 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4378 | E | | Thread exited, not reaped by main thread yet. |
4379 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4380 | _ | | Thread reaped. |
4381 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4382 | X | | Thread reaped, exited with an error. |
4383 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4384 | K | | Thread reaped, exited due to signal. |
4385 +------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
4388 Example output was based on the following:
4389 TZ=UTC fio --iodepth=8 --ioengine=null --size=100M --runtime=58m \
4390 --time_based --rate=2512k --bs=256K --numjobs=10 \
4391 --name=readers --rw=read --name=writers --rw=write
4393 Fio will condense the thread string as not to take up more space on the command
4394 line than needed. For instance, if you have 10 readers and 10 writers running,
4395 the output would look like this::
4397 Jobs: 20 (f=20): [R(10),W(10)][4.0%][r=20.5MiB/s,w=23.5MiB/s][r=82,w=94 IOPS][eta 57m:36s]
4399 Note that the status string is displayed in order, so it's possible to tell which of
4400 the jobs are currently doing what. In the example above this means that jobs 1--10
4401 are readers and 11--20 are writers.
4403 The other values are fairly self explanatory -- number of threads currently
4404 running and doing I/O, the number of currently open files (f=), the estimated
4405 completion percentage, the rate of I/O since last check (read speed listed first,
4406 then write speed and optionally trim speed) in terms of bandwidth and IOPS,
4407 and time to completion for the current running group. It's impossible to estimate
4408 runtime of the following groups (if any).
4411 Example output was based on the following:
4412 TZ=UTC fio --iodepth=16 --ioengine=posixaio --filename=/tmp/fiofile \
4413 --direct=1 --size=100M --time_based --runtime=50s --rate_iops=89 \
4414 --bs=7K --name=Client1 --rw=write
4416 When fio is done (or interrupted by :kbd:`Ctrl-C`), it will show the data for
4417 each thread, group of threads, and disks in that order. For each overall thread (or
4418 group) the output looks like::
4420 Client1: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=16109: Sat Jun 24 12:07:54 2017
4421 write: IOPS=88, BW=623KiB/s (638kB/s)(30.4MiB/50032msec)
4422 slat (nsec): min=500, max=145500, avg=8318.00, stdev=4781.50
4423 clat (usec): min=170, max=78367, avg=4019.02, stdev=8293.31
4424 lat (usec): min=174, max=78375, avg=4027.34, stdev=8291.79
4425 clat percentiles (usec):
4426 | 1.00th=[ 302], 5.00th=[ 326], 10.00th=[ 343], 20.00th=[ 363],
4427 | 30.00th=[ 392], 40.00th=[ 404], 50.00th=[ 416], 60.00th=[ 445],
4428 | 70.00th=[ 816], 80.00th=[ 6718], 90.00th=[12911], 95.00th=[21627],
4429 | 99.00th=[43779], 99.50th=[51643], 99.90th=[68682], 99.95th=[72877],
4431 bw ( KiB/s): min= 532, max= 686, per=0.10%, avg=622.87, stdev=24.82, samples= 100
4432 iops : min= 76, max= 98, avg=88.98, stdev= 3.54, samples= 100
4433 lat (usec) : 250=0.04%, 500=64.11%, 750=4.81%, 1000=2.79%
4434 lat (msec) : 2=4.16%, 4=1.84%, 10=4.90%, 20=11.33%, 50=5.37%
4435 lat (msec) : 100=0.65%
4436 cpu : usr=0.27%, sys=0.18%, ctx=12072, majf=0, minf=21
4437 IO depths : 1=85.0%, 2=13.1%, 4=1.8%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
4438 submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
4439 complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
4440 issued rwt: total=0,4450,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0
4441 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=8
4443 The job name (or first job's name when using :option:`group_reporting`) is printed,
4444 along with the group id, count of jobs being aggregated, last error id seen (which
4445 is 0 when there are no errors), pid/tid of that thread and the time the job/group
4446 completed. Below are the I/O statistics for each data direction performed (showing
4447 writes in the example above). In the order listed, they denote:
4450 The string before the colon shows the I/O direction the statistics
4451 are for. **IOPS** is the average I/Os performed per second. **BW**
4452 is the average bandwidth rate shown as: value in power of 2 format
4453 (value in power of 10 format). The last two values show: (**total
4454 I/O performed** in power of 2 format / **runtime** of that thread).
4457 Submission latency (**min** being the minimum, **max** being the
4458 maximum, **avg** being the average, **stdev** being the standard
4459 deviation). This is the time from when fio initialized the I/O
4460 to submission. For synchronous ioengines this includes the time
4461 up until just before the ioengine's queue function is called.
