t/io_uring: adjust IORING_REGISTER_MAP_BUFFERS value

[fio.git] / HOWTO.rst

How fio works
-------------

The first step in getting fio to simulate a desired I/O workload, is writing a
job file describing that specific setup. A job file may contain any number of
threads and/or files -- the typical contents of the job file is a *global*
section defining shared parameters, and one or more job sections describing the
jobs involved. When run, fio parses this file and sets everything up as
described. If we break down a job from top to bottom, it contains the following
basic parameters:

`I/O type`_

		Defines the I/O pattern issued to the file(s).  We may only be reading
		sequentially from this file(s), or we may be writing randomly. Or even
		mixing reads and writes, sequentially or randomly.
		Should we be doing buffered I/O, or direct/raw I/O?

`Block size`_

		In how large chunks are we issuing I/O? This may be a single value,
		or it may describe a range of block sizes.

`I/O size`_

		How much data are we going to be reading/writing.

`I/O engine`_

		How do we issue I/O? We could be memory mapping the file, we could be
		using regular read/write, we could be using splice, async I/O, or even
		SG (SCSI generic sg).

`I/O depth`_

		If the I/O engine is async, how large a queuing depth do we want to
		maintain?


`Target file/device`_

		How many files are we spreading the workload over.

`Threads, processes and job synchronization`_

		How many threads or processes should we spread this workload over.

The above are the basic parameters defined for a workload, in addition there's a
multitude of parameters that modify other aspects of how this job behaves.


Command line options
--------------------

.. option:: --debug=type

	Enable verbose tracing `type` of various fio actions.  May be ``all`` for all types
	or individual types separated by a comma (e.g. ``--debug=file,mem`` will
	enable file and memory debugging).  Currently, additional logging is
	available for:

	*process*
			Dump info related to processes.
	*file*
			Dump info related to file actions.
	*io*
			Dump info related to I/O queuing.
	*mem*
			Dump info related to memory allocations.
	*blktrace*
			Dump info related to blktrace setup.
	*verify*
			Dump info related to I/O verification.
	*all*
			Enable all debug options.
	*random*
			Dump info related to random offset generation.
	*parse*
			Dump info related to option matching and parsing.
	*diskutil*
			Dump info related to disk utilization updates.
	*job:x*
			Dump info only related to job number x.
	*mutex*
			Dump info only related to mutex up/down ops.
	*profile*
			Dump info related to profile extensions.
	*time*
			Dump info related to internal time keeping.
	*net*
			Dump info related to networking connections.
	*rate*
			Dump info related to I/O rate switching.
	*compress*
			Dump info related to log compress/decompress.
	*steadystate*
			Dump info related to steadystate detection.
	*helperthread*
			Dump info related to the helper thread.
	*zbd*
			Dump info related to support for zoned block devices.
	*?* or *help*
			Show available debug options.

.. option:: --parse-only

	Parse options only, don't start any I/O.

.. option:: --merge-blktrace-only

	Merge blktraces only, don't start any I/O.

.. option:: --output=filename

	Write output to file `filename`.

.. option:: --output-format=format

	Set the reporting `format` to `normal`, `terse`, `json`, or `json+`.  Multiple
	formats can be selected, separated by a comma.  `terse` is a CSV based
	format.  `json+` is like `json`, except it adds a full dump of the latency
	buckets.

.. option:: --bandwidth-log

	Generate aggregate bandwidth logs.

.. option:: --minimal

	Print statistics in a terse, semicolon-delimited format.

.. option:: --append-terse

	Print statistics in selected mode AND terse, semicolon-delimited format.
	**Deprecated**, use :option:`--output-format` instead to select multiple
	formats.

.. option:: --terse-version=version

	Set terse `version` output format (default 3, or 2 or 4 or 5).

.. option:: --version

	Print version information and exit.

.. option:: --help

	Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

.. option:: --cpuclock-test

	Perform test and validation of internal CPU clock.

.. option:: --crctest=[test]

	Test the speed of the built-in checksumming functions. If no argument is
	given, all of them are tested. Alternatively, a comma separated list can
	be passed, in which case the given ones are tested.

.. option:: --cmdhelp=command

	Print help information for `command`. May be ``all`` for all commands.

.. option:: --enghelp=[ioengine[,command]]

	List all commands defined by `ioengine`, or print help for `command`
	defined by `ioengine`.  If no `ioengine` is given, list all
	available ioengines.

.. option:: --showcmd

	Convert given job files to a set of command-line options.

.. option:: --readonly

	Turn on safety read-only checks, preventing writes and trims.  The
	``--readonly`` option is an extra safety guard to prevent users from
	accidentally starting a write or trim workload when that is not desired.
	Fio will only modify the device under test if
	`rw=write/randwrite/rw/randrw/trim/randtrim/trimwrite` is given.  This
	safety net can be used as an extra precaution.

.. option:: --eta=when

	Specifies when real-time ETA estimate should be printed.  `when` may be
	`always`, `never` or `auto`. `auto` is the default, it prints ETA
	when requested if the output is a TTY. `always` disregards the output
	type, and prints ETA when requested. `never` never prints ETA.

.. option:: --eta-interval=time

	By default, fio requests client ETA status roughly every second. With
	this option, the interval is configurable. Fio imposes a minimum
	allowed time to avoid flooding the console, less than 250 msec is
	not supported.

.. option:: --eta-newline=time

	Force a new line for every `time` period passed.  When the unit is omitted,
	the value is interpreted in seconds.

.. option:: --status-interval=time

	Force a full status dump of cumulative (from job start) values at `time`
	intervals. This option does *not* provide per-period measurements. So
	values such as bandwidth are running averages. When the time unit is omitted,
	`time` is interpreted in seconds. Note that using this option with
	``--output-format=json`` will yield output that technically isn't valid
	json, since the output will be collated sets of valid json. It will need
	to be split into valid sets of json after the run.

.. option:: --section=name

	Only run specified section `name` in job file.  Multiple sections can be specified.
	The ``--section`` option allows one to combine related jobs into one file.
	E.g. one job file could define light, moderate, and heavy sections. Tell
	fio to run only the "heavy" section by giving ``--section=heavy``
	command line option.  One can also specify the "write" operations in one
	section and "verify" operation in another section.  The ``--section`` option
	only applies to job sections.  The reserved *global* section is always
	parsed and used.

.. option:: --alloc-size=kb

	Allocate additional internal smalloc pools of size `kb` in KiB.  The
	``--alloc-size`` option increases shared memory set aside for use by fio.
	If running large jobs with randommap enabled, fio can run out of memory.
	Smalloc is an internal allocator for shared structures from a fixed size
	memory pool and can grow to 16 pools. The pool size defaults to 16MiB.

	NOTE: While running :file:`.fio_smalloc.*` backing store files are visible
	in :file:`/tmp`.

.. option:: --warnings-fatal

	All fio parser warnings are fatal, causing fio to exit with an
	error.

.. option:: --max-jobs=nr

	Set the maximum number of threads/processes to support to `nr`.
	NOTE: On Linux, it may be necessary to increase the shared-memory
	limit (:file:`/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax`) if fio runs into errors while
	creating jobs.

.. option:: --server=args

	Start a backend server, with `args` specifying what to listen to.
	See `Client/Server`_ section.

.. option:: --daemonize=pidfile

	Background a fio server, writing the pid to the given `pidfile` file.

.. option:: --client=hostname

	Instead of running the jobs locally, send and run them on the given `hostname`
	or set of `hostname`\s.  See `Client/Server`_ section.

.. option:: --remote-config=file

	Tell fio server to load this local `file`.

.. option:: --idle-prof=option

	Report CPU idleness. `option` is one of the following:

		**calibrate**
			Run unit work calibration only and exit.

		**system**
			Show aggregate system idleness and unit work.

		**percpu**
			As **system** but also show per CPU idleness.

.. option:: --inflate-log=log

	Inflate and output compressed `log`.

.. option:: --trigger-file=file

	Execute trigger command when `file` exists.

.. option:: --trigger-timeout=time

	Execute trigger at this `time`.

.. option:: --trigger=command

	Set this `command` as local trigger.

.. option:: --trigger-remote=command

	Set this `command` as remote trigger.

.. option:: --aux-path=path

	Use the directory specified by `path` for generated state files instead
	of the current working directory.

Any parameters following the options will be assumed to be job files, unless
they match a job file parameter. Multiple job files can be listed and each job
file will be regarded as a separate group. Fio will :option:`stonewall`
execution between each group.


Job file format
---------------

As previously described, fio accepts one or more job files describing what it is
supposed to do. The job file format is the classic ini file, where the names
enclosed in [] brackets define the job name. You are free to use any ASCII name
you want, except *global* which has special meaning.  Following the job name is
a sequence of zero or more parameters, one per line, that define the behavior of
the job. If the first character in a line is a ';' or a '#', the entire line is
discarded as a comment.

A *global* section sets defaults for the jobs described in that file. A job may
override a *global* section parameter, and a job file may even have several
*global* sections if so desired. A job is only affected by a *global* section
residing above it.

The :option:`--cmdhelp` option also lists all options. If used with a `command`
argument, :option:`--cmdhelp` will detail the given `command`.

See the `examples/` directory for inspiration on how to write job files.  Note
the copyright and license requirements currently apply to `examples/` files.

So let's look at a really simple job file that defines two processes, each
randomly reading from a 128MiB file:

.. code-block:: ini

    ; -- start job file --
    [global]
    rw=randread
    size=128m

    [job1]

    [job2]

    ; -- end job file --

As you can see, the job file sections themselves are empty as all the described
parameters are shared. As no :option:`filename` option is given, fio makes up a
`filename` for each of the jobs as it sees fit. On the command line, this job
would look as follows::

$ fio --name=global --rw=randread --size=128m --name=job1 --name=job2


Let's look at an example that has a number of processes writing randomly to
files:

.. code-block:: ini

    ; -- start job file --
    [random-writers]
    ioengine=libaio
    iodepth=4
    rw=randwrite
    bs=32k
    direct=0
    size=64m
    numjobs=4
    ; -- end job file --

Here we have no *global* section, as we only have one job defined anyway.  We
want to use async I/O here, with a depth of 4 for each file. We also increased
the buffer size used to 32KiB and define numjobs to 4 to fork 4 identical
jobs. The result is 4 processes each randomly writing to their own 64MiB
file. Instead of using the above job file, you could have given the parameters
on the command line. For this case, you would specify::

$ fio --name=random-writers --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=4 --rw=randwrite --bs=32k --direct=0 --size=64m --numjobs=4

When fio is utilized as a basis of any reasonably large test suite, it might be
desirable to share a set of standardized settings across multiple job files.
Instead of copy/pasting such settings, any section may pull in an external
:file:`filename.fio` file with *include filename* directive, as in the following
example::

    ; -- start job file including.fio --
    [global]
    filename=/tmp/test
    filesize=1m
    include glob-include.fio

    [test]
    rw=randread
    bs=4k
    time_based=1
    runtime=10
    include test-include.fio
    ; -- end job file including.fio --

.. code-block:: ini

    ; -- start job file glob-include.fio --
    thread=1
    group_reporting=1
    ; -- end job file glob-include.fio --

.. code-block:: ini

    ; -- start job file test-include.fio --
    ioengine=libaio
    iodepth=4
    ; -- end job file test-include.fio --

Settings pulled into a section apply to that section only (except *global*
section). Include directives may be nested in that any included file may contain
further include directive(s). Include files may not contain [] sections.


Environment variables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fio also supports environment variable expansion in job files. Any sub-string of
the form ``${VARNAME}`` as part of an option value (in other words, on the right
of the '='), will be expanded to the value of the environment variable called
`VARNAME`.  If no such environment variable is defined, or `VARNAME` is the
empty string, the empty string will be substituted.

As an example, let's look at a sample fio invocation and job file::

$ SIZE=64m NUMJOBS=4 fio jobfile.fio

.. code-block:: ini

    ; -- start job file --
    [random-writers]
    rw=randwrite
    size=${SIZE}
    numjobs=${NUMJOBS}
    ; -- end job file --

This will expand to the following equivalent job file at runtime:

.. code-block:: ini

    ; -- start job file --
    [random-writers]
    rw=randwrite
    size=64m
    numjobs=4
    ; -- end job file --

Fio ships with a few example job files, you can also look there for inspiration.

Reserved keywords
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Additionally, fio has a set of reserved keywords that will be replaced
internally with the appropriate value. Those keywords are:

**$pagesize**

	The architecture page size of the running system.

**$mb_memory**

	Megabytes of total memory in the system.

**$ncpus**

	Number of online available CPUs.

These can be used on the command line or in the job file, and will be
automatically substituted with the current system values when the job is
run. Simple math is also supported on these keywords, so you can perform actions
like::

	size=8*$mb_memory

and get that properly expanded to 8 times the size of memory in the machine.


Job file parameters
-------------------

This section describes in details each parameter associated with a job.  Some
parameters take an option of a given type, such as an integer or a
string. Anywhere a numeric value is required, an arithmetic expression may be
used, provided it is surrounded by parentheses. Supported operators are:

	- addition (+)
	- subtraction (-)
	- multiplication (*)
	- division (/)
	- modulus (%)
	- exponentiation (^)

For time values in expressions, units are microseconds by default. This is
different than for time values not in expressions (not enclosed in
parentheses). The following types are used:


Parameter types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

**str**
	String: A sequence of alphanumeric characters.

**time**
	Integer with possible time suffix.  Without a unit value is interpreted as
	seconds unless otherwise specified.  Accepts a suffix of 'd' for days, 'h' for
	hours, 'm' for minutes, 's' for seconds, 'ms' (or 'msec') for milliseconds and
	'us' (or 'usec') for microseconds.  For example, use 10m for 10 minutes.

.. _int:

**int**
	Integer. A whole number value, which may contain an integer prefix
	and an integer suffix:

	[*integer prefix*] **number** [*integer suffix*]

	The optional *integer prefix* specifies the number's base. The default
	is decimal. *0x* specifies hexadecimal.

	The optional *integer suffix* specifies the number's units, and includes an
	optional unit prefix and an optional unit.  For quantities of data, the
	default unit is bytes. For quantities of time, the default unit is seconds
	unless otherwise specified.

	With :option:`kb_base`\=1000, fio follows international standards for unit
	prefixes.  To specify power-of-10 decimal values defined in the
	International System of Units (SI):

		* *K* -- means kilo (K) or 1000
		* *M* -- means mega (M) or 1000**2
		* *G* -- means giga (G) or 1000**3
		* *T* -- means tera (T) or 1000**4
		* *P* -- means peta (P) or 1000**5

	To specify power-of-2 binary values defined in IEC 80000-13:

		* *Ki* -- means kibi (Ki) or 1024
		* *Mi* -- means mebi (Mi) or 1024**2
		* *Gi* -- means gibi (Gi) or 1024**3
		* *Ti* -- means tebi (Ti) or 1024**4
		* *Pi* -- means pebi (Pi) or 1024**5

	For Zone Block Device Mode:
	        * *z*  -- means Zone

	With :option:`kb_base`\=1024 (the default), the unit prefixes are opposite
	from those specified in the SI and IEC 80000-13 standards to provide
	compatibility with old scripts.  For example, 4k means 4096.

	For quantities of data, an optional unit of 'B' may be included
	(e.g., 'kB' is the same as 'k').

	The *integer suffix* is not case sensitive (e.g., m/mi mean mebi/mega,
	not milli). 'b' and 'B' both mean byte, not bit.

	Examples with :option:`kb_base`\=1000:

		* *4 KiB*: 4096, 4096b, 4096B, 4ki, 4kib, 4kiB, 4Ki, 4KiB
		* *1 MiB*: 1048576, 1mi, 1024ki
		* *1 MB*: 1000000, 1m, 1000k
		* *1 TiB*: 1099511627776, 1ti, 1024gi, 1048576mi
		* *1 TB*: 1000000000, 1t, 1000m, 1000000k

	Examples with :option:`kb_base`\=1024 (default):

		* *4 KiB*: 4096, 4096b, 4096B, 4k, 4kb, 4kB, 4K, 4KB
		* *1 MiB*: 1048576, 1m, 1024k
		* *1 MB*: 1000000, 1mi, 1000ki
		* *1 TiB*: 1099511627776, 1t, 1024g, 1048576m
		* *1 TB*: 1000000000, 1ti, 1000mi, 1000000ki

	To specify times (units are not case sensitive):

		* *D* -- means days
		* *H* -- means hours
		* *M* -- means minutes
		* *s* -- or sec means seconds (default)
		* *ms* -- or *msec* means milliseconds
		* *us* -- or *usec* means microseconds

	If the option accepts an upper and lower range, use a colon ':' or
	minus '-' to separate such values. See :ref:`irange <irange>`.
	If the lower value specified happens to be larger than the upper value
	the two values are swapped.

.. _bool:

**bool**
	Boolean. Usually parsed as an integer, however only defined for
	true and false (1 and 0).

.. _irange:

**irange**
	Integer range with suffix. Allows value range to be given, such as
	1024-4096. A colon may also be used as the separator, e.g. 1k:4k. If the
	option allows two sets of ranges, they can be specified with a ',' or '/'
	delimiter: 1k-4k/8k-32k. Also see :ref:`int <int>`.

**float_list**
	A list of floating point numbers, separated by a ':' character.

With the above in mind, here follows the complete list of fio job parameters.


