X-Git-Url: https://git.kernel.dk/?p=fio.git;a=blobdiff_plain;f=zbd.c;h=627fb968ecf78d3fa5e48480c95a2199ae5187c2;hp=80004658b6645b1fee764c4128ce2d1b80a2a360;hb=HEAD;hpb=122c3539e6e41c867a07f2af6abf138d04061d54

diff --git a/zbd.c b/zbd.c
index 80004658..8a092cbe 100644
--- a/zbd.c
+++ b/zbd.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include "compiler/compiler.h"
 #include "os/os.h"
 #include "file.h"
 #include "fio.h"
@@ -22,16 +23,153 @@
 #include "pshared.h"
 #include "zbd.h"
 
+static bool is_valid_offset(const struct fio_file *f, uint64_t offset)
+{
+	return (uint64_t)(offset - f->file_offset) < f->io_size;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned int zbd_zone_idx(const struct fio_file *f,
+					struct fio_zone_info *zone)
+{
+	return zone - f->zbd_info->zone_info;
+}
+
+/**
+ * zbd_offset_to_zone_idx - convert an offset into a zone number
+ * @f: file pointer.
+ * @offset: offset in bytes. If this offset is in the first zone_size bytes
+ *	    past the disk size then the index of the sentinel is returned.
+ */
+static unsigned int zbd_offset_to_zone_idx(const struct fio_file *f,
+					   uint64_t offset)
+{
+	uint32_t zone_idx;
+
+	if (f->zbd_info->zone_size_log2 > 0)
+		zone_idx = offset >> f->zbd_info->zone_size_log2;
+	else
+		zone_idx = offset / f->zbd_info->zone_size;
+
+	return min(zone_idx, f->zbd_info->nr_zones);
+}
+
+/**
+ * zbd_zone_end - Return zone end location
+ * @z: zone info pointer.
+ */
+static inline uint64_t zbd_zone_end(const struct fio_zone_info *z)
+{
+	return (z+1)->start;
+}
+
+/**
+ * zbd_zone_capacity_end - Return zone capacity limit end location
+ * @z: zone info pointer.
+ */
+static inline uint64_t zbd_zone_capacity_end(const struct fio_zone_info *z)
+{
+	return z->start + z->capacity;
+}
+
+/**
+ * zbd_zone_remainder - Return the number of bytes that are still available for
+ *                      writing before the zone gets full
+ * @z: zone info pointer.
+ */
+static inline uint64_t zbd_zone_remainder(struct fio_zone_info *z)
+{
+	if (z->wp >= zbd_zone_capacity_end(z))
+		return 0;
+
+	return zbd_zone_capacity_end(z) - z->wp;
+}
+
+/**
+ * zbd_zone_full - verify whether a minimum number of bytes remain in a zone
+ * @f: file pointer.
+ * @z: zone info pointer.
+ * @required: minimum number of bytes that must remain in a zone.
+ *
+ * The caller must hold z->mutex.
+ */
+static bool zbd_zone_full(const struct fio_file *f, struct fio_zone_info *z,
+			  uint64_t required)
+{
+	assert((required & 511) == 0);
+
+	return z->has_wp && required > zbd_zone_remainder(z);
+}
+
+static void zone_lock(struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f,
+		      struct fio_zone_info *z)
+{
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+	unsigned int const nz = zbd_zone_idx(f, z);
+	/* A thread should never lock zones outside its working area. */
+	assert(f->min_zone <= nz && nz < f->max_zone);
+	assert(z->has_wp);
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	 * Lock the io_u target zone. The zone will be unlocked if io_u offset
+	 * is changed or when io_u completes and zbd_put_io() executed.
+	 * To avoid multiple jobs doing asynchronous I/Os from deadlocking each
+	 * other waiting for zone locks when building an io_u batch, first
+	 * only trylock the zone. If the zone is already locked by another job,
+	 * process the currently queued I/Os so that I/O progress is made and
+	 * zones unlocked.
+	 */
+	if (pthread_mutex_trylock(&z->mutex) != 0) {
+		if (!td_ioengine_flagged(td, FIO_SYNCIO))
+			io_u_quiesce(td);
+		pthread_mutex_lock(&z->mutex);
+	}
+}
+
+static inline void zone_unlock(struct fio_zone_info *z)
+{
+	assert(z->has_wp);
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
+}
+
+static inline struct fio_zone_info *zbd_get_zone(const struct fio_file *f,
+						 unsigned int zone_idx)
+{
+	return &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
+}
+
+static inline struct fio_zone_info *
+zbd_offset_to_zone(const struct fio_file *f,  uint64_t offset)
+{
+	return zbd_get_zone(f, zbd_offset_to_zone_idx(f, offset));
+}
+
+static bool accounting_vdb(struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f)
+{
+	return td->o.zrt.u.f && td_write(td);
+}
+
 /**
  * zbd_get_zoned_model - Get a device zoned model
  * @td: FIO thread data
  * @f: FIO file for which to get model information
  */
-int zbd_get_zoned_model(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
-			enum zbd_zoned_model *model)
+static int zbd_get_zoned_model(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+			       enum zbd_zoned_model *model)
 {
 	int ret;
 