4462 For asynchronous ioengines this includes the time up through the
4463 completion of the ioengine's queue function (and commit function
4464 if it is defined). For sync I/O this row is not displayed as the
4465 slat is negligible. This value can be in nanoseconds,
4466 microseconds or milliseconds --- fio will choose the most
4467 appropriate base and print that (in the example above
4468 nanoseconds was the best scale). Note: in :option:`--minimal`
4469 mode latencies are always expressed in microseconds.
4472 Completion latency. Same names as slat, this denotes the time from
4473 submission to completion of the I/O pieces. For sync I/O, this
4474 represents the time from when the I/O was submitted to the
4475 operating system to when it was completed. For asynchronous
4476 ioengines this is the time from when the ioengine's queue (and
4477 commit if available) functions were completed to when the I/O's
4478 completion was reaped by fio.
4481 Total latency. Same names as slat and clat, this denotes the time from
4482 when fio created the I/O unit to completion of the I/O operation.
4483 It is the sum of submission and completion latency.
4486 Bandwidth statistics based on measurements from discrete
4487 intervals. Fio continuously monitors bytes transferred and I/O
4488 operations completed. By default fio calculates bandwidth in
4489 each half-second interval (see :option:`bwavgtime`) and reports
4490 descriptive statistics for the measurements here. Same names as
4491 the xlat stats, but also includes the number of samples taken
4492 (**samples**) and an approximate percentage of total aggregate
4493 bandwidth this thread received in its group (**per**). This
4494 last value is only really useful if the threads in this group
4495 are on the same disk, since they are then competing for disk
4499 IOPS statistics based on measurements from discrete intervals.
4500 For details see the description for bw above. See
4501 :option:`iopsavgtime` to control the duration of the intervals.
4502 Same values reported here as for bw except for percentage.
4504 **lat (nsec/usec/msec)**
4505 The distribution of I/O completion latencies. This is the time from when
4506 I/O leaves fio and when it gets completed. Unlike the separate
4507 read/write/trim sections above, the data here and in the remaining
4508 sections apply to all I/Os for the reporting group. 250=0.04% means that
4509 0.04% of the I/Os completed in under 250us. 500=64.11% means that 64.11%
4510 of the I/Os required 250 to 499us for completion.
4513 CPU usage. User and system time, along with the number of context
4514 switches this thread went through, usage of system and user time, and
4515 finally the number of major and minor page faults. The CPU utilization
4516 numbers are averages for the jobs in that reporting group, while the
4517 context and fault counters are summed.
4520 The distribution of I/O depths over the job lifetime. The numbers are
4521 divided into powers of 2 and each entry covers depths from that value
4522 up to those that are lower than the next entry -- e.g., 16= covers
4523 depths from 16 to 31. Note that the range covered by a depth
4524 distribution entry can be different to the range covered by the
4525 equivalent submit/complete distribution entry.
4528 How many pieces of I/O were submitting in a single submit call. Each
4529 entry denotes that amount and below, until the previous entry -- e.g.,
4530 16=100% means that we submitted anywhere between 9 to 16 I/Os per submit
4531 call. Note that the range covered by a submit distribution entry can
4532 be different to the range covered by the equivalent depth distribution
4536 Like the above submit number, but for completions instead.
4539 The number of read/write/trim requests issued, and how many of them were
4543 These values are for :option:`latency_target` and related options. When
4544 these options are engaged, this section describes the I/O depth required
4545 to meet the specified latency target.
4548 Example output was based on the following:
4549 TZ=UTC fio --ioengine=null --iodepth=2 --size=100M --numjobs=2 \
4550 --rate_process=poisson --io_limit=32M --name=read --bs=128k \
4551 --rate=11M --name=write --rw=write --bs=2k --rate=700k
4553 After each client has been listed, the group statistics are printed. They
4554 will look like this::
4556 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
4557 READ: bw=20.9MiB/s (21.9MB/s), 10.4MiB/s-10.8MiB/s (10.9MB/s-11.3MB/s), io=64.0MiB (67.1MB), run=2973-3069msec
4558 WRITE: bw=1231KiB/s (1261kB/s), 616KiB/s-621KiB/s (630kB/s-636kB/s), io=64.0MiB (67.1MB), run=52747-53223msec
4560 For each data direction it prints:
4563 Aggregate bandwidth of threads in this group followed by the
4564 minimum and maximum bandwidth of all the threads in this group.