Units
~~~~~

.. option:: kb_base=int

	Select the interpretation of unit prefixes in input parameters.

		**1000**
			Inputs comply with IEC 80000-13 and the International
			System of Units (SI). Use:

				- power-of-2 values with IEC prefixes (e.g., KiB)
				- power-of-10 values with SI prefixes (e.g., kB)

		**1024**
			Compatibility mode (default).  To avoid breaking old scripts:

				- power-of-2 values with SI prefixes
				- power-of-10 values with IEC prefixes

	See :option:`bs` for more details on input parameters.

	Outputs always use correct prefixes.  Most outputs include both
	side-by-side, like::

		bw=2383.3kB/s (2327.4KiB/s)

	If only one value is reported, then kb_base selects the one to use:

		**1000** -- SI prefixes

		**1024** -- IEC prefixes

.. option:: unit_base=int

	Base unit for reporting.  Allowed values are:

	**0**
		Use auto-detection (default).
	**8**
		Byte based.
	**1**
		Bit based.


Job description
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: name=str

	ASCII name of the job. This may be used to override the name printed by fio
	for this job. Otherwise the job name is used. On the command line this
	parameter has the special purpose of also signaling the start of a new job.

.. option:: description=str

	Text description of the job. Doesn't do anything except dump this text
	description when this job is run. It's not parsed.

.. option:: loops=int

	Run the specified number of iterations of this job. Used to repeat the same
	workload a given number of times. Defaults to 1.

.. option:: numjobs=int

	Create the specified number of clones of this job. Each clone of job
	is spawned as an independent thread or process. May be used to setup a
	larger number of threads/processes doing the same thing. Each thread is
	reported separately; to see statistics for all clones as a whole, use
	:option:`group_reporting` in conjunction with :option:`new_group`.
	See :option:`--max-jobs`.  Default: 1.


Time related parameters
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: runtime=time

	Tell fio to terminate processing after the specified period of time.  It
	can be quite hard to determine for how long a specified job will run, so
	this parameter is handy to cap the total runtime to a given time.  When
	the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in seconds.

.. option:: time_based

	If set, fio will run for the duration of the :option:`runtime` specified
	even if the file(s) are completely read or written. It will simply loop over
	the same workload as many times as the :option:`runtime` allows.

.. option:: startdelay=irange(time)

	Delay the start of job for the specified amount of time.  Can be a single
	value or a range.  When given as a range, each thread will choose a value
	randomly from within the range.  Value is in seconds if a unit is omitted.

.. option:: ramp_time=time

	If set, fio will run the specified workload for this amount of time before
	logging any performance numbers. Useful for letting performance settle
	before logging results, thus minimizing the runtime required for stable
	results. Note that the ``ramp_time`` is considered lead in time for a job,
	thus it will increase the total runtime if a special timeout or
	:option:`runtime` is specified.  When the unit is omitted, the value is
	given in seconds.

.. option:: clocksource=str

	Use the given clocksource as the base of timing. The supported options are:

		**gettimeofday**
			:manpage:`gettimeofday(2)`

		**clock_gettime**
			:manpage:`clock_gettime(2)`

		**cpu**
			Internal CPU clock source

	cpu is the preferred clocksource if it is reliable, as it is very fast (and
	fio is heavy on time calls). Fio will automatically use this clocksource if
	it's supported and considered reliable on the system it is running on,
	unless another clocksource is specifically set. For x86/x86-64 CPUs, this
	means supporting TSC Invariant.

.. option:: gtod_reduce=bool

	Enable all of the :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` reducing options
	(:option:`disable_clat`, :option:`disable_slat`, :option:`disable_bw_measurement`) plus
	reduce precision of the timeout somewhat to really shrink the
	:manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` call count. With this option enabled, we only do
	about 0.4% of the :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` calls we would have done if all
	time keeping was enabled.

.. option:: gtod_cpu=int

	Sometimes it's cheaper to dedicate a single thread of execution to just
	getting the current time. Fio (and databases, for instance) are very
	intensive on :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` calls. With this option, you can set
	one CPU aside for doing nothing but logging current time to a shared memory
	location. Then the other threads/processes that run I/O workloads need only
	copy that segment, instead of entering the kernel with a
	:manpage:`gettimeofday(2)` call. The CPU set aside for doing these time
	calls will be excluded from other uses. Fio will manually clear it from the
	CPU mask of other jobs.


Target file/device
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: directory=str

	Prefix filenames with this directory. Used to place files in a different
	location than :file:`./`.  You can specify a number of directories by
	separating the names with a ':' character. These directories will be
	assigned equally distributed to job clones created by :option:`numjobs` as
	long as they are using generated filenames. If specific `filename(s)` are
	set fio will use the first listed directory, and thereby matching the
	`filename` semantic (which generates a file for each clone if not
	specified, but lets all clones use the same file if set).

	See the :option:`filename` option for information on how to escape "``:``"
	characters within the directory path itself.

	Note: To control the directory fio will use for internal state files
	use :option:`--aux-path`.

.. option:: filename=str

	Fio normally makes up a `filename` based on the job name, thread number, and
	file number (see :option:`filename_format`). If you want to share files
	between threads in a job or several
	jobs with fixed file paths, specify a `filename` for each of them to override
	the default. If the ioengine is file based, you can specify a number of files
	by separating the names with a ':' colon. So if you wanted a job to open
	:file:`/dev/sda` and :file:`/dev/sdb` as the two working files, you would use
	``filename=/dev/sda:/dev/sdb``. This also means that whenever this option is
	specified, :option:`nrfiles` is ignored. The size of regular files specified
	by this option will be :option:`size` divided by number of files unless an
	explicit size is specified by :option:`filesize`.

	Each colon in the wanted path must be escaped with a ``\``
	character.  For instance, if the path is :file:`/dev/dsk/foo@3,0:c` then you
	would use ``filename=/dev/dsk/foo@3,0\:c`` and if the path is
	:file:`F:\\filename` then you would use ``filename=F\:\filename``.

	On Windows, disk devices are accessed as :file:`\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive0` for
	the first device, :file:`\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive1` for the second etc.
	Note: Windows and FreeBSD prevent write access to areas
	of the disk containing in-use data (e.g. filesystems).

	The filename "`-`" is a reserved name, meaning *stdin* or *stdout*.  Which
	of the two depends on the read/write direction set.

.. option:: filename_format=str

	If sharing multiple files between jobs, it is usually necessary to have fio
	generate the exact names that you want. By default, fio will name a file
	based on the default file format specification of
	:file:`jobname.jobnumber.filenumber`. With this option, that can be
	customized. Fio will recognize and replace the following keywords in this
	string:

		**$jobname**
				The name of the worker thread or process.
		**$clientuid**
				IP of the fio process when using client/server mode.
		**$jobnum**
				The incremental number of the worker thread or process.
		**$filenum**
				The incremental number of the file for that worker thread or
				process.

	To have dependent jobs share a set of files, this option can be set to have
	fio generate filenames that are shared between the two. For instance, if
	:file:`testfiles.$filenum` is specified, file number 4 for any job will be
	named :file:`testfiles.4`. The default of :file:`$jobname.$jobnum.$filenum`
	will be used if no other format specifier is given.

	If you specify a path then the directories will be created up to the
	main directory for the file.  So for example if you specify
	``filename_format=a/b/c/$jobnum`` then the directories a/b/c will be
	created before the file setup part of the job.  If you specify
	:option:`directory` then the path will be relative that directory,
	otherwise it is treated as the absolute path.

.. option:: unique_filename=bool

	To avoid collisions between networked clients, fio defaults to prefixing any
	generated filenames (with a directory specified) with the source of the
	client connecting. To disable this behavior, set this option to 0.

.. option:: opendir=str

	Recursively open any files below directory `str`.

.. option:: lockfile=str

	Fio defaults to not locking any files before it does I/O to them. If a file
	or file descriptor is shared, fio can serialize I/O to that file to make the
	end result consistent. This is usual for emulating real workloads that share
	files. The lock modes are:

		**none**
			No locking. The default.
		**exclusive**
			Only one thread or process may do I/O at a time, excluding all
			others.
		**readwrite**
			Read-write locking on the file. Many readers may
			access the file at the same time, but writes get exclusive access.

.. option:: nrfiles=int

	Number of files to use for this job. Defaults to 1. The size of files
	will be :option:`size` divided by this unless explicit size is specified by
	:option:`filesize`. Files are created for each thread separately, and each
	file will have a file number within its name by default, as explained in
	:option:`filename` section.


.. option:: openfiles=int

	Number of files to keep open at the same time. Defaults to the same as
	:option:`nrfiles`, can be set smaller to limit the number simultaneous
	opens.

.. option:: file_service_type=str

	Defines how fio decides which file from a job to service next. The following
	types are defined:

		**random**
			Choose a file at random.

		**roundrobin**
			Round robin over opened files. This is the default.

		**sequential**
			Finish one file before moving on to the next. Multiple files can
			still be open depending on :option:`openfiles`.

		**zipf**
			Use a *Zipf* distribution to decide what file to access.

		**pareto**
			Use a *Pareto* distribution to decide what file to access.

		**normal**
			Use a *Gaussian* (normal) distribution to decide what file to
			access.

		**gauss**
			Alias for normal.

	For *random*, *roundrobin*, and *sequential*, a postfix can be appended to
	tell fio how many I/Os to issue before switching to a new file. For example,
	specifying ``file_service_type=random:8`` would cause fio to issue
	8 I/Os before selecting a new file at random. For the non-uniform
	distributions, a floating point postfix can be given to influence how the
	distribution is skewed. See :option:`random_distribution` for a description
	of how that would work.

.. option:: ioscheduler=str

	Attempt to switch the device hosting the file to the specified I/O scheduler
	before running.

.. option:: create_serialize=bool

	If true, serialize the file creation for the jobs.  This may be handy to
	avoid interleaving of data files, which may greatly depend on the filesystem
	used and even the number of processors in the system.  Default: true.

.. option:: create_fsync=bool

	:manpage:`fsync(2)` the data file after creation. This is the default.

.. option:: create_on_open=bool

	If true, don't pre-create files but allow the job's open() to create a file
	when it's time to do I/O.  Default: false -- pre-create all necessary files
	when the job starts.

.. option:: create_only=bool

	If true, fio will only run the setup phase of the job.  If files need to be
	laid out or updated on disk, only that will be done -- the actual job contents
	are not executed.  Default: false.

.. option:: allow_file_create=bool

	If true, fio is permitted to create files as part of its workload.  If this
	option is false, then fio will error out if
	the files it needs to use don't already exist. Default: true.

.. option:: allow_mounted_write=bool

	If this isn't set, fio will abort jobs that are destructive (e.g. that write)
	to what appears to be a mounted device or partition. This should help catch
	creating inadvertently destructive tests, not realizing that the test will
	destroy data on the mounted file system. Note that some platforms don't allow
	writing against a mounted device regardless of this option. Default: false.

.. option:: pre_read=bool

	If this is given, files will be pre-read into memory before starting the
	given I/O operation. This will also clear the :option:`invalidate` flag,
	since it is pointless to pre-read and then drop the cache. This will only
	work for I/O engines that are seek-able, since they allow you to read the
	same data multiple times. Thus it will not work on non-seekable I/O engines
	(e.g. network, splice). Default: false.

.. option:: unlink=bool

	Unlink the job files when done. Not the default, as repeated runs of that
	job would then waste time recreating the file set again and again. Default:
	false.

.. option:: unlink_each_loop=bool

	Unlink job files after each iteration or loop.  Default: false.

.. option:: zonemode=str

	Accepted values are:

		**none**
				The :option:`zonerange`, :option:`zonesize`,
				:option `zonecapacity` and option:`zoneskip`
				parameters are ignored.
		**strided**
				I/O happens in a single zone until
				:option:`zonesize` bytes have been transferred.
				After that number of bytes has been
				transferred processing of the next zone
				starts. :option `zonecapacity` is ignored.
		**zbd**
				Zoned block device mode. I/O happens
				sequentially in each zone, even if random I/O
				has been selected. Random I/O happens across
				all zones instead of being restricted to a
				single zone. The :option:`zoneskip` parameter
				is ignored. :option:`zonerange` and
				:option:`zonesize` must be identical.
				Trim is handled using a zone reset operation.
				Trim only considers non-empty sequential write
				required and sequential write preferred zones.

.. option:: zonerange=int

	Size of a single zone. See also :option:`zonesize` and
	:option:`zoneskip`.

.. option:: zonesize=int

	For :option:`zonemode` =strided, this is the number of bytes to
	transfer before skipping :option:`zoneskip` bytes. If this parameter
	is smaller than :option:`zonerange` then only a fraction of each zone
	with :option:`zonerange` bytes will be accessed.  If this parameter is
	larger than :option:`zonerange` then each zone will be accessed
	multiple times before skipping to the next zone.

	For :option:`zonemode` =zbd, this is the size of a single zone. The
	:option:`zonerange` parameter is ignored in this mode.


.. option:: zonecapacity=int

	For :option:`zonemode` =zbd, this defines the capacity of a single zone,
	which is the accessible area starting from the zone start address.
	This parameter only applies when using :option:`zonemode` =zbd in
	combination with regular block devices. If not specified it defaults to
	the zone size. If the target device is a zoned block device, the zone
	capacity is obtained from the device information and this option is
	ignored.

.. option:: zoneskip=int

	For :option:`zonemode` =strided, the number of bytes to skip after
	:option:`zonesize` bytes of data have been transferred. This parameter
	must be zero for :option:`zonemode` =zbd.

.. option:: read_beyond_wp=bool

	This parameter applies to :option:`zonemode` =zbd only.

	Zoned block devices are block devices that consist of multiple zones.
	Each zone has a type, e.g. conventional or sequential. A conventional
	zone can be written at any offset that is a multiple of the block
	size. Sequential zones must be written sequentially. The position at
	which a write must occur is called the write pointer. A zoned block
	device can be either drive managed, host managed or host aware. For
	host managed devices the host must ensure that writes happen
	sequentially. Fio recognizes host managed devices and serializes
	writes to sequential zones for these devices.

	If a read occurs in a sequential zone beyond the write pointer then
	the zoned block device will complete the read without reading any data
	from the storage medium. Since such reads lead to unrealistically high
	bandwidth and IOPS numbers fio only reads beyond the write pointer if
	explicitly told to do so. Default: false.

.. option:: max_open_zones=int

	When running a random write test across an entire drive many more
	zones will be open than in a typical application workload. Hence this
	command line option that allows one to limit the number of open zones. The
	number of open zones is defined as the number of zones to which write
	commands are issued.

.. option:: job_max_open_zones=int

	Limit on the number of simultaneously opened zones per single
	thread/process.

.. option:: ignore_zone_limits=bool

	If this option is used, fio will ignore the maximum number of open
	zones limit of the zoned block device in use, thus allowing the
	option :option:`max_open_zones` value to be larger than the device
	reported limit. Default: false.

.. option:: zone_reset_threshold=float

	A number between zero and one that indicates the ratio of logical
	blocks with data to the total number of logical blocks in the test
	above which zones should be reset periodically.

.. option:: zone_reset_frequency=float

	A number between zero and one that indicates how often a zone reset
	should be issued if the zone reset threshold has been exceeded. A zone
	reset is submitted after each (1 / zone_reset_frequency) write
	requests. This and the previous parameter can be used to simulate
	garbage collection activity.


I/O type
~~~~~~~~

.. option:: direct=bool

	If value is true, use non-buffered I/O. This is usually O_DIRECT. Note that
	OpenBSD and ZFS on Solaris don't support direct I/O.  On Windows the synchronous
	ioengines don't support direct I/O.  Default: false.

.. option:: atomic=bool

	If value is true, attempt to use atomic direct I/O. Atomic writes are
	guaranteed to be stable once acknowledged by the operating system. Only
	Linux supports O_ATOMIC right now.

.. option:: buffered=bool

	If value is true, use buffered I/O. This is the opposite of the
	:option:`direct` option. Defaults to true.

.. option:: readwrite=str, rw=str

	Type of I/O pattern. Accepted values are:

		**read**
				Sequential reads.
		**write**
				Sequential writes.
		**trim**
				Sequential trims (Linux block devices and SCSI
				character devices only).
		**randread**
				Random reads.
		**randwrite**
				Random writes.
		**randtrim**
				Random trims (Linux block devices and SCSI
				character devices only).
		**rw,readwrite**
				Sequential mixed reads and writes.
		**randrw**
				Random mixed reads and writes.
		**trimwrite**
				Sequential trim+write sequences. Blocks will be trimmed first,
				then the same blocks will be written to. So if ``io_size=64K``
				is specified, Fio will trim a total of 64K bytes and also
				write 64K bytes on the same trimmed blocks. This behaviour
				will be consistent with ``number_ios`` or other Fio options
				limiting the total bytes or number of I/O's.
		**randtrimwrite**
				Like trimwrite, but uses random offsets rather
				than sequential writes.

	Fio defaults to read if the option is not specified.  For the mixed I/O
	types, the default is to split them 50/50.  For certain types of I/O the
	result may still be skewed a bit, since the speed may be different.

	It is possible to specify the number of I/Os to do before getting a new
	offset by appending ``:<nr>`` to the end of the string given.  For a
	random read, it would look like ``rw=randread:8`` for passing in an offset
	modifier with a value of 8. If the suffix is used with a sequential I/O
	pattern, then the *<nr>* value specified will be **added** to the generated
	offset for each I/O turning sequential I/O into sequential I/O with holes.
	For instance, using ``rw=write:4k`` will skip 4k for every write.  Also see
	the :option:`rw_sequencer` option.

.. option:: rw_sequencer=str

	If an offset modifier is given by appending a number to the ``rw=<str>``
	line, then this option controls how that number modifies the I/O offset
	being generated. Accepted values are:

		**sequential**
			Generate sequential offset.
		**identical**
			Generate the same offset.

	``sequential`` is only useful for random I/O, where fio would normally
	generate a new random offset for every I/O. If you append e.g. 8 to randread,
	you would get a new random offset for every 8 I/Os. The result would be a
	seek for only every 8 I/Os, instead of for every I/O. Use ``rw=randread:8``
	to specify that. As sequential I/O is already sequential, setting
	``sequential`` for that would not result in any differences.  ``identical``
	behaves in a similar fashion, except it sends the same offset 8 number of
	times before generating a new offset.

.. option:: unified_rw_reporting=str

	Fio normally reports statistics on a per data direction basis, meaning that
	reads, writes, and trims are accounted and reported separately. This option
	determines whether fio reports the results normally, summed together, or as
	both options.
	Accepted values are:

		**none**
			Normal statistics reporting.

		**mixed**
			Statistics are summed per data direction and reported together.

		**both**
			Statistics are reported normally, followed by the mixed statistics.

		**0**
			Backward-compatible alias for **none**.

		**1**
			Backward-compatible alias for **mixed**.

		**2**
			Alias for **both**.

.. option:: randrepeat=bool

	Seed the random number generator used for random I/O patterns in a
	predictable way so the pattern is repeatable across runs. Default: true.

.. option:: allrandrepeat=bool

	Seed all random number generators in a predictable way so results are
	repeatable across runs.  Default: false.

.. option:: randseed=int

	Seed the random number generators based on this seed value, to be able to
	control what sequence of output is being generated.  If not set, the random
	sequence depends on the :option:`randrepeat` setting.

.. option:: fallocate=str

	Whether pre-allocation is performed when laying down files.
	Accepted values are:

		**none**
			Do not pre-allocate space.

		**native**
			Use a platform's native pre-allocation call but fall back to
			**none** behavior if it fails/is not implemented.

		**posix**
			Pre-allocate via :manpage:`posix_fallocate(3)`.

		**keep**
			Pre-allocate via :manpage:`fallocate(2)` with
			FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE set.

		**truncate**
			Extend file to final size via :manpage:`ftruncate(2)`
			instead of allocating.

		**0**
			Backward-compatible alias for **none**.

		**1**
			Backward-compatible alias for **posix**.

	May not be available on all supported platforms. **keep** is only available
	on Linux. If using ZFS on Solaris this cannot be set to **posix**
	because ZFS doesn't support pre-allocation. Default: **native** if any
	pre-allocation methods except **truncate** are available, **none** if not.

	Note that using **truncate** on Windows will interact surprisingly
	with non-sequential write patterns. When writing to a file that has
	been extended by setting the end-of-file information, Windows will
	backfill the unwritten portion of the file up to that offset with
	zeroes before issuing the new write. This means that a single small
	write to the end of an extended file will stall until the entire
	file has been filled with zeroes.

.. option:: fadvise_hint=str

	Use :manpage:`posix_fadvise(2)` or :manpage:`posix_fadvise(2)` to
	advise the kernel on what I/O patterns are likely to be issued.
	Accepted values are:

		**0**
			Backwards-compatible hint for "no hint".

		**1**
			Backwards compatible hint for "advise with fio workload type". This
			uses **FADV_RANDOM** for a random workload, and **FADV_SEQUENTIAL**
			for a sequential workload.

		**sequential**
			Advise using **FADV_SEQUENTIAL**.

		**random**
			Advise using **FADV_RANDOM**.

.. option:: write_hint=str

	Use :manpage:`fcntl(2)` to advise the kernel what life time to expect
	from a write. Only supported on Linux, as of version 4.13. Accepted
	values are:

		**none**
			No particular life time associated with this file.

		**short**
			Data written to this file has a short life time.

		**medium**
			Data written to this file has a medium life time.

		**long**
			Data written to this file has a long life time.

		**extreme**
			Data written to this file has a very long life time.

	The values are all relative to each other, and no absolute meaning
	should be associated with them.

.. option:: offset=int

	Start I/O at the provided offset in the file, given as either a fixed size in
	bytes, zones or a percentage. If a percentage is given, the generated offset will be
	aligned to the minimum ``blocksize`` or to the value of ``offset_align`` if
	provided. Data before the given offset will not be touched. This
	effectively caps the file size at `real_size - offset`. Can be combined with
	:option:`size` to constrain the start and end range of the I/O workload.
	A percentage can be specified by a number between 1 and 100 followed by '%',
	for example, ``offset=20%`` to specify 20%. In ZBD mode, value can be set as
        number of zones using 'z'.

.. option:: offset_align=int

	If set to non-zero value, the byte offset generated by a percentage ``offset``
	is aligned upwards to this value. Defaults to 0 meaning that a percentage
	offset is aligned to the minimum block size.

.. option:: offset_increment=int

	If this is provided, then the real offset becomes `offset + offset_increment
	* thread_number`, where the thread number is a counter that starts at 0 and
	is incremented for each sub-job (i.e. when :option:`numjobs` option is
	specified). This option is useful if there are several jobs which are
	intended to operate on a file in parallel disjoint segments, with even
	spacing between the starting points. Percentages can be used for this option.
	If a percentage is given, the generated offset will be aligned to the minimum
	``blocksize`` or to the value of ``offset_align`` if provided. In ZBD mode, value can
        also be set as number of zones using 'z'.

.. option:: number_ios=int

	Fio will normally perform I/Os until it has exhausted the size of the region
	set by :option:`size`, or if it exhaust the allocated time (or hits an error
	condition). With this setting, the range/size can be set independently of
	the number of I/Os to perform. When fio reaches this number, it will exit
	normally and report status. Note that this does not extend the amount of I/O
	that will be done, it will only stop fio if this condition is met before
	other end-of-job criteria.

.. option:: fsync=int

	If writing to a file, issue an :manpage:`fsync(2)` (or its equivalent) of
	the dirty data for every number of blocks given. For example, if you give 32
	as a parameter, fio will sync the file after every 32 writes issued. If fio is
	using non-buffered I/O, we may not sync the file. The exception is the sg
	I/O engine, which synchronizes the disk cache anyway. Defaults to 0, which
	means fio does not periodically issue and wait for a sync to complete. Also
	see :option:`end_fsync` and :option:`fsync_on_close`.

.. option:: fdatasync=int

	Like :option:`fsync` but uses :manpage:`fdatasync(2)` to only sync data and
	not metadata blocks. In Windows, DragonFlyBSD or OSX there is no
	:manpage:`fdatasync(2)` so this falls back to using :manpage:`fsync(2)`.
	Defaults to 0, which means fio does not periodically issue and wait for a
	data-only sync to complete.

.. option:: write_barrier=int

	Make every `N-th` write a barrier write.

.. option:: sync_file_range=str:int

	Use :manpage:`sync_file_range(2)` for every `int` number of write
	operations. Fio will track range of writes that have happened since the last
	:manpage:`sync_file_range(2)` call. `str` can currently be one or more of:

		**wait_before**
			SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE
		**write**
			SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE
		**wait_after**
			SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER

	So if you do ``sync_file_range=wait_before,write:8``, fio would use
	``SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE`` for every 8
	writes. Also see the :manpage:`sync_file_range(2)` man page.  This option is
	Linux specific.