4565 Values outside of brackets are power-of-2 format and those
4566 within are the equivalent value in a power-of-10 format.
4568 Aggregate I/O performed of all threads in this group. The
4569 format is the same as bw.
4571 The smallest and longest runtimes of the threads in this group.
4573 And finally, the disk statistics are printed. This is Linux specific. They will look like this::
4575 Disk stats (read/write):
4576 sda: ios=16398/16511, sectors=32321/65472, merge=30/162, ticks=6853/819634, in_queue=826487, util=100.00%
4578 Each value is printed for both reads and writes, with reads first. The
4582 Number of I/Os performed by all groups.
4584 Amount of data transferred in units of 512 bytes for all groups.
4586 Number of merges performed by the I/O scheduler.
4588 Number of ticks we kept the disk busy.
4590 Total time spent in the disk queue.
4592 The disk utilization. A value of 100% means we kept the disk
4593 busy constantly, 50% would be a disk idling half of the time.
4595 It is also possible to get fio to dump the current output while it is running,
4596 without terminating the job. To do that, send fio the **USR1** signal. You can
4597 also get regularly timed dumps by using the :option:`--status-interval`
4598 parameter, or by creating a file in :file:`/tmp` named
4599 :file:`fio-dump-status`. If fio sees this file, it will unlink it and dump the
4600 current output status.
4606 For scripted usage where you typically want to generate tables or graphs of the
4607 results, fio can output the results in a semicolon separated format. The format
4608 is one long line of values, such as::
4610 2;card0;0;0;7139336;121836;60004;1;10109;27.932460;116.933948;220;126861;3495.446807;1085.368601;226;126864;3523.635629;1089.012448;24063;99944;50.275485%;59818.274627;5540.657370;7155060;122104;60004;1;8338;29.086342;117.839068;388;128077;5032.488518;1234.785715;391;128085;5061.839412;1236.909129;23436;100928;50.287926%;59964.832030;5644.844189;14.595833%;19.394167%;123706;0;7313;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;100.0%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.01%;0.02%;0.05%;0.16%;6.04%;40.40%;52.68%;0.64%;0.01%;0.00%;0.01%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%
4611 A description of this job goes here.
4613 The job description (if provided) follows on a second line for terse v2.
4614 It appears on the same line for other terse versions.
4616 To enable terse output, use the :option:`--minimal` or
4617 :option:`--output-format`\=terse command line options. The
4618 first value is the version of the terse output format. If the output has to be
4619 changed for some reason, this number will be incremented by 1 to signify that
4622 Split up, the format is as follows (comments in brackets denote when a
4623 field was introduced or whether it's specific to some terse version):
4627 terse version, fio version [v3], jobname, groupid, error
4631 Total IO (KiB), bandwidth (KiB/sec), IOPS, runtime (msec)
4632 Submission latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
4633 Completion latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
4634 Completion latency percentiles: 20 fields (see below)
4635 Total latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
4636 Bw (KiB/s): min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, stdev, number of samples [v5]
4637 IOPS [v5]: min, max, mean, stdev, number of samples
4643 Total IO (KiB), bandwidth (KiB/sec), IOPS, runtime (msec)
4644 Submission latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
4645 Completion latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
4646 Completion latency percentiles: 20 fields (see below)
4647 Total latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
4648 Bw (KiB/s): min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, stdev, number of samples [v5]
4649 IOPS [v5]: min, max, mean, stdev, number of samples
4651 TRIM status [all but version 3]:
4653 Fields are similar to READ/WRITE status.
4657 user, system, context switches, major faults, minor faults
4661 <=1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, >=64
4663 I/O latencies microseconds::
4665 <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000
4667 I/O latencies milliseconds::
4669 <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, >=2000
4671 Disk utilization [v3]::
4673 disk name, read ios, write ios, read merges, write merges, read ticks, write ticks,
4674 time spent in queue, disk utilization percentage
4676 Additional Info (dependent on continue_on_error, default off)::
4678 total # errors, first error code
4680 Additional Info (dependent on description being set)::
4684 Completion latency percentiles can be a grouping of up to 20 sets, so for the
4685 terse output fio writes all of them. Each field will look like this::
4689 which is the Xth percentile, and the `usec` latency associated with it.