.. option:: overwrite=bool

	If true, writes to a file will always overwrite existing data. If the file
	doesn't already exist, it will be created before the write phase begins. If
	the file exists and is large enough for the specified write phase, nothing
	will be done. Default: false.

.. option:: end_fsync=bool

	If true, :manpage:`fsync(2)` file contents when a write stage has completed.
	Default: false.

.. option:: fsync_on_close=bool

	If true, fio will :manpage:`fsync(2)` a dirty file on close.  This differs
	from :option:`end_fsync` in that it will happen on every file close, not
	just at the end of the job.  Default: false.

.. option:: rwmixread=int

	Percentage of a mixed workload that should be reads. Default: 50.

.. option:: rwmixwrite=int

	Percentage of a mixed workload that should be writes. If both
	:option:`rwmixread` and :option:`rwmixwrite` is given and the values do not
	add up to 100%, the latter of the two will be used to override the
	first. This may interfere with a given rate setting, if fio is asked to
	limit reads or writes to a certain rate.  If that is the case, then the
	distribution may be skewed. Default: 50.

.. option:: random_distribution=str:float[:float][,str:float][,str:float]

	By default, fio will use a completely uniform random distribution when asked
	to perform random I/O. Sometimes it is useful to skew the distribution in
	specific ways, ensuring that some parts of the data is more hot than others.
	fio includes the following distribution models:

		**random**
				Uniform random distribution

		**zipf**
				Zipf distribution

		**pareto**
				Pareto distribution

		**normal**
				Normal (Gaussian) distribution

		**zoned**
				Zoned random distribution

		**zoned_abs**
				Zone absolute random distribution

	When using a **zipf** or **pareto** distribution, an input value is also
	needed to define the access pattern. For **zipf**, this is the `Zipf
	theta`. For **pareto**, it's the `Pareto power`. Fio includes a test
	program, :command:`fio-genzipf`, that can be used visualize what the given input
	values will yield in terms of hit rates.  If you wanted to use **zipf** with
	a `theta` of 1.2, you would use ``random_distribution=zipf:1.2`` as the
	option. If a non-uniform model is used, fio will disable use of the random
	map. For the **normal** distribution, a normal (Gaussian) deviation is
	supplied as a value between 0 and 100.

	The second, optional float is allowed for **pareto**, **zipf** and **normal** distributions.
	It allows one to set base of distribution in non-default place, giving more control
	over most probable outcome. This value is in range [0-1] which maps linearly to
	range of possible random values.
	Defaults are: random for **pareto** and **zipf**, and 0.5 for **normal**.
	If you wanted to use **zipf** with a `theta` of 1.2 centered on 1/4 of allowed value range,
	you would use ``random_distribution=zipf:1.2:0.25``.

	For a **zoned** distribution, fio supports specifying percentages of I/O
	access that should fall within what range of the file or device. For
	example, given a criteria of:

		* 60% of accesses should be to the first 10%
		* 30% of accesses should be to the next 20%
		* 8% of accesses should be to the next 30%
		* 2% of accesses should be to the next 40%

	we can define that through zoning of the random accesses. For the above
	example, the user would do::

		random_distribution=zoned:60/10:30/20:8/30:2/40

	A **zoned_abs** distribution works exactly like the **zoned**, except
	that it takes absolute sizes. For example, let's say you wanted to
	define access according to the following criteria:

		* 60% of accesses should be to the first 20G
		* 30% of accesses should be to the next 100G
		* 10% of accesses should be to the next 500G

	we can define an absolute zoning distribution with:

		random_distribution=zoned_abs=60/20G:30/100G:10/500g

	For both **zoned** and **zoned_abs**, fio supports defining up to
	256 separate zones.

	Similarly to how :option:`bssplit` works for setting ranges and
	percentages of block sizes. Like :option:`bssplit`, it's possible to
	specify separate zones for reads, writes, and trims. If just one set
	is given, it'll apply to all of them. This goes for both **zoned**
	**zoned_abs** distributions.

.. option:: percentage_random=int[,int][,int]

	For a random workload, set how big a percentage should be random. This
	defaults to 100%, in which case the workload is fully random. It can be set
	from anywhere from 0 to 100.  Setting it to 0 would make the workload fully
	sequential. Any setting in between will result in a random mix of sequential
	and random I/O, at the given percentages.  Comma-separated values may be
	specified for reads, writes, and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.

.. option:: norandommap

	Normally fio will cover every block of the file when doing random I/O. If
	this option is given, fio will just get a new random offset without looking
	at past I/O history. This means that some blocks may not be read or written,
	and that some blocks may be read/written more than once. If this option is
	used with :option:`verify` and multiple blocksizes (via :option:`bsrange`),
	only intact blocks are verified, i.e., partially-overwritten blocks are
	ignored.  With an async I/O engine and an I/O depth > 1, it is possible for
	the same block to be overwritten, which can cause verification errors.  Either
	do not use norandommap in this case, or also use the lfsr random generator.

.. option:: softrandommap=bool

	See :option:`norandommap`. If fio runs with the random block map enabled and
	it fails to allocate the map, if this option is set it will continue without
	a random block map. As coverage will not be as complete as with random maps,
	this option is disabled by default.

.. option:: random_generator=str

	Fio supports the following engines for generating I/O offsets for random I/O:

		**tausworthe**
			Strong 2^88 cycle random number generator.
		**lfsr**
			Linear feedback shift register generator.
		**tausworthe64**
			Strong 64-bit 2^258 cycle random number generator.

	**tausworthe** is a strong random number generator, but it requires tracking
	on the side if we want to ensure that blocks are only read or written
	once. **lfsr** guarantees that we never generate the same offset twice, and
	it's also less computationally expensive. It's not a true random generator,
	however, though for I/O purposes it's typically good enough. **lfsr** only
	works with single block sizes, not with workloads that use multiple block
	sizes. If used with such a workload, fio may read or write some blocks
	multiple times. The default value is **tausworthe**, unless the required
	space exceeds 2^32 blocks. If it does, then **tausworthe64** is
	selected automatically.


Block size
~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: blocksize=int[,int][,int], bs=int[,int][,int]

	The block size in bytes used for I/O units. Default: 4096.  A single value
	applies to reads, writes, and trims.  Comma-separated values may be
	specified for reads, writes, and trims.  A value not terminated in a comma
	applies to subsequent types.

	Examples:

		**bs=256k**
			means 256k for reads, writes and trims.

		**bs=8k,32k**
			means 8k for reads, 32k for writes and trims.

		**bs=8k,32k,**
			means 8k for reads, 32k for writes, and default for trims.

		**bs=,8k**
			means default for reads, 8k for writes and trims.

		**bs=,8k,**
			means default for reads, 8k for writes, and default for trims.

.. option:: blocksize_range=irange[,irange][,irange], bsrange=irange[,irange][,irange]

	A range of block sizes in bytes for I/O units.  The issued I/O unit will
	always be a multiple of the minimum size, unless
	:option:`blocksize_unaligned` is set.

	Comma-separated ranges may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as
	described in :option:`blocksize`.

	Example: ``bsrange=1k-4k,2k-8k``.

.. option:: bssplit=str[,str][,str]

	Sometimes you want even finer grained control of the block sizes
	issued, not just an even split between them.  This option allows you to
	weight various block sizes, so that you are able to define a specific
	amount of block sizes issued. The format for this option is::

		bssplit=blocksize/percentage:blocksize/percentage

	for as many block sizes as needed. So if you want to define a workload
	that has 50% 64k blocks, 10% 4k blocks, and 40% 32k blocks, you would
	write::

		bssplit=4k/10:64k/50:32k/40

	Ordering does not matter. If the percentage is left blank, fio will
	fill in the remaining values evenly. So a bssplit option like this one::

		bssplit=4k/50:1k/:32k/

	would have 50% 4k ios, and 25% 1k and 32k ios. The percentages always
	add up to 100, if bssplit is given a range that adds up to more, it
	will error out.

	Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as
	described in :option:`blocksize`.

	If you want a workload that has 50% 2k reads and 50% 4k reads, while
	having 90% 4k writes and 10% 8k writes, you would specify::

		bssplit=2k/50:4k/50,4k/90:8k/10

	Fio supports defining up to 64 different weights for each data
	direction.

.. option:: blocksize_unaligned, bs_unaligned

	If set, fio will issue I/O units with any size within
	:option:`blocksize_range`, not just multiples of the minimum size.  This
	typically won't work with direct I/O, as that normally requires sector
	alignment.

.. option:: bs_is_seq_rand=bool

	If this option is set, fio will use the normal read,write blocksize settings
	as sequential,random blocksize settings instead. Any random read or write
	will use the WRITE blocksize settings, and any sequential read or write will
	use the READ blocksize settings.

.. option:: blockalign=int[,int][,int], ba=int[,int][,int]

	Boundary to which fio will align random I/O units.  Default:
	:option:`blocksize`.  Minimum alignment is typically 512b for using direct
	I/O, though it usually depends on the hardware block size. This option is
	mutually exclusive with using a random map for files, so it will turn off
	that option.  Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and
	trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.


Buffers and memory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: zero_buffers

	Initialize buffers with all zeros. Default: fill buffers with random data.

.. option:: refill_buffers

	If this option is given, fio will refill the I/O buffers on every
	submit. Only makes sense if :option:`zero_buffers` isn't specified,
	naturally. Defaults to being unset i.e., the buffer is only filled at
	init time and the data in it is reused when possible but if any of
	:option:`verify`, :option:`buffer_compress_percentage` or
	:option:`dedupe_percentage` are enabled then `refill_buffers` is also
	automatically enabled.

.. option:: scramble_buffers=bool

	If :option:`refill_buffers` is too costly and the target is using data
	deduplication, then setting this option will slightly modify the I/O buffer
	contents to defeat normal de-dupe attempts. This is not enough to defeat
	more clever block compression attempts, but it will stop naive dedupe of
	blocks. Default: true.

.. option:: buffer_compress_percentage=int

	If this is set, then fio will attempt to provide I/O buffer content
	(on WRITEs) that compresses to the specified level. Fio does this by
	providing a mix of random data followed by fixed pattern data. The
	fixed pattern is either zeros, or the pattern specified by
	:option:`buffer_pattern`. If the `buffer_pattern` option is used, it
	might skew the compression ratio slightly. Setting
	`buffer_compress_percentage` to a value other than 100 will also
	enable :option:`refill_buffers` in order to reduce the likelihood that
	adjacent blocks are so similar that they over compress when seen
	together. See :option:`buffer_compress_chunk` for how to set a finer or
	coarser granularity for the random/fixed data region. Defaults to unset
	i.e., buffer data will not adhere to any compression level.

.. option:: buffer_compress_chunk=int

	This setting allows fio to manage how big the random/fixed data region
	is when using :option:`buffer_compress_percentage`. When
	`buffer_compress_chunk` is set to some non-zero value smaller than the
	block size, fio can repeat the random/fixed region throughout the I/O
	buffer at the specified interval (which particularly useful when
	bigger block sizes are used for a job). When set to 0, fio will use a
	chunk size that matches the block size resulting in a single
	random/fixed region within the I/O buffer. Defaults to 512. When the
	unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in bytes.

.. option:: buffer_pattern=str

	If set, fio will fill the I/O buffers with this pattern or with the contents
	of a file. If not set, the contents of I/O buffers are defined by the other
	options related to buffer contents. The setting can be any pattern of bytes,
	and can be prefixed with 0x for hex values. It may also be a string, where
	the string must then be wrapped with ``""``. Or it may also be a filename,
	where the filename must be wrapped with ``''`` in which case the file is
	opened and read. Note that not all the file contents will be read if that
	would cause the buffers to overflow. So, for example::

		buffer_pattern='filename'

	or::

		buffer_pattern="abcd"

	or::

		buffer_pattern=-12

	or::

		buffer_pattern=0xdeadface

	Also you can combine everything together in any order::

		buffer_pattern=0xdeadface"abcd"-12'filename'

.. option:: dedupe_percentage=int

	If set, fio will generate this percentage of identical buffers when
	writing. These buffers will be naturally dedupable. The contents of the
	buffers depend on what other buffer compression settings have been set. It's
	possible to have the individual buffers either fully compressible, or not at
	all -- this option only controls the distribution of unique buffers. Setting
	this option will also enable :option:`refill_buffers` to prevent every buffer
	being identical.

.. option:: dedupe_mode=str

	If ``dedupe_percentage=<int>`` is given, then this option controls how fio
	generates the dedupe buffers.

		**repeat**
			Generate dedupe buffers by repeating previous writes
		**working_set**
			Generate dedupe buffers from working set

	``repeat`` is the default option for fio. Dedupe buffers are generated
	by repeating previous unique write.

	``working_set`` is a more realistic workload.
	With ``working_set``, ``dedupe_working_set_percentage=<int>`` should be provided.
	Given that, fio will use the initial unique write buffers as its working set.
	Upon deciding to dedupe, fio will randomly choose a buffer from the working set.
	Note that by using ``working_set`` the dedupe percentage will converge
	to the desired over time while ``repeat`` maintains the desired percentage
	throughout the job.

.. option:: dedupe_working_set_percentage=int

	If ``dedupe_mode=<str>`` is set to ``working_set``, then this controls
	the percentage of size of the file or device used as the buffers
	fio will choose to generate the dedupe buffers from

	Note that size needs to be explicitly provided and only 1 file per
	job is supported

.. option:: dedupe_global=bool

	This controls whether the deduplication buffers will be shared amongst
	all jobs that have this option set. The buffers are spread evenly between
	participating jobs.

.. option:: invalidate=bool

	Invalidate the buffer/page cache parts of the files to be used prior to
	starting I/O if the platform and file type support it.  Defaults to true.
	This will be ignored if :option:`pre_read` is also specified for the
	same job.

.. option:: sync=str

	Whether, and what type, of synchronous I/O to use for writes.  The allowed
	values are:

		**none**
			Do not use synchronous IO, the default.

		**0**
			Same as **none**.

		**sync**
			Use synchronous file IO. For the majority of I/O engines,
			this means using O_SYNC.

		**1**
			Same as **sync**.

		**dsync**
			Use synchronous data IO. For the majority of I/O engines,
			this means using O_DSYNC.


.. option:: iomem=str, mem=str

	Fio can use various types of memory as the I/O unit buffer.  The allowed
	values are:

		**malloc**
			Use memory from :manpage:`malloc(3)` as the buffers.  Default memory
			type.

		**shm**
			Use shared memory as the buffers. Allocated through
			:manpage:`shmget(2)`.

		**shmhuge**
			Same as shm, but use huge pages as backing.

		**mmap**
			Use :manpage:`mmap(2)` to allocate buffers. May either be anonymous memory, or can
			be file backed if a filename is given after the option. The format
			is `mem=mmap:/path/to/file`.

		**mmaphuge**
			Use a memory mapped huge file as the buffer backing. Append filename
			after mmaphuge, ala `mem=mmaphuge:/hugetlbfs/file`.

		**mmapshared**
			Same as mmap, but use a MMAP_SHARED mapping.

		**cudamalloc**
			Use GPU memory as the buffers for GPUDirect RDMA benchmark.
			The :option:`ioengine` must be `rdma`.

	The area allocated is a function of the maximum allowed bs size for the job,
	multiplied by the I/O depth given. Note that for **shmhuge** and
	**mmaphuge** to work, the system must have free huge pages allocated. This
	can normally be checked and set by reading/writing
	:file:`/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages` on a Linux system. Fio assumes a huge page
        is 2 or 4MiB in size depending on the platform. So to calculate the
        number of huge pages you need for a given job file, add up the I/O
        depth of all jobs (normally one unless :option:`iodepth` is used) and
        multiply by the maximum bs set. Then divide that number by the huge
        page size. You can see the size of the huge pages in
        :file:`/proc/meminfo`. If no huge pages are allocated by having a
        non-zero number in `nr_hugepages`, using **mmaphuge** or **shmhuge**
        will fail. Also see :option:`hugepage-size`.

	**mmaphuge** also needs to have hugetlbfs mounted and the file location
	should point there. So if it's mounted in :file:`/huge`, you would use
	`mem=mmaphuge:/huge/somefile`.

.. option:: iomem_align=int, mem_align=int

	This indicates the memory alignment of the I/O memory buffers.  Note that
	the given alignment is applied to the first I/O unit buffer, if using
	:option:`iodepth` the alignment of the following buffers are given by the
	:option:`bs` used. In other words, if using a :option:`bs` that is a
	multiple of the page sized in the system, all buffers will be aligned to
	this value. If using a :option:`bs` that is not page aligned, the alignment
	of subsequent I/O memory buffers is the sum of the :option:`iomem_align` and
	:option:`bs` used.

.. option:: hugepage-size=int

        Defines the size of a huge page. Must at least be equal to the system
        setting, see :file:`/proc/meminfo` and
        :file:`/sys/kernel/mm/hugepages/`. Defaults to 2 or 4MiB depending on
        the platform.  Should probably always be a multiple of megabytes, so
        using ``hugepage-size=Xm`` is the preferred way to set this to avoid
        setting a non-pow-2 bad value.

.. option:: lockmem=int

	Pin the specified amount of memory with :manpage:`mlock(2)`. Can be used to
	simulate a smaller amount of memory.  The amount specified is per worker.


I/O size
~~~~~~~~

.. option:: size=int

	The total size of file I/O for each thread of this job. Fio will run until
	this many bytes has been transferred, unless runtime is altered by other means
	such as (1) :option:`runtime`, (2) :option:`io_size` (3) :option:`number_ios`,
	(4) gaps/holes while doing I/O's such as ``rw=read:16K``, or (5) sequential
	I/O reaching end of the file which is possible when :option:`percentage_random`
	is less than 100.
	Fio will divide this size between the available files determined by options
	such as :option:`nrfiles`, :option:`filename`, unless :option:`filesize` is
	specified by the job. If the result of division happens to be 0, the size is
	set to the physical size of the given files or devices if they exist.
	If this option is not specified, fio will use the full size of the given
	files or devices.  If the files do not exist, size must be given. It is also
	possible to give size as a percentage between 1 and 100. If ``size=20%`` is
	given, fio will use 20% of the full size of the given files or devices.
	In ZBD mode, value can also be set as number of zones using 'z'.
	Can be combined with :option:`offset` to constrain the start and end range
	that I/O will be done within.

.. option:: io_size=int, io_limit=int

	Normally fio operates within the region set by :option:`size`, which means
	that the :option:`size` option sets both the region and size of I/O to be
	performed. Sometimes that is not what you want. With this option, it is
	possible to define just the amount of I/O that fio should do. For instance,
	if :option:`size` is set to 20GiB and :option:`io_size` is set to 5GiB, fio
	will perform I/O within the first 20GiB but exit when 5GiB have been
	done. The opposite is also possible -- if :option:`size` is set to 20GiB,
	and :option:`io_size` is set to 40GiB, then fio will do 40GiB of I/O within
	the 0..20GiB region.

.. option:: filesize=irange(int)

	Individual file sizes. May be a range, in which case fio will select sizes for
	files at random within the given range. If not given, each created file is the
	same size. This option overrides :option:`size` in terms of file size, i.e. if
	:option:`filesize` is specified then :option:`size` becomes merely the default
	for :option:`io_size` and has no effect at all if :option:`io_size` is set
	explicitly.

.. option:: file_append=bool

	Perform I/O after the end of the file. Normally fio will operate within the
	size of a file. If this option is set, then fio will append to the file
	instead. This has identical behavior to setting :option:`offset` to the size
	of a file.  This option is ignored on non-regular files.

.. option:: fill_device=bool, fill_fs=bool

	Sets size to something really large and waits for ENOSPC (no space left on
	device) or EDQUOT (disk quota exceeded)
	as the terminating condition. Only makes sense with sequential
	write. For a read workload, the mount point will be filled first then I/O
	started on the result. This option doesn't make sense if operating on a raw
	device node, since the size of that is already known by the file system.
	Additionally, writing beyond end-of-device will not return ENOSPC there.


I/O engine
~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: ioengine=str

	Defines how the job issues I/O to the file. The following types are defined:

		**sync**
			Basic :manpage:`read(2)` or :manpage:`write(2)`
			I/O. :manpage:`lseek(2)` is used to position the I/O location.
			See :option:`fsync` and :option:`fdatasync` for syncing write I/Os.

		**psync**
			Basic :manpage:`pread(2)` or :manpage:`pwrite(2)` I/O.  Default on
			all supported operating systems except for Windows.

		**vsync**
			Basic :manpage:`readv(2)` or :manpage:`writev(2)` I/O.  Will emulate
			queuing by coalescing adjacent I/Os into a single submission.

		**pvsync**
			Basic :manpage:`preadv(2)` or :manpage:`pwritev(2)` I/O.

		**pvsync2**
			Basic :manpage:`preadv2(2)` or :manpage:`pwritev2(2)` I/O.

		**io_uring**
			Fast Linux native asynchronous I/O. Supports async IO
			for both direct and buffered IO.
			This engine defines engine specific options.

		**io_uring_cmd**
			Fast Linux native asynchronous I/O for pass through commands.
			This engine defines engine specific options.

		**libaio**
			Linux native asynchronous I/O. Note that Linux may only support
			queued behavior with non-buffered I/O (set ``direct=1`` or
			``buffered=0``).
			This engine defines engine specific options.

		**posixaio**
			POSIX asynchronous I/O using :manpage:`aio_read(3)` and
			:manpage:`aio_write(3)`.

		**solarisaio**
			Solaris native asynchronous I/O.

		**windowsaio**
			Windows native asynchronous I/O.  Default on Windows.

		**mmap**
			File is memory mapped with :manpage:`mmap(2)` and data copied
			to/from using :manpage:`memcpy(3)`.

		**splice**
			:manpage:`splice(2)` is used to transfer the data and
			:manpage:`vmsplice(2)` to transfer data from user space to the
			kernel.

		**sg**
			SCSI generic sg v3 I/O. May either be synchronous using the SG_IO
			ioctl, or if the target is an sg character device we use
			:manpage:`read(2)` and :manpage:`write(2)` for asynchronous
			I/O. Requires :option:`filename` option to specify either block or
			character devices. This engine supports trim operations.
			The sg engine includes engine specific options.

		**libzbc**
			Read, write, trim and ZBC/ZAC operations to a zoned
			block device using libzbc library. The target can be
			either an SG character device or a block device file.

		**null**
			Doesn't transfer any data, just pretends to.  This is mainly used to
			exercise fio itself and for debugging/testing purposes.

		**net**
			Transfer over the network to given ``host:port``.  Depending on the
			:option:`protocol` used, the :option:`hostname`, :option:`port`,
			:option:`listen` and :option:`filename` options are used to specify
			what sort of connection to make, while the :option:`protocol` option
			determines which protocol will be used.  This engine defines engine
			specific options.

		**netsplice**
			Like **net**, but uses :manpage:`splice(2)` and
			:manpage:`vmsplice(2)` to map data and send/receive.
			This engine defines engine specific options.

		**cpuio**
			Doesn't transfer any data, but burns CPU cycles according to the
			:option:`cpuload`, :option:`cpuchunks` and :option:`cpumode` options.
			Setting :option:`cpuload`\=85 will cause that job to do nothing but burn 85%
			of the CPU. In case of SMP machines, use :option:`numjobs`\=<nr_of_cpu>
			to get desired CPU usage, as the cpuload only loads a
			single CPU at the desired rate. A job never finishes unless there is
			at least one non-cpuio job.
			Setting :option:`cpumode`\=qsort replace the default noop instructions loop
			by a qsort algorithm to consume more energy.

		**rdma**
			The RDMA I/O engine supports both RDMA memory semantics
			(RDMA_WRITE/RDMA_READ) and channel semantics (Send/Recv) for the
			InfiniBand, RoCE and iWARP protocols. This engine defines engine
			specific options.

		**falloc**
			I/O engine that does regular fallocate to simulate data transfer as
			fio ioengine.

			DDIR_READ
				does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,).

			DDIR_WRITE
				does fallocate(,mode = 0).

			DDIR_TRIM
				does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE|FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE).

		**ftruncate**
			I/O engine that sends :manpage:`ftruncate(2)` operations in response
			to write (DDIR_WRITE) events. Each ftruncate issued sets the file's
			size to the current block offset. :option:`blocksize` is ignored.

		**e4defrag**
			I/O engine that does regular EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT ioctls to simulate
			defragment activity in request to DDIR_WRITE event.

		**rados**
			I/O engine supporting direct access to Ceph Reliable Autonomic
			Distributed Object Store (RADOS) via librados. This ioengine
			defines engine specific options.

		**rbd**
			I/O engine supporting direct access to Ceph Rados Block Devices
			(RBD) via librbd without the need to use the kernel rbd driver. This
			ioengine defines engine specific options.

		**http**
			I/O engine supporting GET/PUT requests over HTTP(S) with libcurl to
			a WebDAV or S3 endpoint.  This ioengine defines engine specific options.

			This engine only supports direct IO of iodepth=1; you need to scale this
			via numjobs. blocksize defines the size of the objects to be created.

			TRIM is translated to object deletion.

		**gfapi**
			Using GlusterFS libgfapi sync interface to direct access to
			GlusterFS volumes without having to go through FUSE.  This ioengine
			defines engine specific options.

		**gfapi_async**
			Using GlusterFS libgfapi async interface to direct access to
			GlusterFS volumes without having to go through FUSE. This ioengine
			defines engine specific options.

		**libhdfs**
			Read and write through Hadoop (HDFS).  The :option:`filename` option
			is used to specify host,port of the hdfs name-node to connect.  This
			engine interprets offsets a little differently.  In HDFS, files once
			created cannot be modified so random writes are not possible. To
			imitate this the libhdfs engine expects a bunch of small files to be
			created over HDFS and will randomly pick a file from them
			based on the offset generated by fio backend (see the example
			job file to create such files, use ``rw=write`` option). Please
			note, it may be necessary to set environment variables to work
			with HDFS/libhdfs properly.  Each job uses its own connection to
			HDFS.

		**mtd**
			Read, write and erase an MTD character device (e.g.,
			:file:`/dev/mtd0`). Discards are treated as erases. Depending on the
			underlying device type, the I/O may have to go in a certain pattern,
			e.g., on NAND, writing sequentially to erase blocks and discarding
			before overwriting. The `trimwrite` mode works well for this
			constraint.

		**pmemblk**
			Read and write using filesystem DAX to a file on a filesystem
			mounted with DAX on a persistent memory device through the PMDK
			libpmemblk library.

		**dev-dax**
			Read and write using device DAX to a persistent memory device (e.g.,
			/dev/dax0.0) through the PMDK libpmem library.

		**external**
			Prefix to specify loading an external I/O engine object file. Append
			the engine filename, e.g. ``ioengine=external:/tmp/foo.o`` to load
			ioengine :file:`foo.o` in :file:`/tmp`. The path can be either
			absolute or relative. See :file:`engines/skeleton_external.c` for
			details of writing an external I/O engine.

		**filecreate**
			Simply create the files and do no I/O to them.  You still need to
			set  `filesize` so that all the accounting still occurs, but no
			actual I/O will be done other than creating the file.

		**filestat**
			Simply do stat() and do no I/O to the file. You need to set 'filesize'
			and 'nrfiles', so that files will be created.
			This engine is to measure file lookup and meta data access.

		**filedelete**
			Simply delete the files by unlink() and do no I/O to them. You need to set 'filesize'
			and 'nrfiles', so that the files will be created.
			This engine is to measure file delete.

		**libpmem**
			Read and write using mmap I/O to a file on a filesystem
			mounted with DAX on a persistent memory device through the PMDK
			libpmem library.

		**ime_psync**
			Synchronous read and write using DDN's Infinite Memory Engine (IME).
			This engine is very basic and issues calls to IME whenever an IO is
			queued.

		**ime_psyncv**
			Synchronous read and write using DDN's Infinite Memory Engine (IME).
			This engine uses iovecs and will try to stack as much IOs as possible
			(if the IOs are "contiguous" and the IO depth is not exceeded)
			before issuing a call to IME.

		**ime_aio**
			Asynchronous read and write using DDN's Infinite Memory Engine (IME).
			This engine will try to stack as much IOs as possible by creating
			requests for IME. FIO will then decide when to commit these requests.

		**libiscsi**
			Read and write iscsi lun with libiscsi.

		**nbd**
			Read and write a Network Block Device (NBD).

		**libcufile**
			I/O engine supporting libcufile synchronous access to nvidia-fs and a
			GPUDirect Storage-supported filesystem. This engine performs
			I/O without transferring buffers between user-space and the kernel,
			unless :option:`verify` is set or :option:`cuda_io` is `posix`.
			:option:`iomem` must not be `cudamalloc`. This ioengine defines
			engine specific options.

		**dfs**
			I/O engine supporting asynchronous read and write operations to the
			DAOS File System (DFS) via libdfs.

		**nfs**
			I/O engine supporting asynchronous read and write operations to
			NFS filesystems from userspace via libnfs. This is useful for
			achieving higher concurrency and thus throughput than is possible
			via kernel NFS.

		**exec**
			Execute 3rd party tools. Could be used to perform monitoring during jobs runtime.

		**xnvme**
			I/O engine using the xNVMe C API, for NVMe devices. The xnvme engine provides
			flexibility to access GNU/Linux Kernel NVMe driver via libaio, IOCTLs, io_uring,
			the SPDK NVMe driver, or your own custom NVMe driver. The xnvme engine includes
			engine specific options. (See https://xnvme.io).

		**libblkio**
			Use the libblkio library
			(https://gitlab.com/libblkio/libblkio). The specific
			*driver* to use must be set using
			:option:`libblkio_driver`. If
			:option:`mem`/:option:`iomem` is not specified, memory
			allocation is delegated to libblkio (and so is
			guaranteed to work with the selected *driver*). One
			libblkio instance is used per process, so all jobs
			setting option :option:`thread` will share a single
			instance (with one queue per thread) and must specify
			compatible options. Note that some drivers don't allow
			several instances to access the same device or file
			simultaneously, but allow it for threads.

I/O engine specific parameters
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In addition, there are some parameters which are only valid when a specific
:option:`ioengine` is in use. These are used identically to normal parameters,
with the caveat that when used on the command line, they must come after the
:option:`ioengine` that defines them is selected.

.. option:: cmdprio_percentage=int[,int] : [io_uring] [libaio]

    Set the percentage of I/O that will be issued with the highest priority.
    Default: 0. A single value applies to reads and writes. Comma-separated
    values may be specified for reads and writes. For this option to be
    effective, NCQ priority must be supported and enabled, and the :option:`direct`
    option must be set. fio must also be run as the root user. Unlike
    slat/clat/lat stats, which can be tracked and reported independently, per
    priority stats only track and report a single type of latency. By default,
    completion latency (clat) will be reported, if :option:`lat_percentiles` is
    set, total latency (lat) will be reported.

.. option:: cmdprio_class=int[,int] : [io_uring] [libaio]

	Set the I/O priority class to use for I/Os that must be issued with
	a priority when :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or
	:option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set. If not specified when
	:option:`cmdprio_percentage` or :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set,
	this defaults to the highest priority class. A single value applies
	to reads and writes. Comma-separated values may be specified for
	reads and writes. See :manpage:`ionice(1)`. See also the
	:option:`prioclass` option.

.. option:: cmdprio=int[,int] : [io_uring] [libaio]

	Set the I/O priority value to use for I/Os that must be issued with
	a priority when :option:`cmdprio_percentage` or
	:option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set. If not specified when
	:option:`cmdprio_percentage` or :option:`cmdprio_bssplit` is set,
	this defaults to 0.
	Linux limits us to a positive value between 0 and 7, with 0 being the
	highest. A single value applies to reads and writes. Comma-separated
	values may be specified for reads and writes. See :manpage:`ionice(1)`.
	Refer to an appropriate manpage for other operating systems since
	meaning of priority may differ. See also the :option:`prio` option.

.. option:: cmdprio_bssplit=str[,str] : [io_uring] [libaio]

	To get a finer control over I/O priority, this option allows
	specifying the percentage of IOs that must have a priority set
	depending on the block size of the IO. This option is useful only
	when used together with the :option:`bssplit` option, that is,
	multiple different block sizes are used for reads and writes.

	The first accepted format for this option is the same as the format of
	the :option:`bssplit` option:

		cmdprio_bssplit=blocksize/percentage:blocksize/percentage

	In this case, each entry will use the priority class and priority
	level defined by the options :option:`cmdprio_class` and
	:option:`cmdprio` respectively.

	The second accepted format for this option is:

		cmdprio_bssplit=blocksize/percentage/class/level:blocksize/percentage/class/level

	In this case, the priority class and priority level is defined inside
	each entry. In comparison with the first accepted format, the second
	accepted format does not restrict all entries to have the same priority
	class and priority level.

	For both formats, only the read and write data directions are supported,
	values for trim IOs are ignored. This option is mutually exclusive with
	the :option:`cmdprio_percentage` option.

.. option:: fixedbufs : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]

	If fio is asked to do direct IO, then Linux will map pages for each
	IO call, and release them when IO is done. If this option is set, the
	pages are pre-mapped before IO is started. This eliminates the need to
	map and release for each IO. This is more efficient, and reduces the
	IO latency as well.

.. option:: nonvectored=int : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]

	With this option, fio will use non-vectored read/write commands, where
	address must contain the address directly. Default is -1.

.. option:: force_async=int : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]

	Normal operation for io_uring is to try and issue an sqe as
	non-blocking first, and if that fails, execute it in an async manner.
	With this option set to N, then every N request fio will ask sqe to
	be issued in an async manner. Default is 0.

.. option:: registerfiles : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]

	With this option, fio registers the set of files being used with the
	kernel. This avoids the overhead of managing file counts in the kernel,
	making the submission and completion part more lightweight. Required
	for the below :option:`sqthread_poll` option.

.. option:: sqthread_poll : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd] [xnvme]

	Normally fio will submit IO by issuing a system call to notify the
	kernel of available items in the SQ ring. If this option is set, the
	act of submitting IO will be done by a polling thread in the kernel.
	This frees up cycles for fio, at the cost of using more CPU in the
	system. As submission is just the time it takes to fill in the sqe
	entries and any syscall required to wake up the idle kernel thread,
	fio will not report submission latencies.

.. option:: sqthread_poll_cpu=int : [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]

	When :option:`sqthread_poll` is set, this option provides a way to
	define which CPU should be used for the polling thread.

.. option:: cmd_type=str : [io_uring_cmd]

	Specifies the type of uring passthrough command to be used. Supported
	value is nvme. Default is nvme.

.. option:: hipri

   [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd] [xnvme]

        If this option is set, fio will attempt to use polled IO completions.
        Normal IO completions generate interrupts to signal the completion of
        IO, polled completions do not. Hence they are require active reaping
        by the application. The benefits are more efficient IO for high IOPS
        scenarios, and lower latencies for low queue depth IO.

   [libblkio]

	Use poll queues. This is incompatible with
	:option:`libblkio_wait_mode=eventfd <libblkio_wait_mode>` and
	:option:`libblkio_force_enable_completion_eventfd`.

   [pvsync2]

	Set RWF_HIPRI on I/O, indicating to the kernel that it's of higher priority
	than normal.

   [sg]

	If this option is set, fio will attempt to use polled IO completions.
	This will have a similar effect as (io_uring)hipri. Only SCSI READ and
	WRITE commands will have the SGV4_FLAG_HIPRI set (not UNMAP (trim) nor
	VERIFY). Older versions of the Linux sg driver that do not support
	hipri will simply ignore this flag and do normal IO. The Linux SCSI
	Low Level Driver (LLD) that "owns" the device also needs to support
	hipri (also known as iopoll and mq_poll). The MegaRAID driver is an
	example of a SCSI LLD. Default: clear (0) which does normal
	(interrupted based) IO.

.. option:: userspace_reap : [libaio]

	Normally, with the libaio engine in use, fio will use the
	:manpage:`io_getevents(2)` system call to reap newly returned events.  With
	this flag turned on, the AIO ring will be read directly from user-space to
	reap events. The reaping mode is only enabled when polling for a minimum of
	0 events (e.g. when :option:`iodepth_batch_complete` `=0`).

.. option:: hipri_percentage : [pvsync2]

	When hipri is set this determines the probability of a pvsync2 I/O being high
	priority. The default is 100%.

.. option:: nowait=bool : [pvsync2] [libaio] [io_uring] [io_uring_cmd]

	By default if a request cannot be executed immediately (e.g. resource starvation,
	waiting on locks) it is queued and the initiating process will be blocked until
	the required resource becomes free.

	This option sets the RWF_NOWAIT flag (supported from the 4.14 Linux kernel) and
	the call will return instantly with EAGAIN or a partial result rather than waiting.

	It is useful to also use ignore_error=EAGAIN when using this option.

	Note: glibc 2.27, 2.28 have a bug in syscall wrappers preadv2, pwritev2.
	They return EOPNOTSUP instead of EAGAIN.

	For cached I/O, using this option usually means a request operates only with
	cached data. Currently the RWF_NOWAIT flag does not supported for cached write.

	For direct I/O, requests will only succeed if cache invalidation isn't required,
	file blocks are fully allocated and the disk request could be issued immediately.

.. option:: cpuload=int : [cpuio]

	Attempt to use the specified percentage of CPU cycles. This is a mandatory
	option when using cpuio I/O engine.

.. option:: cpuchunks=int : [cpuio]

	Split the load into cycles of the given time. In microseconds.

.. option:: cpumode=str : [cpuio]

	Specify how to stress the CPU. It can take these two values:

	**noop**
		This is the default where the CPU executes noop instructions.
	**qsort**
		Replace the default noop instructions loop with a qsort algorithm to
		consume more energy.

.. option:: exit_on_io_done=bool : [cpuio]

	Detect when I/O threads are done, then exit.

.. option:: namenode=str : [libhdfs]

	The hostname or IP address of a HDFS cluster namenode to contact.

.. option:: port=int

   [libhdfs]

		The listening port of the HFDS cluster namenode.

   [netsplice], [net]

		The TCP or UDP port to bind to or connect to. If this is used with
		:option:`numjobs` to spawn multiple instances of the same job type, then
		this will be the starting port number since fio will use a range of
		ports.

   [rdma], [librpma_*]

		The port to use for RDMA-CM communication. This should be the same value
		on the client and the server side.

.. option:: hostname=str : [netsplice] [net] [rdma]

	The hostname or IP address to use for TCP, UDP or RDMA-CM based I/O.  If the job
	is a TCP listener or UDP reader, the hostname is not used and must be omitted
	unless it is a valid UDP multicast address.

.. option:: serverip=str : [librpma_*]

	The IP address to be used for RDMA-CM based I/O.

.. option:: direct_write_to_pmem=bool : [librpma_*]

	Set to 1 only when Direct Write to PMem from the remote host is possible.
	Otherwise, set to 0.

.. option:: busy_wait_polling=bool : [librpma_*_server]

	Set to 0 to wait for completion instead of busy-wait polling completion.
	Default: 1.

.. option:: interface=str : [netsplice] [net]

	The IP address of the network interface used to send or receive UDP
	multicast.

.. option:: ttl=int : [netsplice] [net]

	Time-to-live value for outgoing UDP multicast packets. Default: 1.

.. option:: nodelay=bool : [netsplice] [net]

	Set TCP_NODELAY on TCP connections.

.. option:: protocol=str, proto=str : [netsplice] [net]

	The network protocol to use. Accepted values are:

	**tcp**
		Transmission control protocol.
	**tcpv6**
		Transmission control protocol V6.
	**udp**
		User datagram protocol.
	**udpv6**
		User datagram protocol V6.
	**unix**
		UNIX domain socket.

	When the protocol is TCP or UDP, the port must also be given, as well as the
	hostname if the job is a TCP listener or UDP reader. For unix sockets, the
	normal :option:`filename` option should be used and the port is invalid.

.. option:: listen : [netsplice] [net]

	For TCP network connections, tell fio to listen for incoming connections
	rather than initiating an outgoing connection. The :option:`hostname` must
	be omitted if this option is used.

.. option:: pingpong : [netsplice] [net]

	Normally a network writer will just continue writing data, and a network
	reader will just consume packages. If ``pingpong=1`` is set, a writer will
	send its normal payload to the reader, then wait for the reader to send the
	same payload back. This allows fio to measure network latencies. The
	submission and completion latencies then measure local time spent sending or
	receiving, and the completion latency measures how long it took for the
	other end to receive and send back.  For UDP multicast traffic
	``pingpong=1`` should only be set for a single reader when multiple readers
	are listening to the same address.

.. option:: window_size : [netsplice] [net]

	Set the desired socket buffer size for the connection.

.. option:: mss : [netsplice] [net]

	Set the TCP maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG).

.. option:: donorname=str : [e4defrag]

	File will be used as a block donor (swap extents between files).

.. option:: inplace=int : [e4defrag]

	Configure donor file blocks allocation strategy:

	**0**
		Default. Preallocate donor's file on init.
	**1**
		Allocate space immediately inside defragment event, and free right
		after event.

.. option:: clustername=str : [rbd,rados]

	Specifies the name of the Ceph cluster.

.. option:: rbdname=str : [rbd]

	Specifies the name of the RBD.

.. option:: clientname=str : [rbd,rados]

	Specifies the username (without the 'client.' prefix) used to access the
	Ceph cluster. If the *clustername* is specified, the *clientname* shall be
	the full *type.id* string. If no type. prefix is given, fio will add
	'client.' by default.

.. option:: conf=str : [rados]

    Specifies the configuration path of ceph cluster, so conf file does not
    have to be /etc/ceph/ceph.conf.

.. option:: busy_poll=bool : [rbd,rados]

        Poll store instead of waiting for completion. Usually this provides better
        throughput at cost of higher(up to 100%) CPU utilization.

.. option:: touch_objects=bool : [rados]

        During initialization, touch (create if do not exist) all objects (files).
        Touching all objects affects ceph caches and likely impacts test results.
        Enabled by default.

.. option:: pool=str :

   [rbd,rados]

	Specifies the name of the Ceph pool containing RBD or RADOS data.

   [dfs]

	Specify the label or UUID of the DAOS pool to connect to.

.. option:: cont=str : [dfs]

	Specify the label or UUID of the DAOS container to open.

.. option:: chunk_size=int

   [dfs]

	Specify a different chunk size (in bytes) for the dfs file.
	Use DAOS container's chunk size by default.

   [libhdfs]

	The size of the chunk to use for each file.

.. option:: object_class=str : [dfs]

	Specify a different object class for the dfs file.
	Use DAOS container's object class by default.

.. option:: skip_bad=bool : [mtd]

	Skip operations against known bad blocks.

.. option:: hdfsdirectory : [libhdfs]

	libhdfs will create chunk in this HDFS directory.

.. option:: verb=str : [rdma]

	The RDMA verb to use on this side of the RDMA ioengine connection. Valid
	values are write, read, send and recv. These correspond to the equivalent
	RDMA verbs (e.g. write = rdma_write etc.). Note that this only needs to be
	specified on the client side of the connection. See the examples folder.

.. option:: bindname=str : [rdma]

	The name to use to bind the local RDMA-CM connection to a local RDMA device.
	This could be a hostname or an IPv4 or IPv6 address. On the server side this
	will be passed into the rdma_bind_addr() function and on the client site it
	will be used in the rdma_resolve_add() function. This can be useful when
	multiple paths exist between the client and the server or in certain loopback
	configurations.

.. option:: stat_type=str : [filestat]

	Specify stat system call type to measure lookup/getattr performance.
	Default is **stat** for :manpage:`stat(2)`.

.. option:: readfua=bool : [sg]

	With readfua option set to 1, read operations include
	the force unit access (fua) flag. Default is 0.

.. option:: writefua=bool : [sg]

	With writefua option set to 1, write operations include
	the force unit access (fua) flag. Default is 0.

.. option:: sg_write_mode=str : [sg]

	Specify the type of write commands to issue. This option can take three values:

	**write**
		This is the default where write opcodes are issued as usual.
	**write_and_verify**
		Issue WRITE AND VERIFY commands. The BYTCHK bit is set to 0. This
		directs the device to carry out a medium verification with no data
		comparison. The writefua option is ignored with this selection.
	**verify**
		This option is deprecated. Use write_and_verify instead.
	**write_same**
		Issue WRITE SAME commands. This transfers a single block to the device
		and writes this same block of data to a contiguous sequence of LBAs
		beginning at the specified offset. fio's block size parameter specifies
		the amount of data written with each command. However, the amount of data
		actually transferred to the device is equal to the device's block
		(sector) size. For a device with 512 byte sectors, blocksize=8k will
		write 16 sectors with each command. fio will still generate 8k of data
		for each command but only the first 512 bytes will be used and
		transferred to the device. The writefua option is ignored with this
		selection.
	**same**
		This option is deprecated. Use write_same instead.
	**write_same_ndob**
		Issue WRITE SAME(16) commands as above but with the No Data Output
		Buffer (NDOB) bit set. No data will be transferred to the device with
		this bit set. Data written will be a pre-determined pattern such as
		all zeroes.
	**write_stream**
		Issue WRITE STREAM(16) commands. Use the **stream_id** option to specify
		the stream identifier.
	**verify_bytchk_00**
		Issue VERIFY commands with BYTCHK set to 00. This directs the
		device to carry out a medium verification with no data comparison.
	**verify_bytchk_01**
		Issue VERIFY commands with BYTCHK set to 01. This directs the device to
		compare the data on the device with the data transferred to the device.
	**verify_bytchk_11**
		Issue VERIFY commands with BYTCHK set to 11. This transfers a
		single block to the device and compares the contents of this block with the
		data on the device beginning at the specified offset. fio's block size
		parameter specifies the total amount of data compared with this command.
		However, only one block (sector) worth of data is transferred to the device.
		This is similar to the WRITE SAME command except that data is compared instead
		of written.

.. option:: stream_id=int : [sg]

	Set the stream identifier for WRITE STREAM commands. If this is set to 0 (which is not
	a valid stream identifier) fio will open a stream and then close it when done. Default
	is 0.

.. option:: http_host=str : [http]

	Hostname to connect to. For S3, this could be the bucket hostname.
	Default is **localhost**

.. option:: http_user=str : [http]

	Username for HTTP authentication.

.. option:: http_pass=str : [http]

	Password for HTTP authentication.

.. option:: https=str : [http]

	Enable HTTPS instead of http. *on* enables HTTPS; *insecure*
	will enable HTTPS, but disable SSL peer verification (use with
	caution!). Default is **off**

.. option:: http_mode=str : [http]

	Which HTTP access mode to use: *webdav*, *swift*, or *s3*.
	Default is **webdav**

.. option:: http_s3_region=str : [http]

	The S3 region/zone string.
	Default is **us-east-1**

.. option:: http_s3_key=str : [http]

	The S3 secret key.

.. option:: http_s3_keyid=str : [http]

	The S3 key/access id.

.. option:: http_s3_sse_customer_key=str : [http]

        The encryption customer key in SSE server side.

.. option:: http_s3_sse_customer_algorithm=str : [http]

        The encryption customer algorithm in SSE server side.
        Default is **AES256**

.. option:: http_s3_storage_class=str : [http]

        Which storage class to access. User-customizable settings.
        Default is **STANDARD**

.. option:: http_swift_auth_token=str : [http]

	The Swift auth token. See the example configuration file on how
	to retrieve this.

.. option:: http_verbose=int : [http]

	Enable verbose requests from libcurl. Useful for debugging. 1
	turns on verbose logging from libcurl, 2 additionally enables
	HTTP IO tracing. Default is **0**

.. option:: uri=str : [nbd]

	Specify the NBD URI of the server to test.  The string
	is a standard NBD URI
	(see https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/tree/master/doc).
	Example URIs: nbd://localhost:10809
	nbd+unix:///?socket=/tmp/socket
	nbds://tlshost/exportname

.. option:: gpu_dev_ids=str : [libcufile]

	Specify the GPU IDs to use with CUDA. This is a colon-separated list of
	int. GPUs are assigned to workers roundrobin. Default is 0.

.. option:: cuda_io=str : [libcufile]

	Specify the type of I/O to use with CUDA. Default is **cufile**.

	**cufile**
		Use libcufile and nvidia-fs. This option performs I/O directly
		between a GPUDirect Storage filesystem and GPU buffers,
		avoiding use of a bounce buffer. If :option:`verify` is set,
		cudaMemcpy is used to copy verificaton data between RAM and GPU.
		Verification data is copied from RAM to GPU before a write
		and from GPU to RAM after a read. :option:`direct` must be 1.
	**posix**
		Use POSIX to perform I/O with a RAM buffer, and use cudaMemcpy
		to transfer data between RAM and the GPUs. Data is copied from
		GPU to RAM before a write and copied from RAM to GPU after a
		read. :option:`verify` does not affect use of cudaMemcpy.

.. option:: nfs_url=str : [nfs]

	URL in libnfs format, eg nfs://<server|ipv4|ipv6>/path[?arg=val[&arg=val]*]
	Refer to the libnfs README for more details.

.. option:: program=str : [exec]

	Specify the program to execute.

.. option:: arguments=str : [exec]

	Specify arguments to pass to program.
	Some special variables can be expanded to pass fio's job details to the program.

	**%r**
		Replaced by the duration of the job in seconds.
	**%n**
		Replaced by the name of the job.

.. option:: grace_time=int : [exec]

	Specify the time between the SIGTERM and SIGKILL signals. Default is 1 second.

.. option:: std_redirect=bool : [exec]

	If set, stdout and stderr streams are redirected to files named from the job name. Default is true.

.. option:: xnvme_async=str : [xnvme]

	Select the xnvme async command interface. This can take these values.

	**emu**
		This is default and use to emulate asynchronous I/O by using a
		single thread to create a queue pair on top of a synchronous
		I/O interface using the NVMe driver IOCTL.
	**thrpool**
		Emulate an asynchronous I/O interface with a pool of userspace
		threads on top of a synchronous I/O interface using the NVMe
		driver IOCTL. By default four threads are used.
	**io_uring**
		Linux native asynchronous I/O interface which supports both
		direct and buffered I/O.
	**io_uring_cmd**
		Fast Linux native asynchronous I/O interface for NVMe pass
		through commands. This only works with NVMe character device
		(/dev/ngXnY).
	**libaio**
		Use Linux aio for Asynchronous I/O.
	**posix**
		Use the posix asynchronous I/O interface to perform one or
		more I/O operations asynchronously.
	**nil**
		Do not transfer any data; just pretend to. This is mainly used
		for introspective performance evaluation.

.. option:: xnvme_sync=str : [xnvme]

	Select the xnvme synchronous command interface. This can take these values.

	**nvme**
		This is default and uses Linux NVMe Driver ioctl() for
		synchronous I/O.
	**psync**
		This supports regular as well as vectored pread() and pwrite()
		commands.
	**block**
		This is the same as psync except that it also supports zone
		management commands using Linux block layer IOCTLs.

.. option:: xnvme_admin=str : [xnvme]

	Select the xnvme admin command interface. This can take these values.

	**nvme**
		This is default and uses linux NVMe Driver ioctl() for admin
		commands.
	**block**
		Use Linux Block Layer ioctl() and sysfs for admin commands.

.. option:: xnvme_dev_nsid=int : [xnvme]

	xnvme namespace identifier for userspace NVMe driver, such as SPDK.

.. option:: xnvme_iovec=int : [xnvme]

	If this option is set. xnvme will use vectored read/write commands.

.. option:: libblkio_driver=str : [libblkio]

	The libblkio *driver* to use. Different drivers access devices through
	different underlying interfaces. Available drivers depend on the
	libblkio version in use and are listed at
	https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers

.. option:: libblkio_path=str : [libblkio]

	Sets the value of the driver-specific "path" property before connecting
	the libblkio instance, which identifies the target device or file on
	which to perform I/O. Its exact semantics are driver-dependent and not
	all drivers may support it; see
	https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers

.. option:: libblkio_pre_connect_props=str : [libblkio]

	A colon-separated list of additional libblkio properties to be set after
	creating but before connecting the libblkio instance. Each property must
	have the format ``<name>=<value>``. Colons can be escaped as ``\:``.
	These are set after the engine sets any other properties, so those can
	be overriden. Available properties depend on the libblkio version in use
	and are listed at
	https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#properties

.. option:: libblkio_num_entries=int : [libblkio]

	Sets the value of the driver-specific "num-entries" property before
	starting the libblkio instance. Its exact semantics are driver-dependent
	and not all drivers may support it; see
	https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers

.. option:: libblkio_queue_size=int : [libblkio]

	Sets the value of the driver-specific "queue-size" property before
	starting the libblkio instance. Its exact semantics are driver-dependent
	and not all drivers may support it; see
	https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#drivers

.. option:: libblkio_pre_start_props=str : [libblkio]

	A colon-separated list of additional libblkio properties to be set after
	connecting but before starting the libblkio instance. Each property must
	have the format ``<name>=<value>``. Colons can be escaped as ``\:``.
	These are set after the engine sets any other properties, so those can
	be overriden. Available properties depend on the libblkio version in use
	and are listed at
	https://libblkio.gitlab.io/libblkio/blkio.html#properties

.. option:: libblkio_vectored : [libblkio]

	Submit vectored read and write requests.

.. option:: libblkio_write_zeroes_on_trim : [libblkio]

	Submit trims as "write zeroes" requests instead of discard requests.

.. option:: libblkio_wait_mode=str : [libblkio]

	How to wait for completions:

	**block** (default)
		Use a blocking call to ``blkioq_do_io()``.
	**eventfd**
		Use a blocking call to ``read()`` on the completion eventfd.
	**loop**
		Use a busy loop with a non-blocking call to ``blkioq_do_io()``.

.. option:: libblkio_force_enable_completion_eventfd : [libblkio]

	Enable the queue's completion eventfd even when unused. This may impact
	performance. The default is to enable it only if
	:option:`libblkio_wait_mode=eventfd <libblkio_wait_mode>`.

I/O depth
~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: iodepth=int

	Number of I/O units to keep in flight against the file.  Note that
	increasing *iodepth* beyond 1 will not affect synchronous ioengines (except
	for small degrees when :option:`verify_async` is in use).  Even async
	engines may impose OS restrictions causing the desired depth not to be
	achieved.  This may happen on Linux when using libaio and not setting
	:option:`direct`\=1, since buffered I/O is not async on that OS.  Keep an
	eye on the I/O depth distribution in the fio output to verify that the
	achieved depth is as expected. Default: 1.

.. option:: iodepth_batch_submit=int, iodepth_batch=int

	This defines how many pieces of I/O to submit at once.  It defaults to 1
	which means that we submit each I/O as soon as it is available, but can be
	raised to submit bigger batches of I/O at the time. If it is set to 0 the
	:option:`iodepth` value will be used.

.. option:: iodepth_batch_complete_min=int, iodepth_batch_complete=int

	This defines how many pieces of I/O to retrieve at once. It defaults to 1
	which means that we'll ask for a minimum of 1 I/O in the retrieval process
	from the kernel. The I/O retrieval will go on until we hit the limit set by
	:option:`iodepth_low`. If this variable is set to 0, then fio will always
	check for completed events before queuing more I/O. This helps reduce I/O
	latency, at the cost of more retrieval system calls.

.. option:: iodepth_batch_complete_max=int

	This defines maximum pieces of I/O to retrieve at once. This variable should
	be used along with :option:`iodepth_batch_complete_min`\=int variable,
	specifying the range of min and max amount of I/O which should be
	retrieved. By default it is equal to the :option:`iodepth_batch_complete_min`
	value.

	Example #1::

		iodepth_batch_complete_min=1
		iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth>

	which means that we will retrieve at least 1 I/O and up to the whole
	submitted queue depth. If none of I/O has been completed yet, we will wait.

	Example #2::

		iodepth_batch_complete_min=0
		iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth>

	which means that we can retrieve up to the whole submitted queue depth, but
	if none of I/O has been completed yet, we will NOT wait and immediately exit
	the system call. In this example we simply do polling.

.. option:: iodepth_low=int

	The low water mark indicating when to start filling the queue
	again. Defaults to the same as :option:`iodepth`, meaning that fio will
	attempt to keep the queue full at all times.  If :option:`iodepth` is set to
	e.g. 16 and *iodepth_low* is set to 4, then after fio has filled the queue of
	16 requests, it will let the depth drain down to 4 before starting to fill
	it again.

.. option:: serialize_overlap=bool

	Serialize in-flight I/Os that might otherwise cause or suffer from data races.
	When two or more I/Os are submitted simultaneously, there is no guarantee that
	the I/Os will be processed or completed in the submitted order. Further, if
	two or more of those I/Os are writes, any overlapping region between them can
	become indeterminate/undefined on certain storage. These issues can cause
	verification to fail erratically when at least one of the racing I/Os is
	changing data and the overlapping region has a non-zero size. Setting
	``serialize_overlap`` tells fio to avoid provoking this behavior by explicitly
	serializing in-flight I/Os that have a non-zero overlap. Note that setting
	this option can reduce both performance and the :option:`iodepth` achieved.

	This option only applies to I/Os issued for a single job except when it is
	enabled along with :option:`io_submit_mode`\=offload. In offload mode, fio
	will check for overlap among all I/Os submitted by offload jobs with :option:`serialize_overlap`
	enabled.

	Default: false.

.. option:: io_submit_mode=str

	This option controls how fio submits the I/O to the I/O engine. The default
	is `inline`, which means that the fio job threads submit and reap I/O
	directly. If set to `offload`, the job threads will offload I/O submission
	to a dedicated pool of I/O threads. This requires some coordination and thus
	has a bit of extra overhead, especially for lower queue depth I/O where it
	can increase latencies. The benefit is that fio can manage submission rates
	independently of the device completion rates. This avoids skewed latency
	reporting if I/O gets backed up on the device side (the coordinated omission
	problem). Note that this option cannot reliably be used with async IO
	engines.


I/O rate
~~~~~~~~