4691 For `Disk utilization`, all disks used by fio are shown. So for each disk there
4692 will be a disk utilization section.
4694 Below is a single line containing short names for each of the fields in the
4695 minimal output v3, separated by semicolons::
4697 terse_version_3;fio_version;jobname;groupid;error;read_kb;read_bandwidth_kb;read_iops;read_runtime_ms;read_slat_min_us;read_slat_max_us;read_slat_mean_us;read_slat_dev_us;read_clat_min_us;read_clat_max_us;read_clat_mean_us;read_clat_dev_us;read_clat_pct01;read_clat_pct02;read_clat_pct03;read_clat_pct04;read_clat_pct05;read_clat_pct06;read_clat_pct07;read_clat_pct08;read_clat_pct09;read_clat_pct10;read_clat_pct11;read_clat_pct12;read_clat_pct13;read_clat_pct14;read_clat_pct15;read_clat_pct16;read_clat_pct17;read_clat_pct18;read_clat_pct19;read_clat_pct20;read_tlat_min_us;read_lat_max_us;read_lat_mean_us;read_lat_dev_us;read_bw_min_kb;read_bw_max_kb;read_bw_agg_pct;read_bw_mean_kb;read_bw_dev_kb;write_kb;write_bandwidth_kb;write_iops;write_runtime_ms;write_slat_min_us;write_slat_max_us;write_slat_mean_us;write_slat_dev_us;write_clat_min_us;write_clat_max_us;write_clat_mean_us;write_clat_dev_us;write_clat_pct01;write_clat_pct02;write_clat_pct03;write_clat_pct04;write_clat_pct05;write_clat_pct06;write_clat_pct07;write_clat_pct08;write_clat_pct09;write_clat_pct10;write_clat_pct11;write_clat_pct12;write_clat_pct13;write_clat_pct14;write_clat_pct15;write_clat_pct16;write_clat_pct17;write_clat_pct18;write_clat_pct19;write_clat_pct20;write_tlat_min_us;write_lat_max_us;write_lat_mean_us;write_lat_dev_us;write_bw_min_kb;write_bw_max_kb;write_bw_agg_pct;write_bw_mean_kb;write_bw_dev_kb;cpu_user;cpu_sys;cpu_csw;cpu_mjf;cpu_minf;iodepth_1;iodepth_2;iodepth_4;iodepth_8;iodepth_16;iodepth_32;iodepth_64;lat_2us;lat_4us;lat_10us;lat_20us;lat_50us;lat_100us;lat_250us;lat_500us;lat_750us;lat_1000us;lat_2ms;lat_4ms;lat_10ms;lat_20ms;lat_50ms;lat_100ms;lat_250ms;lat_500ms;lat_750ms;lat_1000ms;lat_2000ms;lat_over_2000ms;disk_name;disk_read_iops;disk_write_iops;disk_read_merges;disk_write_merges;disk_read_ticks;write_ticks;disk_queue_time;disk_util
4699 In client/server mode terse output differs from what appears when jobs are run
4700 locally. Disk utilization data is omitted from the standard terse output and
4701 for v3 and later appears on its own separate line at the end of each terse
4708 The `json` output format is intended to be both human readable and convenient
4709 for automated parsing. For the most part its sections mirror those of the
4710 `normal` output. The `runtime` value is reported in msec and the `bw` value is
4711 reported in 1024 bytes per second units.
4717 The `json+` output format is identical to the `json` output format except that it
4718 adds a full dump of the completion latency bins. Each `bins` object contains a
4719 set of (key, value) pairs where keys are latency durations and values count how
4720 many I/Os had completion latencies of the corresponding duration. For example,
4723 "bins" : { "87552" : 1, "89600" : 1, "94720" : 1, "96768" : 1, "97792" : 1, "99840" : 1, "100864" : 2, "103936" : 6, "104960" : 534, "105984" : 5995, "107008" : 7529, ... }
4725 This data indicates that one I/O required 87,552ns to complete, two I/Os required
4726 100,864ns to complete, and 7529 I/Os required 107,008ns to complete.