.. option:: thinktime=time

	Stall the job for the specified period of time after an I/O has completed before issuing the
	next. May be used to simulate processing being done by an application.
	When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds.  See
	:option:`thinktime_blocks`, :option:`thinktime_iotime` and :option:`thinktime_spin`.

.. option:: thinktime_spin=time

	Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - pretend to spend CPU time doing
	something with the data received, before falling back to sleeping for the
	rest of the period specified by :option:`thinktime`.  When the unit is
	omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds.

.. option:: thinktime_blocks=int

	Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - control how many blocks to issue,
	before waiting :option:`thinktime` usecs. If not set, defaults to 1 which will make
	fio wait :option:`thinktime` usecs after every block. This effectively makes any
	queue depth setting redundant, since no more than 1 I/O will be queued
	before we have to complete it and do our :option:`thinktime`. In other words, this
	setting effectively caps the queue depth if the latter is larger.

.. option:: thinktime_blocks_type=str

	Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - control how :option:`thinktime_blocks`
	triggers. The default is `complete`, which triggers thinktime when fio completes
	:option:`thinktime_blocks` blocks. If this is set to `issue`, then the trigger happens
	at the issue side.

.. option:: thinktime_iotime=time

	Only valid if :option:`thinktime` is set - control :option:`thinktime`
	interval by time. The :option:`thinktime` stall is repeated after IOs
	are executed for :option:`thinktime_iotime`. For example,
	``--thinktime_iotime=9s --thinktime=1s`` repeat 10-second cycle with IOs
	for 9 seconds and stall for 1 second. When the unit is omitted,
	:option:`thinktime_iotime` is interpreted as a number of seconds. If
	this option is used together with :option:`thinktime_blocks`, the
	:option:`thinktime` stall is repeated after :option:`thinktime_iotime`
	or after :option:`thinktime_blocks` IOs, whichever happens first.

.. option:: rate=int[,int][,int]

	Cap the bandwidth used by this job. The number is in bytes/sec, the normal
	suffix rules apply.  Comma-separated values may be specified for reads,
	writes, and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.

	For example, using `rate=1m,500k` would limit reads to 1MiB/sec and writes to
	500KiB/sec.  Capping only reads or writes can be done with `rate=,500k` or
	`rate=500k,` where the former will only limit writes (to 500KiB/sec) and the
	latter will only limit reads.

.. option:: rate_min=int[,int][,int]

	Tell fio to do whatever it can to maintain at least this bandwidth. Failing
	to meet this requirement will cause the job to exit.  Comma-separated values
	may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as described in
	:option:`blocksize`.

.. option:: rate_iops=int[,int][,int]

	Cap the bandwidth to this number of IOPS. Basically the same as
	:option:`rate`, just specified independently of bandwidth. If the job is
	given a block size range instead of a fixed value, the smallest block size
	is used as the metric.  Comma-separated values may be specified for reads,
	writes, and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.

.. option:: rate_iops_min=int[,int][,int]

	If fio doesn't meet this rate of I/O, it will cause the job to exit.
	Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes, and trims as
	described in :option:`blocksize`.

.. option:: rate_process=str

	This option controls how fio manages rated I/O submissions. The default is
	`linear`, which submits I/O in a linear fashion with fixed delays between
	I/Os that gets adjusted based on I/O completion rates. If this is set to
	`poisson`, fio will submit I/O based on a more real world random request
	flow, known as the Poisson process
	(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_point_process). The lambda will be
	10^6 / IOPS for the given workload.

.. option:: rate_ignore_thinktime=bool

	By default, fio will attempt to catch up to the specified rate setting,
	if any kind of thinktime setting was used. If this option is set, then
	fio will ignore the thinktime and continue doing IO at the specified
	rate, instead of entering a catch-up mode after thinktime is done.


I/O latency
~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: latency_target=time

	If set, fio will attempt to find the max performance point that the given
	workload will run at while maintaining a latency below this target.  When
	the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds.  See
	:option:`latency_window` and :option:`latency_percentile`.

.. option:: latency_window=time

	Used with :option:`latency_target` to specify the sample window that the job
	is run at varying queue depths to test the performance.  When the unit is
	omitted, the value is interpreted in microseconds.

.. option:: latency_percentile=float

	The percentage of I/Os that must fall within the criteria specified by
	:option:`latency_target` and :option:`latency_window`. If not set, this
	defaults to 100.0, meaning that all I/Os must be equal or below to the value
	set by :option:`latency_target`.

.. option:: latency_run=bool

	Used with :option:`latency_target`. If false (default), fio will find
	the highest queue depth that meets :option:`latency_target` and exit. If
	true, fio will continue running and try to meet :option:`latency_target`
	by adjusting queue depth.

.. option:: max_latency=time[,time][,time]

	If set, fio will exit the job with an ETIMEDOUT error if it exceeds this
	maximum latency. When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in
	microseconds. Comma-separated values may be specified for reads, writes,
	and trims as described in :option:`blocksize`.

.. option:: rate_cycle=int

	Average bandwidth for :option:`rate` and :option:`rate_min` over this number
	of milliseconds. Defaults to 1000.


I/O replay
~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: write_iolog=str

	Write the issued I/O patterns to the specified file. See
	:option:`read_iolog`.  Specify a separate file for each job, otherwise the
        iologs will be interspersed and the file may be corrupt. This file will
        be opened in append mode.

.. option:: read_iolog=str

	Open an iolog with the specified filename and replay the I/O patterns it
	contains. This can be used to store a workload and replay it sometime
	later. The iolog given may also be a blktrace binary file, which allows fio
	to replay a workload captured by :command:`blktrace`. See
	:manpage:`blktrace(8)` for how to capture such logging data. For blktrace
	replay, the file needs to be turned into a blkparse binary data file first
	(``blkparse <device> -o /dev/null -d file_for_fio.bin``).
	You can specify a number of files by separating the names with a ':'
	character. See the :option:`filename` option for information on how to
	escape ':' characters within the file names. These files will
	be sequentially assigned to job clones created by :option:`numjobs`.
	'-' is a reserved name, meaning read from stdin, notably if
	:option:`filename` is set to '-' which means stdin as well, then
	this flag can't be set to '-'.

.. option:: read_iolog_chunked=bool

	Determines how iolog is read. If false(default) entire :option:`read_iolog`
	will be read at once. If selected true, input from iolog will be read
	gradually. Useful when iolog is very large, or it is generated.

.. option:: merge_blktrace_file=str

	When specified, rather than replaying the logs passed to :option:`read_iolog`,
	the logs go through a merge phase which aggregates them into a single
	blktrace. The resulting file is then passed on as the :option:`read_iolog`
	parameter. The intention here is to make the order of events consistent.
	This limits the influence of the scheduler compared to replaying multiple
	blktraces via concurrent jobs.

.. option:: merge_blktrace_scalars=float_list

	This is a percentage based option that is index paired with the list of
	files passed to :option:`read_iolog`. When merging is performed, scale
	the time of each event by the corresponding amount. For example,
	``--merge_blktrace_scalars="50:100"`` runs the first trace in halftime
	and the second trace in realtime. This knob is separately tunable from
	:option:`replay_time_scale` which scales the trace during runtime and
	does not change the output of the merge unlike this option.

.. option:: merge_blktrace_iters=float_list

	This is a whole number option that is index paired with the list of files
	passed to :option:`read_iolog`. When merging is performed, run each trace
	for the specified number of iterations. For example,
	``--merge_blktrace_iters="2:1"`` runs the first trace for two iterations
	and the second trace for one iteration.

.. option:: replay_no_stall=bool

	When replaying I/O with :option:`read_iolog` the default behavior is to
	attempt to respect the timestamps within the log and replay them with the
	appropriate delay between IOPS. By setting this variable fio will not
	respect the timestamps and attempt to replay them as fast as possible while
	still respecting ordering. The result is the same I/O pattern to a given
	device, but different timings.

.. option:: replay_time_scale=int

	When replaying I/O with :option:`read_iolog`, fio will honor the
	original timing in the trace. With this option, it's possible to scale
	the time. It's a percentage option, if set to 50 it means run at 50%
	the original IO rate in the trace. If set to 200, run at twice the
	original IO rate. Defaults to 100.

.. option:: replay_redirect=str

	While replaying I/O patterns using :option:`read_iolog` the default behavior
	is to replay the IOPS onto the major/minor device that each IOP was recorded
	from.  This is sometimes undesirable because on a different machine those
	major/minor numbers can map to a different device.  Changing hardware on the
	same system can also result in a different major/minor mapping.
	``replay_redirect`` causes all I/Os to be replayed onto the single specified
	device regardless of the device it was recorded
	from. i.e. :option:`replay_redirect`\= :file:`/dev/sdc` would cause all I/O
	in the blktrace or iolog to be replayed onto :file:`/dev/sdc`.  This means
	multiple devices will be replayed onto a single device, if the trace
	contains multiple devices. If you want multiple devices to be replayed
	concurrently to multiple redirected devices you must blkparse your trace
	into separate traces and replay them with independent fio invocations.
	Unfortunately this also breaks the strict time ordering between multiple
	device accesses.

.. option:: replay_align=int

	Force alignment of the byte offsets in a trace to this value. The value
	must be a power of 2.

.. option:: replay_scale=int

	Scale byte offsets down by this factor when replaying traces. Should most
	likely use :option:`replay_align` as well.

.. option:: replay_skip=str

	Sometimes it's useful to skip certain IO types in a replay trace.
	This could be, for instance, eliminating the writes in the trace.
	Or not replaying the trims/discards, if you are redirecting to
	a device that doesn't support them. This option takes a comma
	separated list of read, write, trim, sync.


Threads, processes and job synchronization
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: thread

	Fio defaults to creating jobs by using fork, however if this option is
	given, fio will create jobs by using POSIX Threads' function
	:manpage:`pthread_create(3)` to create threads instead.

.. option:: wait_for=str

	If set, the current job won't be started until all workers of the specified
	waitee job are done.

	``wait_for`` operates on the job name basis, so there are a few
	limitations. First, the waitee must be defined prior to the waiter job
	(meaning no forward references). Second, if a job is being referenced as a
	waitee, it must have a unique name (no duplicate waitees).

.. option:: nice=int

	Run the job with the given nice value. See man :manpage:`nice(2)`.

	On Windows, values less than -15 set the process class to "High"; -1 through
	-15 set "Above Normal"; 1 through 15 "Below Normal"; and above 15 "Idle"
	priority class.

.. option:: prio=int

	Set the I/O priority value of this job. Linux limits us to a positive value
	between 0 and 7, with 0 being the highest.  See man
	:manpage:`ionice(1)`. Refer to an appropriate manpage for other operating
	systems since meaning of priority may differ. For per-command priority
	setting, see I/O engine specific :option:`cmdprio_percentage` and
	:option:`cmdprio` options.

.. option:: prioclass=int

	Set the I/O priority class. See man :manpage:`ionice(1)`. For per-command
	priority setting, see I/O engine specific :option:`cmdprio_percentage`
	and :option:`cmdprio_class` options.

.. option:: cpus_allowed=str

	Controls the same options as :option:`cpumask`, but accepts a textual
	specification of the permitted CPUs instead and CPUs are indexed from 0. So
	to use CPUs 0 and 5 you would specify ``cpus_allowed=0,5``. This option also
	allows a range of CPUs to be specified -- say you wanted a binding to CPUs
	0, 5, and 8 to 15, you would set ``cpus_allowed=0,5,8-15``.

	On Windows, when ``cpus_allowed`` is unset only CPUs from fio's current
	processor group will be used and affinity settings are inherited from the
	system. An fio build configured to target Windows 7 makes options that set
	CPUs processor group aware and values will set both the processor group
	and a CPU from within that group. For example, on a system where processor
	group 0 has 40 CPUs and processor group 1 has 32 CPUs, ``cpus_allowed``
	values between 0 and 39 will bind CPUs from processor group 0 and
	``cpus_allowed`` values between 40 and 71 will bind CPUs from processor
	group 1. When using ``cpus_allowed_policy=shared`` all CPUs specified by a
	single ``cpus_allowed`` option must be from the same processor group. For
	Windows fio builds not built for Windows 7, CPUs will only be selected from
	(and be relative to) whatever processor group fio happens to be running in
	and CPUs from other processor groups cannot be used.

.. option:: cpus_allowed_policy=str

	Set the policy of how fio distributes the CPUs specified by
	:option:`cpus_allowed` or :option:`cpumask`. Two policies are supported:

		**shared**
			All jobs will share the CPU set specified.
		**split**
			Each job will get a unique CPU from the CPU set.

	**shared** is the default behavior, if the option isn't specified. If
	**split** is specified, then fio will assign one cpu per job. If not
	enough CPUs are given for the jobs listed, then fio will roundrobin the CPUs
	in the set.

.. option:: cpumask=int

	Set the CPU affinity of this job. The parameter given is a bit mask of
	allowed CPUs the job may run on. So if you want the allowed CPUs to be 1
	and 5, you would pass the decimal value of (1 << 1 | 1 << 5), or 34. See man
	:manpage:`sched_setaffinity(2)`. This may not work on all supported
	operating systems or kernel versions. This option doesn't work well for a
	higher CPU count than what you can store in an integer mask, so it can only
	control cpus 1-32. For boxes with larger CPU counts, use
	:option:`cpus_allowed`.

.. option:: numa_cpu_nodes=str

	Set this job running on specified NUMA nodes' CPUs. The arguments allow
	comma delimited list of cpu numbers, A-B ranges, or `all`. Note, to enable
	NUMA options support, fio must be built on a system with libnuma-dev(el)
	installed.

.. option:: numa_mem_policy=str

	Set this job's memory policy and corresponding NUMA nodes. Format of the
	arguments::

		<mode>[:<nodelist>]

	``mode`` is one of the following memory policies: ``default``, ``prefer``,
	``bind``, ``interleave`` or ``local``. For ``default`` and ``local`` memory
	policies, no node needs to be specified.  For ``prefer``, only one node is
	allowed.  For ``bind`` and ``interleave`` the ``nodelist`` may be as
	follows: a comma delimited list of numbers, A-B ranges, or `all`.

.. option:: cgroup=str

	Add job to this control group. If it doesn't exist, it will be created. The
	system must have a mounted cgroup blkio mount point for this to work. If
	your system doesn't have it mounted, you can do so with::

		# mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup

.. option:: cgroup_weight=int

	Set the weight of the cgroup to this value. See the documentation that comes
	with the kernel, allowed values are in the range of 100..1000.

.. option:: cgroup_nodelete=bool

	Normally fio will delete the cgroups it has created after the job
	completion. To override this behavior and to leave cgroups around after the
	job completion, set ``cgroup_nodelete=1``.  This can be useful if one wants
	to inspect various cgroup files after job completion. Default: false.

.. option:: flow_id=int

	The ID of the flow. If not specified, it defaults to being a global
	flow. See :option:`flow`.

.. option:: flow=int

        Weight in token-based flow control. If this value is used, then fio
        regulates the activity between two or more jobs sharing the same
        flow_id. Fio attempts to keep each job activity proportional to other
        jobs' activities in the same flow_id group, with respect to requested
        weight per job. That is, if one job has `flow=3', another job has
        `flow=2' and another with `flow=1`, then there will be a roughly 3:2:1
        ratio in how much one runs vs the others.

.. option:: flow_sleep=int

	The period of time, in microseconds, to wait after the flow counter
	has exceeded its proportion before retrying operations.

.. option:: stonewall, wait_for_previous

	Wait for preceding jobs in the job file to exit, before starting this
	one. Can be used to insert serialization points in the job file. A stone
	wall also implies starting a new reporting group, see
	:option:`group_reporting`.

.. option:: exitall

	By default, fio will continue running all other jobs when one job finishes.
	Sometimes this is not the desired action.  Setting ``exitall`` will instead
	make fio terminate all jobs in the same group, as soon as one job of that
	group finishes.

.. option:: exit_what=str

	By default, fio will continue running all other jobs when one job finishes.
	Sometimes this is not the desired action. Setting ``exitall`` will
	instead make fio terminate all jobs in the same group. The option
        ``exit_what`` allows to control which jobs get terminated when ``exitall`` is
        enabled. The default is ``group`` and does not change the behaviour of
        ``exitall``. The setting ``all`` terminates all jobs. The setting ``stonewall``
        terminates all currently running jobs across all groups and continues execution
        with the next stonewalled group.

.. option:: exec_prerun=str

	Before running this job, issue the command specified through
	:manpage:`system(3)`. Output is redirected in a file called
	:file:`jobname.prerun.txt`.

.. option:: exec_postrun=str

	After the job completes, issue the command specified though
	:manpage:`system(3)`. Output is redirected in a file called
	:file:`jobname.postrun.txt`.

.. option:: uid=int

	Instead of running as the invoking user, set the user ID to this value
	before the thread/process does any work.

.. option:: gid=int

	Set group ID, see :option:`uid`.


Verification
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: verify_only

	Do not perform specified workload, only verify data still matches previous
	invocation of this workload. This option allows one to check data multiple
	times at a later date without overwriting it. This option makes sense only
	for workloads that write data, and does not support workloads with the
	:option:`time_based` option set.

.. option:: do_verify=bool

	Run the verify phase after a write phase. Only valid if :option:`verify` is
	set. Default: true.

.. option:: verify=str

	If writing to a file, fio can verify the file contents after each iteration
	of the job. Each verification method also implies verification of special
	header, which is written to the beginning of each block. This header also
	includes meta information, like offset of the block, block number, timestamp
	when block was written, etc.  :option:`verify` can be combined with
	:option:`verify_pattern` option.  The allowed values are:

		**md5**
			Use an md5 sum of the data area and store it in the header of
			each block.

		**crc64**
			Use an experimental crc64 sum of the data area and store it in the
			header of each block.

		**crc32c**
			Use a crc32c sum of the data area and store it in the header of
			each block. This will automatically use hardware acceleration
			(e.g. SSE4.2 on an x86 or CRC crypto extensions on ARM64) but will
			fall back to software crc32c if none is found. Generally the
			fastest checksum fio supports when hardware accelerated.

		**crc32c-intel**
			Synonym for crc32c.

		**crc32**
			Use a crc32 sum of the data area and store it in the header of each
			block.

		**crc16**
			Use a crc16 sum of the data area and store it in the header of each
			block.

		**crc7**
			Use a crc7 sum of the data area and store it in the header of each
			block.

		**xxhash**
			Use xxhash as the checksum function. Generally the fastest software
			checksum that fio supports.

		**sha512**
			Use sha512 as the checksum function.

		**sha256**
			Use sha256 as the checksum function.

		**sha1**
			Use optimized sha1 as the checksum function.

		**sha3-224**
			Use optimized sha3-224 as the checksum function.

		**sha3-256**
			Use optimized sha3-256 as the checksum function.

		**sha3-384**
			Use optimized sha3-384 as the checksum function.

		**sha3-512**
			Use optimized sha3-512 as the checksum function.

		**meta**
			This option is deprecated, since now meta information is included in
			generic verification header and meta verification happens by
			default. For detailed information see the description of the
			:option:`verify` setting. This option is kept because of
			compatibility's sake with old configurations. Do not use it.

		**pattern**
			Verify a strict pattern. Normally fio includes a header with some
			basic information and checksumming, but if this option is set, only
			the specific pattern set with :option:`verify_pattern` is verified.

		**null**
			Only pretend to verify. Useful for testing internals with
			:option:`ioengine`\=null, not for much else.

	This option can be used for repeated burn-in tests of a system to make sure
	that the written data is also correctly read back. If the data direction
	given is a read or random read, fio will assume that it should verify a
	previously written file. If the data direction includes any form of write,
	the verify will be of the newly written data.

	To avoid false verification errors, do not use the norandommap option when
	verifying data with async I/O engines and I/O depths > 1.  Or use the
	norandommap and the lfsr random generator together to avoid writing to the
	same offset with multiple outstanding I/Os.

.. option:: verify_offset=int

	Swap the verification header with data somewhere else in the block before
	writing. It is swapped back before verifying.

.. option:: verify_interval=int

	Write the verification header at a finer granularity than the
	:option:`blocksize`. It will be written for chunks the size of
	``verify_interval``. :option:`blocksize` should divide this evenly.

.. option:: verify_pattern=str

	If set, fio will fill the I/O buffers with this pattern. Fio defaults to
	filling with totally random bytes, but sometimes it's interesting to fill
	with a known pattern for I/O verification purposes. Depending on the width
	of the pattern, fio will fill 1/2/3/4 bytes of the buffer at the time (it can
	be either a decimal or a hex number).  The ``verify_pattern`` if larger than
	a 32-bit quantity has to be a hex number that starts with either "0x" or
	"0X". Use with :option:`verify`. Also, ``verify_pattern`` supports %o
	format, which means that for each block offset will be written and then
	verified back, e.g.::

		verify_pattern=%o

	Or use combination of everything::

		verify_pattern=0xff%o"abcd"-12

.. option:: verify_fatal=bool

	Normally fio will keep checking the entire contents before quitting on a
	block verification failure. If this option is set, fio will exit the job on
	the first observed failure. Default: false.

.. option:: verify_dump=bool

	If set, dump the contents of both the original data block and the data block
	we read off disk to files. This allows later analysis to inspect just what
	kind of data corruption occurred. Off by default.

.. option:: verify_async=int

	Fio will normally verify I/O inline from the submitting thread. This option
	takes an integer describing how many async offload threads to create for I/O
	verification instead, causing fio to offload the duty of verifying I/O
	contents to one or more separate threads. If using this offload option, even
	sync I/O engines can benefit from using an :option:`iodepth` setting higher
	than 1, as it allows them to have I/O in flight while verifies are running.
	Defaults to 0 async threads, i.e. verification is not asynchronous.

.. option:: verify_async_cpus=str

	Tell fio to set the given CPU affinity on the async I/O verification
	threads. See :option:`cpus_allowed` for the format used.

.. option:: verify_backlog=int

	Fio will normally verify the written contents of a job that utilizes verify
	once that job has completed. In other words, everything is written then
	everything is read back and verified. You may want to verify continually
	instead for a variety of reasons. Fio stores the meta data associated with
	an I/O block in memory, so for large verify workloads, quite a bit of memory
	would be used up holding this meta data. If this option is enabled, fio will
	write only N blocks before verifying these blocks.

.. option:: verify_backlog_batch=int

	Control how many blocks fio will verify if :option:`verify_backlog` is
	set. If not set, will default to the value of :option:`verify_backlog`
	(meaning the entire queue is read back and verified).  If
	``verify_backlog_batch`` is less than :option:`verify_backlog` then not all
	blocks will be verified, if ``verify_backlog_batch`` is larger than
	:option:`verify_backlog`, some blocks will be verified more than once.

.. option:: verify_state_save=bool

	When a job exits during the write phase of a verify workload, save its
	current state. This allows fio to replay up until that point, if the verify
	state is loaded for the verify read phase. The format of the filename is,
	roughly::

		<type>-<jobname>-<jobindex>-verify.state.

	<type> is "local" for a local run, "sock" for a client/server socket
	connection, and "ip" (192.168.0.1, for instance) for a networked
	client/server connection. Defaults to true.

.. option:: verify_state_load=bool

	If a verify termination trigger was used, fio stores the current write state
	of each thread. This can be used at verification time so that fio knows how
	far it should verify.  Without this information, fio will run a full
	verification pass, according to the settings in the job file used.  Default
	false.

.. option:: trim_percentage=int

	Number of verify blocks to discard/trim.

.. option:: trim_verify_zero=bool

	Verify that trim/discarded blocks are returned as zeros.

.. option:: trim_backlog=int

	Trim after this number of blocks are written.

.. option:: trim_backlog_batch=int

	Trim this number of I/O blocks.

.. option:: experimental_verify=bool

        Enable experimental verification. Standard verify records I/O metadata
        for later use during the verification phase. Experimental verify
        instead resets the file after the write phase and then replays I/Os for
        the verification phase.

Steady state
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: steadystate=str:float, ss=str:float

	Define the criterion and limit for assessing steady state performance. The
	first parameter designates the criterion whereas the second parameter sets
	the threshold. When the criterion falls below the threshold for the
	specified duration, the job will stop. For example, `iops_slope:0.1%` will
	direct fio to terminate the job when the least squares regression slope
	falls below 0.1% of the mean IOPS. If :option:`group_reporting` is enabled
	this will apply to all jobs in the group. Below is the list of available
	steady state assessment criteria. All assessments are carried out using only
	data from the rolling collection window. Threshold limits can be expressed
	as a fixed value or as a percentage of the mean in the collection window.

	When using this feature, most jobs should include the :option:`time_based`
	and :option:`runtime` options or the :option:`loops` option so that fio does not
	stop running after it has covered the full size of the specified file(s) or device(s).

		**iops**
			Collect IOPS data. Stop the job if all individual IOPS measurements
			are within the specified limit of the mean IOPS (e.g., ``iops:2``
			means that all individual IOPS values must be within 2 of the mean,
			whereas ``iops:0.2%`` means that all individual IOPS values must be
			within 0.2% of the mean IOPS to terminate the job).

		**iops_slope**
			Collect IOPS data and calculate the least squares regression
			slope. Stop the job if the slope falls below the specified limit.

		**bw**
			Collect bandwidth data. Stop the job if all individual bandwidth
			measurements are within the specified limit of the mean bandwidth.

		**bw_slope**
			Collect bandwidth data and calculate the least squares regression
			slope. Stop the job if the slope falls below the specified limit.

.. option:: steadystate_duration=time, ss_dur=time

	A rolling window of this duration will be used to judge whether steady state
	has been reached. Data will be collected once per second. The default is 0
	which disables steady state detection.  When the unit is omitted, the
	value is interpreted in seconds.

.. option:: steadystate_ramp_time=time, ss_ramp=time

	Allow the job to run for the specified duration before beginning data
	collection for checking the steady state job termination criterion. The
	default is 0.  When the unit is omitted, the value is interpreted in seconds.