4728 Also included with fio is a Python script `fio_jsonplus_clat2csv` that takes
4729 json+ output and generates CSV-formatted latency data suitable for plotting.
4731 The latency durations actually represent the midpoints of latency intervals.
4732 For details refer to :file:`stat.h`.
4738 There are two trace file format that you can encounter. The older (v1) format is
4739 unsupported since version 1.20-rc3 (March 2008). It will still be described
4740 below in case that you get an old trace and want to understand it.
4742 In any case the trace is a simple text file with a single action per line.
4745 Trace file format v1
4746 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4748 Each line represents a single I/O action in the following format::
4752 where `rw=0/1` for read/write, and the `offset` and `length` entries being in bytes.
4754 This format is not supported in fio versions >= 1.20-rc3.
4757 Trace file format v2
4758 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4760 The second version of the trace file format was added in fio version 1.17. It
4761 allows one to access more than one file per trace and has a bigger set of possible
4764 The first line of the trace file has to be::
4768 Following this can be lines in two different formats, which are described below.
4770 The file management format::
4774 The `filename` is given as an absolute path. The `action` can be one of these:
4777 Add the given `filename` to the trace.
4779 Open the file with the given `filename`. The `filename` has to have
4780 been added with the **add** action before.
4782 Close the file with the given `filename`. The file has to have been
4786 The file I/O action format::
4788 filename action offset length
4790 The `filename` is given as an absolute path, and has to have been added and
4791 opened before it can be used with this format. The `offset` and `length` are
4792 given in bytes. The `action` can be one of these:
4795 Wait for `offset` microseconds. Everything below 100 is discarded.
4796 The time is relative to the previous `wait` statement. Note that
4797 action `wait` is not allowed as of version 3, as the same behavior
4798 can be achieved using timestamps.
4800 Read `length` bytes beginning from `offset`.
4802 Write `length` bytes beginning from `offset`.
4804 :manpage:`fsync(2)` the file.
4806 :manpage:`fdatasync(2)` the file.
4808 Trim the given file from the given `offset` for `length` bytes.
4811 Trace file format v3
4812 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4814 The third version of the trace file format was added in fio version 3.31. It
4815 forces each action to have a timestamp associated with it.
4817 The first line of the trace file has to be::
4821 Following this can be lines in two different formats, which are described below.
4823 The file management format::
4825 timestamp filename action
4827 The file I/O action format::
4829 timestamp filename action offset length
4831 The `timestamp` is relative to the beginning of the run (ie starts at 0). The
4832 `filename`, `action`, `offset` and `length` are identical to version 2, except
4833 that version 3 does not allow the `wait` action.
4836 I/O Replay - Merging Traces
4837 ---------------------------
4839 Colocation is a common practice used to get the most out of a machine.
4840 Knowing which workloads play nicely with each other and which ones don't is
4841 a much harder task. While fio can replay workloads concurrently via multiple
4842 jobs, it leaves some variability up to the scheduler making results harder to
4843 reproduce. Merging is a way to make the order of events consistent.
4845 Merging is integrated into I/O replay and done when a
4846 :option:`merge_blktrace_file` is specified. The list of files passed to
4847 :option:`read_iolog` go through the merge process and output a single file
4848 stored to the specified file. The output file is passed on as if it were the
4849 only file passed to :option:`read_iolog`. An example would look like::
4851 $ fio --read_iolog="<file1>:<file2>" --merge_blktrace_file="<output_file>"
4853 Creating only the merged file can be done by passing the command line argument
4854 :option:`--merge-blktrace-only`.
4856 Scaling traces can be done to see the relative impact of any particular trace
4857 being slowed down or sped up. :option:`merge_blktrace_scalars` takes in a colon
4858 separated list of percentage scalars. It is index paired with the files passed
4859 to :option:`read_iolog`.
4861 With scaling, it may be desirable to match the running time of all traces.
4862 This can be done with :option:`merge_blktrace_iters`. It is index paired with
4863 :option:`read_iolog` just like :option:`merge_blktrace_scalars`.
4865 In an example, given two traces, A and B, each 60s long. If we want to see
4866 the impact of trace A issuing IOs twice as fast and repeat trace A over the
4867 runtime of trace B, the following can be done::
4869 $ fio --read_iolog="<trace_a>:"<trace_b>" --merge_blktrace_file"<output_file>" --merge_blktrace_scalars="50:100" --merge_blktrace_iters="2:1"
4871 This runs trace A at 2x the speed twice for approximately the same runtime as
4872 a single run of trace B.