Measurements and reporting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: per_job_logs=bool

	If set, this generates bw/clat/iops log with per file private filenames. If
	not set, jobs with identical names will share the log filename. Default:
	true.

.. option:: group_reporting

	It may sometimes be interesting to display statistics for groups of jobs as
	a whole instead of for each individual job.  This is especially true if
	:option:`numjobs` is used; looking at individual thread/process output
	quickly becomes unwieldy.  To see the final report per-group instead of
	per-job, use :option:`group_reporting`. Jobs in a file will be part of the
	same reporting group, unless if separated by a :option:`stonewall`, or by
	using :option:`new_group`.

.. option:: new_group

	Start a new reporting group. See: :option:`group_reporting`.  If not given,
	all jobs in a file will be part of the same reporting group, unless
	separated by a :option:`stonewall`.

.. option:: stats=bool

	By default, fio collects and shows final output results for all jobs
	that run. If this option is set to 0, then fio will ignore it in
	the final stat output.

.. option:: write_bw_log=str

	If given, write a bandwidth log for this job. Can be used to store data of
	the bandwidth of the jobs in their lifetime.

	If no str argument is given, the default filename of
	:file:`jobname_type.x.log` is used. Even when the argument is given, fio
	will still append the type of log. So if one specifies::

		write_bw_log=foo

	The actual log name will be :file:`foo_bw.x.log` where `x` is the index
	of the job (`1..N`, where `N` is the number of jobs). If
	:option:`per_job_logs` is false, then the filename will not include the
	`.x` job index.

	The included :command:`fio_generate_plots` script uses :command:`gnuplot` to turn these
	text files into nice graphs. See `Log File Formats`_ for how data is
	structured within the file.

.. option:: write_lat_log=str

	Same as :option:`write_bw_log`, except this option creates I/O
	submission (e.g., :file:`name_slat.x.log`), completion (e.g.,
	:file:`name_clat.x.log`), and total (e.g., :file:`name_lat.x.log`)
	latency files instead. See :option:`write_bw_log` for details about
	the filename format and `Log File Formats`_ for how data is structured
	within the files.

.. option:: write_hist_log=str

	Same as :option:`write_bw_log` but writes an I/O completion latency
	histogram file (e.g., :file:`name_hist.x.log`) instead. Note that this
	file will be empty unless :option:`log_hist_msec` has also been set.
	See :option:`write_bw_log` for details about the filename format and
	`Log File Formats`_ for how data is structured within the file.

.. option:: write_iops_log=str

	Same as :option:`write_bw_log`, but writes an IOPS file (e.g.
	:file:`name_iops.x.log`) instead. Because fio defaults to individual
	I/O logging, the value entry in the IOPS log will be 1 unless windowed
	logging (see :option:`log_avg_msec`) has been enabled. See
	:option:`write_bw_log` for details about the filename format and `Log
	File Formats`_ for how data is structured within the file.

.. option:: log_entries=int

	By default, fio will log an entry in the iops, latency, or bw log for
	every I/O that completes. The initial number of I/O log entries is 1024.
	When the log entries are all used, new log entries are dynamically
	allocated.  This dynamic log entry allocation may negatively impact
	time-related statistics such as I/O tail latencies (e.g. 99.9th percentile
	completion latency). This option allows specifying a larger initial
	number of log entries to avoid run-time allocations of new log entries,
	resulting in more precise time-related I/O statistics.
	Also see :option:`log_avg_msec`. Defaults to 1024.

.. option:: log_avg_msec=int

	By default, fio will log an entry in the iops, latency, or bw log for every
	I/O that completes. When writing to the disk log, that can quickly grow to a
	very large size. Setting this option makes fio average the each log entry
	over the specified period of time, reducing the resolution of the log.  See
	:option:`log_max_value` as well. Defaults to 0, logging all entries.
	Also see `Log File Formats`_.

.. option:: log_hist_msec=int

	Same as :option:`log_avg_msec`, but logs entries for completion latency
	histograms. Computing latency percentiles from averages of intervals using
	:option:`log_avg_msec` is inaccurate. Setting this option makes fio log
	histogram entries over the specified period of time, reducing log sizes for
	high IOPS devices while retaining percentile accuracy.  See
	:option:`log_hist_coarseness` and :option:`write_hist_log` as well.
	Defaults to 0, meaning histogram logging is disabled.

.. option:: log_hist_coarseness=int

	Integer ranging from 0 to 6, defining the coarseness of the resolution of
	the histogram logs enabled with :option:`log_hist_msec`. For each increment
	in coarseness, fio outputs half as many bins. Defaults to 0, for which
	histogram logs contain 1216 latency bins. See :option:`write_hist_log`
	and `Log File Formats`_.

.. option:: log_max_value=bool

	If :option:`log_avg_msec` is set, fio logs the average over that window. If
	you instead want to log the maximum value, set this option to 1. Defaults to
	0, meaning that averaged values are logged.

.. option:: log_offset=bool

	If this is set, the iolog options will include the byte offset for the I/O
	entry as well as the other data values. Defaults to 0 meaning that
	offsets are not present in logs. Also see `Log File Formats`_.

.. option:: log_compression=int

	If this is set, fio will compress the I/O logs as it goes, to keep the
	memory footprint lower. When a log reaches the specified size, that chunk is
	removed and compressed in the background. Given that I/O logs are fairly
	highly compressible, this yields a nice memory savings for longer runs. The
	downside is that the compression will consume some background CPU cycles, so
	it may impact the run. This, however, is also true if the logging ends up
	consuming most of the system memory.  So pick your poison. The I/O logs are
	saved normally at the end of a run, by decompressing the chunks and storing
	them in the specified log file. This feature depends on the availability of
	zlib.

.. option:: log_compression_cpus=str

	Define the set of CPUs that are allowed to handle online log compression for
	the I/O jobs. This can provide better isolation between performance
	sensitive jobs, and background compression work. See
	:option:`cpus_allowed` for the format used.

.. option:: log_store_compressed=bool

	If set, fio will store the log files in a compressed format. They can be
	decompressed with fio, using the :option:`--inflate-log` command line
	parameter. The files will be stored with a :file:`.fz` suffix.

.. option:: log_unix_epoch=bool

	If set, fio will log Unix timestamps to the log files produced by enabling
	write_type_log for each log type, instead of the default zero-based
	timestamps.

.. option:: log_alternate_epoch=bool

	If set, fio will log timestamps based on the epoch used by the clock specified
	in the log_alternate_epoch_clock_id option, to the log files produced by
	enabling write_type_log for each log type, instead of the default zero-based
	timestamps.

.. option:: log_alternate_epoch_clock_id=int

	Specifies the clock_id to be used by clock_gettime to obtain the alternate epoch
	if either log_unix_epoch or log_alternate_epoch are true. Otherwise has no
	effect. Default value is 0, or CLOCK_REALTIME.

.. option:: block_error_percentiles=bool

	If set, record errors in trim block-sized units from writes and trims and
	output a histogram of how many trims it took to get to errors, and what kind
	of error was encountered.

.. option:: bwavgtime=int

	Average the calculated bandwidth over the given time. Value is specified in
	milliseconds. If the job also does bandwidth logging through
	:option:`write_bw_log`, then the minimum of this option and
	:option:`log_avg_msec` will be used.  Default: 500ms.

.. option:: iopsavgtime=int

	Average the calculated IOPS over the given time. Value is specified in
	milliseconds. If the job also does IOPS logging through
	:option:`write_iops_log`, then the minimum of this option and
	:option:`log_avg_msec` will be used.  Default: 500ms.

.. option:: disk_util=bool

	Generate disk utilization statistics, if the platform supports it.
	Default: true.

.. option:: disable_lat=bool

	Disable measurements of total latency numbers. Useful only for cutting back
	the number of calls to :manpage:`gettimeofday(2)`, as that does impact
	performance at really high IOPS rates.  Note that to really get rid of a
	large amount of these calls, this option must be used with
	:option:`disable_slat` and :option:`disable_bw_measurement` as well.

.. option:: disable_clat=bool

	Disable measurements of completion latency numbers. See
	:option:`disable_lat`.

.. option:: disable_slat=bool

	Disable measurements of submission latency numbers. See
	:option:`disable_lat`.

.. option:: disable_bw_measurement=bool, disable_bw=bool

	Disable measurements of throughput/bandwidth numbers. See
	:option:`disable_lat`.

.. option:: slat_percentiles=bool

	Report submission latency percentiles. Submission latency is not recorded
	for synchronous ioengines.

.. option:: clat_percentiles=bool

	Report completion latency percentiles.

.. option:: lat_percentiles=bool

	Report total latency percentiles. Total latency is the sum of submission
	latency and completion latency.

.. option:: percentile_list=float_list

	Overwrite the default list of percentiles for latencies and the block error
	histogram.  Each number is a floating point number in the range (0,100], and
	the maximum length of the list is 20. Use ``:`` to separate the numbers. For
	example, ``--percentile_list=99.5:99.9`` will cause fio to report the
	latency durations below which 99.5% and 99.9% of the observed latencies fell,
	respectively.

.. option:: significant_figures=int

	If using :option:`--output-format` of `normal`, set the significant
	figures to this	value. Higher values will yield more precise IOPS and
	throughput units, while lower values will round. Requires a minimum
	value of 1 and a maximum value of 10. Defaults to 4.


Error handling
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: exitall_on_error

	When one job finishes in error, terminate the rest. The default is to wait
	for each job to finish.

.. option:: continue_on_error=str

	Normally fio will exit the job on the first observed failure. If this option
	is set, fio will continue the job when there is a 'non-fatal error' (EIO or
	EILSEQ) until the runtime is exceeded or the I/O size specified is
	completed. If this option is used, there are two more stats that are
	appended, the total error count and the first error. The error field given
	in the stats is the first error that was hit during the run.

	Note: a write error from the device may go unnoticed by fio when using
	buffered IO, as the write() (or similar) system call merely dirties the
	kernel pages, unless :option:`sync` or :option:`direct` is used. Device IO
	errors occur when the dirty data is actually written out to disk. If fully
	sync writes aren't desirable, :option:`fsync` or :option:`fdatasync` can be
	used as well. This is specific to writes, as reads are always synchronous.

	The allowed values are:

		**none**
			Exit on any I/O or verify errors.

		**read**
			Continue on read errors, exit on all others.

		**write**
			Continue on write errors, exit on all others.

		**io**
			Continue on any I/O error, exit on all others.

		**verify**
			Continue on verify errors, exit on all others.

		**all**
			Continue on all errors.

		**0**
			Backward-compatible alias for 'none'.

		**1**
			Backward-compatible alias for 'all'.

.. option:: ignore_error=str

	Sometimes you want to ignore some errors during test in that case you can
	specify error list for each error type, instead of only being able to
	ignore the default 'non-fatal error' using :option:`continue_on_error`.
	``ignore_error=READ_ERR_LIST,WRITE_ERR_LIST,VERIFY_ERR_LIST`` errors for
	given error type is separated with ':'. Error may be symbol ('ENOSPC',
	'ENOMEM') or integer.  Example::

		ignore_error=EAGAIN,ENOSPC:122

	This option will ignore EAGAIN from READ, and ENOSPC and 122(EDQUOT) from
	WRITE. This option works by overriding :option:`continue_on_error` with
	the list of errors for each error type if any.

.. option:: error_dump=bool

	If set dump every error even if it is non fatal, true by default. If
	disabled only fatal error will be dumped.

Running predefined workloads
----------------------------

Fio includes predefined profiles that mimic the I/O workloads generated by
other tools.

.. option:: profile=str

	The predefined workload to run.  Current profiles are:

		**tiobench**
			Threaded I/O bench (tiotest/tiobench) like workload.

		**act**
			Aerospike Certification Tool (ACT) like workload.

To view a profile's additional options use :option:`--cmdhelp` after specifying
the profile.  For example::

	$ fio --profile=act --cmdhelp

Act profile options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: device-names=str
	:noindex:

	Devices to use.

.. option:: load=int
	:noindex:

	ACT load multiplier.  Default: 1.

.. option:: test-duration=time
	:noindex:

	How long the entire test takes to run.  When the unit is omitted, the value
	is given in seconds.  Default: 24h.

.. option:: threads-per-queue=int
	:noindex:

	Number of read I/O threads per device.  Default: 8.

.. option:: read-req-num-512-blocks=int
	:noindex:

	Number of 512B blocks to read at the time.  Default: 3.

.. option:: large-block-op-kbytes=int
	:noindex:

	Size of large block ops in KiB (writes).  Default: 131072.

.. option:: prep
	:noindex:

	Set to run ACT prep phase.

Tiobench profile options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. option:: size=str
	:noindex:

	Size in MiB.

.. option:: block=int
	:noindex:

	Block size in bytes.  Default: 4096.

.. option:: numruns=int
	:noindex:

	Number of runs.

.. option:: dir=str
	:noindex:

	Test directory.

.. option:: threads=int
	:noindex:

	Number of threads.

Interpreting the output
-----------------------

..
	Example output was based on the following:
	TZ=UTC fio --iodepth=8 --ioengine=null --size=100M --time_based \
		--rate=1256k --bs=14K --name=quick --runtime=1s --name=mixed \
		--runtime=2m --rw=rw

Fio spits out a lot of output. While running, fio will display the status of the
jobs created. An example of that would be::

    Jobs: 1 (f=1): [_(1),M(1)][24.8%][r=20.5MiB/s,w=23.5MiB/s][r=82,w=94 IOPS][eta 01m:31s]

The characters inside the first set of square brackets denote the current status of
each thread.  The first character is the first job defined in the job file, and so
forth.  The possible values (in typical life cycle order) are:

+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Idle | Run |                                                           |
+======+=====+===========================================================+
| P    |     | Thread setup, but not started.                            |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| C    |     | Thread created.                                           |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| I    |     | Thread initialized, waiting or generating necessary data. |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  p  | Thread running pre-reading file(s).                       |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  /  | Thread is in ramp period.                                 |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  R  | Running, doing sequential reads.                          |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  r  | Running, doing random reads.                              |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  W  | Running, doing sequential writes.                         |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  w  | Running, doing random writes.                             |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  M  | Running, doing mixed sequential reads/writes.             |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  m  | Running, doing mixed random reads/writes.                 |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  D  | Running, doing sequential trims.                          |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  d  | Running, doing random trims.                              |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  F  | Running, currently waiting for :manpage:`fsync(2)`.       |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
|      |  V  | Running, doing verification of written data.              |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| f    |     | Thread finishing.                                         |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| E    |     | Thread exited, not reaped by main thread yet.             |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| _    |     | Thread reaped.                                            |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| X    |     | Thread reaped, exited with an error.                      |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| K    |     | Thread reaped, exited due to signal.                      |
+------+-----+-----------------------------------------------------------+

..
	Example output was based on the following:
	TZ=UTC fio --iodepth=8 --ioengine=null --size=100M --runtime=58m \
		--time_based --rate=2512k --bs=256K --numjobs=10 \
		--name=readers --rw=read --name=writers --rw=write

Fio will condense the thread string as not to take up more space on the command
line than needed. For instance, if you have 10 readers and 10 writers running,
the output would look like this::

    Jobs: 20 (f=20): [R(10),W(10)][4.0%][r=20.5MiB/s,w=23.5MiB/s][r=82,w=94 IOPS][eta 57m:36s]

Note that the status string is displayed in order, so it's possible to tell which of
the jobs are currently doing what.  In the example above this means that jobs 1--10
are readers and 11--20 are writers.

The other values are fairly self explanatory -- number of threads currently
running and doing I/O, the number of currently open files (f=), the estimated
completion percentage, the rate of I/O since last check (read speed listed first,
then write speed and optionally trim speed) in terms of bandwidth and IOPS,
and time to completion for the current running group. It's impossible to estimate
runtime of the following groups (if any).

..
	Example output was based on the following:
	TZ=UTC fio --iodepth=16 --ioengine=posixaio --filename=/tmp/fiofile \
		--direct=1 --size=100M --time_based --runtime=50s --rate_iops=89 \
		--bs=7K --name=Client1 --rw=write

When fio is done (or interrupted by :kbd:`Ctrl-C`), it will show the data for
each thread, group of threads, and disks in that order. For each overall thread (or
group) the output looks like::

	Client1: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=16109: Sat Jun 24 12:07:54 2017
	  write: IOPS=88, BW=623KiB/s (638kB/s)(30.4MiB/50032msec)
	    slat (nsec): min=500, max=145500, avg=8318.00, stdev=4781.50
	    clat (usec): min=170, max=78367, avg=4019.02, stdev=8293.31
	     lat (usec): min=174, max=78375, avg=4027.34, stdev=8291.79
	    clat percentiles (usec):
	     |  1.00th=[  302],  5.00th=[  326], 10.00th=[  343], 20.00th=[  363],
	     | 30.00th=[  392], 40.00th=[  404], 50.00th=[  416], 60.00th=[  445],
	     | 70.00th=[  816], 80.00th=[ 6718], 90.00th=[12911], 95.00th=[21627],
	     | 99.00th=[43779], 99.50th=[51643], 99.90th=[68682], 99.95th=[72877],
	     | 99.99th=[78119]
	   bw (  KiB/s): min=  532, max=  686, per=0.10%, avg=622.87, stdev=24.82, samples=  100
	   iops        : min=   76, max=   98, avg=88.98, stdev= 3.54, samples=  100
	  lat (usec)   : 250=0.04%, 500=64.11%, 750=4.81%, 1000=2.79%
	  lat (msec)   : 2=4.16%, 4=1.84%, 10=4.90%, 20=11.33%, 50=5.37%
	  lat (msec)   : 100=0.65%
	  cpu          : usr=0.27%, sys=0.18%, ctx=12072, majf=0, minf=21
	  IO depths    : 1=85.0%, 2=13.1%, 4=1.8%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
	     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
	     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
	     issued rwt: total=0,4450,0, short=0,0,0, dropped=0,0,0
	     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=8

The job name (or first job's name when using :option:`group_reporting`) is printed,
along with the group id, count of jobs being aggregated, last error id seen (which
is 0 when there are no errors), pid/tid of that thread and the time the job/group
completed.  Below are the I/O statistics for each data direction performed (showing
writes in the example above).  In the order listed, they denote:

**read/write/trim**
		The string before the colon shows the I/O direction the statistics
		are for.  **IOPS** is the average I/Os performed per second.  **BW**
		is the average bandwidth rate shown as: value in power of 2 format
		(value in power of 10 format).  The last two values show: (**total
		I/O performed** in power of 2 format / **runtime** of that thread).

**slat**
		Submission latency (**min** being the minimum, **max** being the
		maximum, **avg** being the average, **stdev** being the standard
                deviation).  This is the time from when fio initialized the I/O
                to submission.  For synchronous ioengines this includes the time
                up until just before the ioengine's queue function is called.
                For asynchronous ioengines this includes the time up through the
                completion of the ioengine's queue function (and commit function
                if it is defined). For sync I/O this row is not displayed as the
                slat is negligible.  This value can be in nanoseconds,
                microseconds or milliseconds --- fio will choose the most
                appropriate base and print that (in the example above
                nanoseconds was the best scale).  Note: in :option:`--minimal`
                mode latencies are always expressed in microseconds.

**clat**
		Completion latency. Same names as slat, this denotes the time from
                submission to completion of the I/O pieces. For sync I/O, this
                represents the time from when the I/O was submitted to the
                operating system to when it was completed. For asynchronous
                ioengines this is the time from when the ioengine's queue (and
                commit if available) functions were completed to when the I/O's
                completion was reaped by fio.

**lat**
		Total latency. Same names as slat and clat, this denotes the time from
		when fio created the I/O unit to completion of the I/O operation.
                It is the sum of submission and completion latency.

**bw**
		Bandwidth statistics based on samples. Same names as the xlat stats,
		but also includes the number of samples taken (**samples**) and an
		approximate percentage of total aggregate bandwidth this thread
		received in its group (**per**). This last value is only really
		useful if the threads in this group are on the same disk, since they
		are then competing for disk access.

**iops**
		IOPS statistics based on samples. Same names as bw.

**lat (nsec/usec/msec)**
		The distribution of I/O completion latencies. This is the time from when
		I/O leaves fio and when it gets completed. Unlike the separate
		read/write/trim sections above, the data here and in the remaining
		sections apply to all I/Os for the reporting group. 250=0.04% means that
		0.04% of the I/Os completed in under 250us. 500=64.11% means that 64.11%
		of the I/Os required 250 to 499us for completion.

**cpu**
		CPU usage. User and system time, along with the number of context
		switches this thread went through, usage of system and user time, and
		finally the number of major and minor page faults. The CPU utilization
		numbers are averages for the jobs in that reporting group, while the
		context and fault counters are summed.

**IO depths**
		The distribution of I/O depths over the job lifetime.  The numbers are
		divided into powers of 2 and each entry covers depths from that value
		up to those that are lower than the next entry -- e.g., 16= covers
		depths from 16 to 31.  Note that the range covered by a depth
		distribution entry can be different to the range covered by the
		equivalent submit/complete distribution entry.

**IO submit**
		How many pieces of I/O were submitting in a single submit call. Each
		entry denotes that amount and below, until the previous entry -- e.g.,
		16=100% means that we submitted anywhere between 9 to 16 I/Os per submit
		call.  Note that the range covered by a submit distribution entry can
		be different to the range covered by the equivalent depth distribution
		entry.

**IO complete**
		Like the above submit number, but for completions instead.

**IO issued rwt**
		The number of read/write/trim requests issued, and how many of them were
		short or dropped.

**IO latency**
		These values are for :option:`latency_target` and related options. When
		these options are engaged, this section describes the I/O depth required
		to meet the specified latency target.

..
	Example output was based on the following:
	TZ=UTC fio --ioengine=null --iodepth=2 --size=100M --numjobs=2 \
		--rate_process=poisson --io_limit=32M --name=read --bs=128k \
		--rate=11M --name=write --rw=write --bs=2k --rate=700k

After each client has been listed, the group statistics are printed. They
will look like this::

    Run status group 0 (all jobs):
       READ: bw=20.9MiB/s (21.9MB/s), 10.4MiB/s-10.8MiB/s (10.9MB/s-11.3MB/s), io=64.0MiB (67.1MB), run=2973-3069msec
      WRITE: bw=1231KiB/s (1261kB/s), 616KiB/s-621KiB/s (630kB/s-636kB/s), io=64.0MiB (67.1MB), run=52747-53223msec

For each data direction it prints:

**bw**
		Aggregate bandwidth of threads in this group followed by the
		minimum and maximum bandwidth of all the threads in this group.
		Values outside of brackets are power-of-2 format and those
		within are the equivalent value in a power-of-10 format.
**io**
		Aggregate I/O performed of all threads in this group. The
		format is the same as bw.
**run**
		The smallest and longest runtimes of the threads in this group.

And finally, the disk statistics are printed. This is Linux specific. They will look like this::

  Disk stats (read/write):
    sda: ios=16398/16511, merge=30/162, ticks=6853/819634, in_queue=826487, util=100.00%

Each value is printed for both reads and writes, with reads first. The
numbers denote:

**ios**
		Number of I/Os performed by all groups.
**merge**
		Number of merges performed by the I/O scheduler.
**ticks**
		Number of ticks we kept the disk busy.
**in_queue**
		Total time spent in the disk queue.
**util**
		The disk utilization. A value of 100% means we kept the disk
		busy constantly, 50% would be a disk idling half of the time.

It is also possible to get fio to dump the current output while it is running,
without terminating the job. To do that, send fio the **USR1** signal.  You can
also get regularly timed dumps by using the :option:`--status-interval`
parameter, or by creating a file in :file:`/tmp` named
:file:`fio-dump-status`. If fio sees this file, it will unlink it and dump the
current output status.


Terse output
------------

For scripted usage where you typically want to generate tables or graphs of the
results, fio can output the results in a semicolon separated format.  The format
is one long line of values, such as::

    2;card0;0;0;7139336;121836;60004;1;10109;27.932460;116.933948;220;126861;3495.446807;1085.368601;226;126864;3523.635629;1089.012448;24063;99944;50.275485%;59818.274627;5540.657370;7155060;122104;60004;1;8338;29.086342;117.839068;388;128077;5032.488518;1234.785715;391;128085;5061.839412;1236.909129;23436;100928;50.287926%;59964.832030;5644.844189;14.595833%;19.394167%;123706;0;7313;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;0.1%;100.0%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.01%;0.02%;0.05%;0.16%;6.04%;40.40%;52.68%;0.64%;0.01%;0.00%;0.01%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%;0.00%
    A description of this job goes here.

The job description (if provided) follows on a second line for terse v2.
It appears on the same line for other terse versions.

To enable terse output, use the :option:`--minimal` or
:option:`--output-format`\=terse command line options. The
first value is the version of the terse output format. If the output has to be
changed for some reason, this number will be incremented by 1 to signify that
change.

Split up, the format is as follows (comments in brackets denote when a
field was introduced or whether it's specific to some terse version):

    ::

        terse version, fio version [v3], jobname, groupid, error

    READ status::

        Total IO (KiB), bandwidth (KiB/sec), IOPS, runtime (msec)
        Submission latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
        Completion latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
        Completion latency percentiles: 20 fields (see below)
        Total latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
        Bw (KiB/s): min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, stdev, number of samples [v5]
        IOPS [v5]: min, max, mean, stdev, number of samples

    WRITE status:

    ::

        Total IO (KiB), bandwidth (KiB/sec), IOPS, runtime (msec)
        Submission latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
        Completion latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
        Completion latency percentiles: 20 fields (see below)
        Total latency: min, max, mean, stdev (usec)
        Bw (KiB/s): min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, stdev, number of samples [v5]
        IOPS [v5]: min, max, mean, stdev, number of samples

    TRIM status [all but version 3]:

        Fields are similar to READ/WRITE status.

    CPU usage::

        user, system, context switches, major faults, minor faults

    I/O depths::

        <=1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, >=64

    I/O latencies microseconds::

        <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000

    I/O latencies milliseconds::

        <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, >=2000

    Disk utilization [v3]::

        disk name, read ios, write ios, read merges, write merges, read ticks, write ticks,
        time spent in queue, disk utilization percentage

    Additional Info (dependent on continue_on_error, default off)::

        total # errors, first error code

    Additional Info (dependent on description being set)::

        Text description

Completion latency percentiles can be a grouping of up to 20 sets, so for the
terse output fio writes all of them. Each field will look like this::

        1.00%=6112

which is the Xth percentile, and the `usec` latency associated with it.

For `Disk utilization`, all disks used by fio are shown. So for each disk there
will be a disk utilization section.

Below is a single line containing short names for each of the fields in the
minimal output v3, separated by semicolons::

        terse_version_3;fio_version;jobname;groupid;error;read_kb;read_bandwidth_kb;read_iops;read_runtime_ms;read_slat_min_us;read_slat_max_us;read_slat_mean_us;read_slat_dev_us;read_clat_min_us;read_clat_max_us;read_clat_mean_us;read_clat_dev_us;read_clat_pct01;read_clat_pct02;read_clat_pct03;read_clat_pct04;read_clat_pct05;read_clat_pct06;read_clat_pct07;read_clat_pct08;read_clat_pct09;read_clat_pct10;read_clat_pct11;read_clat_pct12;read_clat_pct13;read_clat_pct14;read_clat_pct15;read_clat_pct16;read_clat_pct17;read_clat_pct18;read_clat_pct19;read_clat_pct20;read_tlat_min_us;read_lat_max_us;read_lat_mean_us;read_lat_dev_us;read_bw_min_kb;read_bw_max_kb;read_bw_agg_pct;read_bw_mean_kb;read_bw_dev_kb;write_kb;write_bandwidth_kb;write_iops;write_runtime_ms;write_slat_min_us;write_slat_max_us;write_slat_mean_us;write_slat_dev_us;write_clat_min_us;write_clat_max_us;write_clat_mean_us;write_clat_dev_us;write_clat_pct01;write_clat_pct02;write_clat_pct03;write_clat_pct04;write_clat_pct05;write_clat_pct06;write_clat_pct07;write_clat_pct08;write_clat_pct09;write_clat_pct10;write_clat_pct11;write_clat_pct12;write_clat_pct13;write_clat_pct14;write_clat_pct15;write_clat_pct16;write_clat_pct17;write_clat_pct18;write_clat_pct19;write_clat_pct20;write_tlat_min_us;write_lat_max_us;write_lat_mean_us;write_lat_dev_us;write_bw_min_kb;write_bw_max_kb;write_bw_agg_pct;write_bw_mean_kb;write_bw_dev_kb;cpu_user;cpu_sys;cpu_csw;cpu_mjf;cpu_minf;iodepth_1;iodepth_2;iodepth_4;iodepth_8;iodepth_16;iodepth_32;iodepth_64;lat_2us;lat_4us;lat_10us;lat_20us;lat_50us;lat_100us;lat_250us;lat_500us;lat_750us;lat_1000us;lat_2ms;lat_4ms;lat_10ms;lat_20ms;lat_50ms;lat_100ms;lat_250ms;lat_500ms;lat_750ms;lat_1000ms;lat_2000ms;lat_over_2000ms;disk_name;disk_read_iops;disk_write_iops;disk_read_merges;disk_write_merges;disk_read_ticks;write_ticks;disk_queue_time;disk_util

In client/server mode terse output differs from what appears when jobs are run
locally. Disk utilization data is omitted from the standard terse output and
for v3 and later appears on its own separate line at the end of each terse
reporting cycle.


JSON output
------------

The `json` output format is intended to be both human readable and convenient
for automated parsing. For the most part its sections mirror those of the
`normal` output. The `runtime` value is reported in msec and the `bw` value is
reported in 1024 bytes per second units.


JSON+ output
------------

The `json+` output format is identical to the `json` output format except that it
adds a full dump of the completion latency bins. Each `bins` object contains a
set of (key, value) pairs where keys are latency durations and values count how
many I/Os had completion latencies of the corresponding duration. For example,
consider:

	"bins" : { "87552" : 1, "89600" : 1, "94720" : 1, "96768" : 1, "97792" : 1, "99840" : 1, "100864" : 2, "103936" : 6, "104960" : 534, "105984" : 5995, "107008" : 7529, ... }

This data indicates that one I/O required 87,552ns to complete, two I/Os required
100,864ns to complete, and 7529 I/Os required 107,008ns to complete.

Also included with fio is a Python script `fio_jsonplus_clat2csv` that takes
json+ output and generates CSV-formatted latency data suitable for plotting.

The latency durations actually represent the midpoints of latency intervals.
For details refer to :file:`stat.h`.


Trace file format
-----------------

There are two trace file format that you can encounter. The older (v1) format is
unsupported since version 1.20-rc3 (March 2008). It will still be described
below in case that you get an old trace and want to understand it.

In any case the trace is a simple text file with a single action per line.


Trace file format v1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Each line represents a single I/O action in the following format::

	rw, offset, length

where `rw=0/1` for read/write, and the `offset` and `length` entries being in bytes.

This format is not supported in fio versions >= 1.20-rc3.


Trace file format v2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The second version of the trace file format was added in fio version 1.17.  It
allows one to access more than one file per trace and has a bigger set of possible
file actions.

The first line of the trace file has to be::

    fio version 2 iolog

Following this can be lines in two different formats, which are described below.

The file management format::

    filename action

The `filename` is given as an absolute path. The `action` can be one of these:

**add**
		Add the given `filename` to the trace.
**open**
		Open the file with the given `filename`. The `filename` has to have
		been added with the **add** action before.
**close**
		Close the file with the given `filename`. The file has to have been
		opened before.


The file I/O action format::

    filename action offset length

The `filename` is given as an absolute path, and has to have been added and
opened before it can be used with this format. The `offset` and `length` are
given in bytes. The `action` can be one of these:

**wait**
	   Wait for `offset` microseconds. Everything below 100 is discarded.
	   The time is relative to the previous `wait` statement. Note that
	   action `wait` is not allowed as of version 3, as the same behavior
	   can be achieved using timestamps.
**read**
	   Read `length` bytes beginning from `offset`.
**write**
	   Write `length` bytes beginning from `offset`.
**sync**
	   :manpage:`fsync(2)` the file.
**datasync**
	   :manpage:`fdatasync(2)` the file.
**trim**
	   Trim the given file from the given `offset` for `length` bytes.


Trace file format v3
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The third version of the trace file format was added in fio version 3.31. It
forces each action to have a timestamp associated with it.

The first line of the trace file has to be::

    fio version 3 iolog

Following this can be lines in two different formats, which are described below.

The file management format::

    timestamp filename action

The file I/O action format::

    timestamp filename action offset length

The `timestamp` is relative to the beginning of the run (ie starts at 0). The
`filename`, `action`, `offset` and `length`  are identical to version 2, except
that version 3 does not allow the `wait` action.


I/O Replay - Merging Traces
---------------------------

Colocation is a common practice used to get the most out of a machine.
Knowing which workloads play nicely with each other and which ones don't is
a much harder task. While fio can replay workloads concurrently via multiple
jobs, it leaves some variability up to the scheduler making results harder to
reproduce. Merging is a way to make the order of events consistent.

Merging is integrated into I/O replay and done when a
:option:`merge_blktrace_file` is specified. The list of files passed to
:option:`read_iolog` go through the merge process and output a single file
stored to the specified file. The output file is passed on as if it were the
only file passed to :option:`read_iolog`. An example would look like::

	$ fio --read_iolog="<file1>:<file2>" --merge_blktrace_file="<output_file>"

Creating only the merged file can be done by passing the command line argument
:option:`--merge-blktrace-only`.

Scaling traces can be done to see the relative impact of any particular trace
being slowed down or sped up. :option:`merge_blktrace_scalars` takes in a colon
separated list of percentage scalars. It is index paired with the files passed
to :option:`read_iolog`.

With scaling, it may be desirable to match the running time of all traces.
This can be done with :option:`merge_blktrace_iters`. It is index paired with
:option:`read_iolog` just like :option:`merge_blktrace_scalars`.

In an example, given two traces, A and B, each 60s long. If we want to see
the impact of trace A issuing IOs twice as fast and repeat trace A over the
runtime of trace B, the following can be done::

	$ fio --read_iolog="<trace_a>:"<trace_b>" --merge_blktrace_file"<output_file>" --merge_blktrace_scalars="50:100" --merge_blktrace_iters="2:1"

This runs trace A at 2x the speed twice for approximately the same runtime as
a single run of trace B.


CPU idleness profiling
----------------------

In some cases, we want to understand CPU overhead in a test. For example, we
test patches for the specific goodness of whether they reduce CPU usage.
Fio implements a balloon approach to create a thread per CPU that runs at idle
priority, meaning that it only runs when nobody else needs the cpu.
By measuring the amount of work completed by the thread, idleness of each CPU
can be derived accordingly.

An unit work is defined as touching a full page of unsigned characters. Mean and
standard deviation of time to complete an unit work is reported in "unit work"
section. Options can be chosen to report detailed percpu idleness or overall
system idleness by aggregating percpu stats.


Verification and triggers
-------------------------

Fio is usually run in one of two ways, when data verification is done. The first
is a normal write job of some sort with verify enabled. When the write phase has
completed, fio switches to reads and verifies everything it wrote. The second
model is running just the write phase, and then later on running the same job
(but with reads instead of writes) to repeat the same I/O patterns and verify
the contents. Both of these methods depend on the write phase being completed,
as fio otherwise has no idea how much data was written.

With verification triggers, fio supports dumping the current write state to
local files. Then a subsequent read verify workload can load this state and know
exactly where to stop. This is useful for testing cases where power is cut to a
server in a managed fashion, for instance.

A verification trigger consists of two things:

1) Storing the write state of each job.
2) Executing a trigger command.

The write state is relatively small, on the order of hundreds of bytes to single
kilobytes. It contains information on the number of completions done, the last X
completions, etc.

A trigger is invoked either through creation ('touch') of a specified file in
the system, or through a timeout setting. If fio is run with
:option:`--trigger-file`\= :file:`/tmp/trigger-file`, then it will continually
check for the existence of :file:`/tmp/trigger-file`. When it sees this file, it
will fire off the trigger (thus saving state, and executing the trigger
command).

For client/server runs, there's both a local and remote trigger. If fio is
running as a server backend, it will send the job states back to the client for
safe storage, then execute the remote trigger, if specified. If a local trigger
is specified, the server will still send back the write state, but the client
will then execute the trigger.

Verification trigger example
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Let's say we want to run a powercut test on the remote Linux machine 'server'.
Our write workload is in :file:`write-test.fio`. We want to cut power to 'server' at
some point during the run, and we'll run this test from the safety or our local
machine, 'localbox'. On the server, we'll start the fio backend normally::

	server# fio --server

and on the client, we'll fire off the workload::

	localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger-remote="bash -c \"echo b > /proc/sysrq-triger\""

We set :file:`/tmp/my-trigger` as the trigger file, and we tell fio to execute::

	echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger

on the server once it has received the trigger and sent us the write state. This
will work, but it's not **really** cutting power to the server, it's merely
abruptly rebooting it. If we have a remote way of cutting power to the server
through IPMI or similar, we could do that through a local trigger command
instead. Let's assume we have a script that does IPMI reboot of a given hostname,
ipmi-reboot. On localbox, we could then have run fio with a local trigger
instead::

	localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger="ipmi-reboot server"

For this case, fio would wait for the server to send us the write state, then
execute ``ipmi-reboot server`` when that happened.

Loading verify state
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To load stored write state, a read verification job file must contain the
:option:`verify_state_load` option. If that is set, fio will load the previously
stored state. For a local fio run this is done by loading the files directly,
and on a client/server run, the server backend will ask the client to send the
files over and load them from there.


Log File Formats
----------------

Fio supports a variety of log file formats, for logging latencies, bandwidth,
and IOPS. The logs share a common format, which looks like this:

    *time* (`msec`), *value*, *data direction*, *block size* (`bytes`),
    *offset* (`bytes`), *command priority*

*Time* for the log entry is always in milliseconds. The *value* logged depends
on the type of log, it will be one of the following:

    **Latency log**
		Value is latency in nsecs
    **Bandwidth log**
		Value is in KiB/sec
    **IOPS log**
		Value is IOPS

*Data direction* is one of the following:

	**0**
		I/O is a READ
	**1**
		I/O is a WRITE
	**2**
		I/O is a TRIM

The entry's *block size* is always in bytes. The *offset* is the position in bytes
from the start of the file for that particular I/O. The logging of the offset can be
toggled with :option:`log_offset`.

*Command priority* is 0 for normal priority and 1 for high priority. This is controlled
by the ioengine specific :option:`cmdprio_percentage`.

Fio defaults to logging every individual I/O but when windowed logging is set
through :option:`log_avg_msec`, either the average (by default) or the maximum
(:option:`log_max_value` is set) *value* seen over the specified period of time
is recorded. Each *data direction* seen within the window period will aggregate
its values in a separate row. Further, when using windowed logging the *block
size* and *offset* entries will always contain 0.


Client/Server
-------------

Normally fio is invoked as a stand-alone application on the machine where the
I/O workload should be generated. However, the backend and frontend of fio can
be run separately i.e., the fio server can generate an I/O workload on the "Device
Under Test" while being controlled by a client on another machine.

Start the server on the machine which has access to the storage DUT::

	$ fio --server=args

where `args` defines what fio listens to. The arguments are of the form
``type,hostname`` or ``IP,port``. *type* is either ``ip`` (or ip4) for TCP/IP
v4, ``ip6`` for TCP/IP v6, or ``sock`` for a local unix domain socket.
*hostname* is either a hostname or IP address, and *port* is the port to listen
to (only valid for TCP/IP, not a local socket). Some examples:

1) ``fio --server``

   Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on the default port (8765).

2) ``fio --server=ip:hostname,4444``

   Start a fio server, listening on IP belonging to hostname and on port 4444.

3) ``fio --server=ip6:::1,4444``

   Start a fio server, listening on IPv6 localhost ::1 and on port 4444.

4) ``fio --server=,4444``

   Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on port 4444.

5) ``fio --server=1.2.3.4``

   Start a fio server, listening on IP 1.2.3.4 on the default port.

6) ``fio --server=sock:/tmp/fio.sock``

   Start a fio server, listening on the local socket :file:`/tmp/fio.sock`.

Once a server is running, a "client" can connect to the fio server with::

	fio <local-args> --client=<server> <remote-args> <job file(s)>

where `local-args` are arguments for the client where it is running, `server`
is the connect string, and `remote-args` and `job file(s)` are sent to the
server. The `server` string follows the same format as it does on the server
side, to allow IP/hostname/socket and port strings.

Fio can connect to multiple servers this way::

    fio --client=<server1> <job file(s)> --client=<server2> <job file(s)>

If the job file is located on the fio server, then you can tell the server to
load a local file as well. This is done by using :option:`--remote-config` ::

   fio --client=server --remote-config /path/to/file.fio

Then fio will open this local (to the server) job file instead of being passed
one from the client.

If you have many servers (example: 100 VMs/containers), you can input a pathname
of a file containing host IPs/names as the parameter value for the
:option:`--client` option.  For example, here is an example :file:`host.list`
file containing 2 hostnames::

	host1.your.dns.domain
	host2.your.dns.domain

The fio command would then be::

    fio --client=host.list <job file(s)>

In this mode, you cannot input server-specific parameters or job files -- all
servers receive the same job file.

In order to let ``fio --client`` runs use a shared filesystem from multiple
hosts, ``fio --client`` now prepends the IP address of the server to the
filename.  For example, if fio is using the directory :file:`/mnt/nfs/fio` and is
writing filename :file:`fileio.tmp`, with a :option:`--client` `hostfile`
containing two hostnames ``h1`` and ``h2`` with IP addresses 192.168.10.120 and
192.168.10.121, then fio will create two files::

	/mnt/nfs/fio/192.168.10.120.fileio.tmp
	/mnt/nfs/fio/192.168.10.121.fileio.tmp

Terse output in client/server mode will differ slightly from what is produced
when fio is run in stand-alone mode. See the terse output section for details.