4875 CPU idleness profiling
4876 ----------------------
4878 In some cases, we want to understand CPU overhead in a test. For example, we
4879 test patches for the specific goodness of whether they reduce CPU usage.
4880 Fio implements a balloon approach to create a thread per CPU that runs at idle
4881 priority, meaning that it only runs when nobody else needs the cpu.
4882 By measuring the amount of work completed by the thread, idleness of each CPU
4883 can be derived accordingly.
4885 An unit work is defined as touching a full page of unsigned characters. Mean and
4886 standard deviation of time to complete an unit work is reported in "unit work"
4887 section. Options can be chosen to report detailed percpu idleness or overall
4888 system idleness by aggregating percpu stats.
4891 Verification and triggers
4892 -------------------------
4894 Fio is usually run in one of two ways, when data verification is done. The first
4895 is a normal write job of some sort with verify enabled. When the write phase has
4896 completed, fio switches to reads and verifies everything it wrote. The second
4897 model is running just the write phase, and then later on running the same job
4898 (but with reads instead of writes) to repeat the same I/O patterns and verify
4899 the contents. Both of these methods depend on the write phase being completed,
4900 as fio otherwise has no idea how much data was written.
4902 With verification triggers, fio supports dumping the current write state to
4903 local files. Then a subsequent read verify workload can load this state and know
4904 exactly where to stop. This is useful for testing cases where power is cut to a
4905 server in a managed fashion, for instance.
4907 A verification trigger consists of two things:
4909 1) Storing the write state of each job.
4910 2) Executing a trigger command.
4912 The write state is relatively small, on the order of hundreds of bytes to single
4913 kilobytes. It contains information on the number of completions done, the last X
4916 A trigger is invoked either through creation ('touch') of a specified file in
4917 the system, or through a timeout setting. If fio is run with
4918 :option:`--trigger-file`\= :file:`/tmp/trigger-file`, then it will continually
4919 check for the existence of :file:`/tmp/trigger-file`. When it sees this file, it
4920 will fire off the trigger (thus saving state, and executing the trigger
4923 For client/server runs, there's both a local and remote trigger. If fio is
4924 running as a server backend, it will send the job states back to the client for
4925 safe storage, then execute the remote trigger, if specified. If a local trigger
4926 is specified, the server will still send back the write state, but the client
4927 will then execute the trigger.
4929 Verification trigger example
4930 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4932 Let's say we want to run a powercut test on the remote Linux machine 'server'.
4933 Our write workload is in :file:`write-test.fio`. We want to cut power to 'server' at
4934 some point during the run, and we'll run this test from the safety or our local
4935 machine, 'localbox'. On the server, we'll start the fio backend normally::
4937 server# fio --server
4939 and on the client, we'll fire off the workload::
4941 localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger-remote="bash -c \"echo b > /proc/sysrq-triger\""
4943 We set :file:`/tmp/my-trigger` as the trigger file, and we tell fio to execute::
4945 echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger
4947 on the server once it has received the trigger and sent us the write state. This
4948 will work, but it's not **really** cutting power to the server, it's merely
4949 abruptly rebooting it. If we have a remote way of cutting power to the server
4950 through IPMI or similar, we could do that through a local trigger command
4951 instead. Let's assume we have a script that does IPMI reboot of a given hostname,
4952 ipmi-reboot. On localbox, we could then have run fio with a local trigger
4955 localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger="ipmi-reboot server"
4957 For this case, fio would wait for the server to send us the write state, then
4958 execute ``ipmi-reboot server`` when that happened.
4960 Loading verify state
4961 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
4963 To load stored write state, a read verification job file must contain the
4964 :option:`verify_state_load` option. If that is set, fio will load the previously
4965 stored state. For a local fio run this is done by loading the files directly,
4966 and on a client/server run, the server backend will ask the client to send the
4967 files over and load them from there.
4973 Fio supports a variety of log file formats, for logging latencies, bandwidth,
4974 and IOPS. The logs share a common format, which looks like this:
4976 *time* (`msec`), *value*, *data direction*, *block size* (`bytes`),
4977 *offset* (`bytes`), *command priority*
4979 *Time* for the log entry is always in milliseconds. The *value* logged depends
4980 on the type of log, it will be one of the following:
4983 Value is latency in nsecs
4989 *Data direction* is one of the following:
4998 The entry's *block size* is always in bytes. The *offset* is the position in bytes
4999 from the start of the file for that particular I/O. The logging of the offset can be
5000 toggled with :option:`log_offset`.
5002 *Command priority* is 0 for normal priority and 1 for high priority. This is controlled
5003 by the ioengine specific :option:`cmdprio_percentage`.
5005 Fio defaults to logging every individual I/O but when windowed logging is set
5006 through :option:`log_avg_msec`, either the average (by default) or the maximum
5007 (:option:`log_max_value` is set) *value* seen over the specified period of time
5008 is recorded. Each *data direction* seen within the window period will aggregate
5009 its values in a separate row. Further, when using windowed logging the *block
5010 size* and *offset* entries will always contain 0.
5016 Normally fio is invoked as a stand-alone application on the machine where the
5017 I/O workload should be generated. However, the backend and frontend of fio can
5018 be run separately i.e., the fio server can generate an I/O workload on the "Device
5019 Under Test" while being controlled by a client on another machine.
5021 Start the server on the machine which has access to the storage DUT::
5025 where `args` defines what fio listens to. The arguments are of the form
5026 ``type,hostname`` or ``IP,port``. *type* is either ``ip`` (or ip4) for TCP/IP
5027 v4, ``ip6`` for TCP/IP v6, or ``sock`` for a local unix domain socket.
5028 *hostname* is either a hostname or IP address, and *port* is the port to listen
5029 to (only valid for TCP/IP, not a local socket). Some examples:
5033 Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on the default port (8765).
5035 2) ``fio --server=ip:hostname,4444``
5037 Start a fio server, listening on IP belonging to hostname and on port 4444.
5039 3) ``fio --server=ip6:::1,4444``
5041 Start a fio server, listening on IPv6 localhost ::1 and on port 4444.
5043 4) ``fio --server=,4444``
5045 Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on port 4444.
5047 5) ``fio --server=1.2.3.4``
5049 Start a fio server, listening on IP 1.2.3.4 on the default port.
5051 6) ``fio --server=sock:/tmp/fio.sock``
5053 Start a fio server, listening on the local socket :file:`/tmp/fio.sock`.
5055 Once a server is running, a "client" can connect to the fio server with::
5057 fio <local-args> --client=<server> <remote-args> <job file(s)>
5059 where `local-args` are arguments for the client where it is running, `server`
5060 is the connect string, and `remote-args` and `job file(s)` are sent to the
5061 server. The `server` string follows the same format as it does on the server
5062 side, to allow IP/hostname/socket and port strings.
5064 Fio can connect to multiple servers this way::
5066 fio --client=<server1> <job file(s)> --client=<server2> <job file(s)>
5068 If the job file is located on the fio server, then you can tell the server to
5069 load a local file as well. This is done by using :option:`--remote-config` ::
5071 fio --client=server --remote-config /path/to/file.fio
5073 Then fio will open this local (to the server) job file instead of being passed
5074 one from the client.
5076 If you have many servers (example: 100 VMs/containers), you can input a pathname
5077 of a file containing host IPs/names as the parameter value for the
5078 :option:`--client` option. For example, here is an example :file:`host.list`
5079 file containing 2 hostnames::
5081 host1.your.dns.domain
5082 host2.your.dns.domain
5084 The fio command would then be::
5086 fio --client=host.list <job file(s)>
5088 In this mode, you cannot input server-specific parameters or job files -- all
5089 servers receive the same job file.
5091 In order to let ``fio --client`` runs use a shared filesystem from multiple
5092 hosts, ``fio --client`` now prepends the IP address of the server to the
5093 filename. For example, if fio is using the directory :file:`/mnt/nfs/fio` and is
5094 writing filename :file:`fileio.tmp`, with a :option:`--client` `hostfile`
5095 containing two hostnames ``h1`` and ``h2`` with IP addresses 192.168.10.120 and
5096 192.168.10.121, then fio will create two files::
5098 /mnt/nfs/fio/192.168.10.120.fileio.tmp
5099 /mnt/nfs/fio/192.168.10.121.fileio.tmp
5101 Terse output in client/server mode will differ slightly from what is produced
5102 when fio is run in stand-alone mode. See the terse output section for details.