+	if (f->filetype == FIO_TYPE_PIPE) {
+		log_err("zonemode=zbd does not support pipes\n");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* If regular file, always emulate zones inside the file. */
+	if (f->filetype == FIO_TYPE_FILE) {
+		*model = ZBD_NONE;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	if (td->io_ops && td->io_ops->get_zoned_model)
 		ret = td->io_ops->get_zoned_model(td, f, model);
 	else
@@ -60,9 +198,9 @@ int zbd_get_zoned_model(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
  * upon failure. If the zone report is empty, always assume an error (device
  * problem) and return -EIO.
  */
-int zbd_report_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
-		     uint64_t offset, struct zbd_zone *zones,
-		     unsigned int nr_zones)
+static int zbd_report_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+			    uint64_t offset, struct zbd_zone *zones,
+			    unsigned int nr_zones)
 {
 	int ret;
 
@@ -72,12 +210,12 @@ int zbd_report_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
 		ret = blkzoned_report_zones(td, f, offset, zones, nr_zones);
 	if (ret < 0) {
 		td_verror(td, errno, "report zones failed");
-		log_err("%s: report zones from sector %llu failed (%d).\n",
-			f->file_name, (unsigned long long)offset >> 9, errno);
+		log_err("%s: report zones from sector %"PRIu64" failed (nr_zones=%d; errno=%d).\n",
+			f->file_name, offset >> 9, nr_zones, errno);
 	} else if (ret == 0) {
 		td_verror(td, errno, "Empty zone report");
-		log_err("%s: report zones from sector %llu is empty.\n",
-			f->file_name, (unsigned long long)offset >> 9);
+		log_err("%s: report zones from sector %"PRIu64" is empty.\n",
+			f->file_name, offset >> 9);
 		ret = -EIO;
 	}
 
@@ -94,8 +232,8 @@ int zbd_report_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
  * Reset the write pointer of all zones in the range @offset...@offset+@length.
  * Returns 0 upon success and a negative error code upon failure.
  */
-int zbd_reset_wp(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
-		 uint64_t offset, uint64_t length)
+static int zbd_reset_wp(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+			uint64_t offset, uint64_t length)
 {
 	int ret;
 
@@ -105,250 +243,525 @@ int zbd_reset_wp(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
 		ret = blkzoned_reset_wp(td, f, offset, length);
 	if (ret < 0) {
 		td_verror(td, errno, "resetting wp failed");
-		log_err("%s: resetting wp for %llu sectors at sector %llu failed (%d).\n",
-			f->file_name, (unsigned long long)length >> 9,
-			(unsigned long long)offset >> 9, errno);
+		log_err("%s: resetting wp for %"PRIu64" sectors at sector %"PRIu64" failed (%d).\n",
+			f->file_name, length >> 9, offset >> 9, errno);
 	}
 
 	return ret;
 }
 
 /**
- * zbd_zone_idx - convert an offset into a zone number
- * @f: file pointer.
- * @offset: offset in bytes. If this offset is in the first zone_size bytes
- *	    past the disk size then the index of the sentinel is returned.
+ * __zbd_reset_zone - reset the write pointer of a single zone
+ * @td: FIO thread data.
+ * @f: FIO file associated with the disk for which to reset a write pointer.
+ * @z: Zone to reset.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 upon success and a negative error code upon failure.
+ *
+ * The caller must hold z->mutex.
  */
-static uint32_t zbd_zone_idx(const struct fio_file *f, uint64_t offset)
+static int __zbd_reset_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+			    struct fio_zone_info *z)
 {
-	uint32_t zone_idx;
+	uint64_t offset = z->start;
+	uint64_t length = (z+1)->start - offset;
+	uint64_t data_in_zone = z->wp - z->start;
+	int ret = 0;
 
-	if (f->zbd_info->zone_size_log2 > 0)
-		zone_idx = offset >> f->zbd_info->zone_size_log2;
-	else
-		zone_idx = offset / f->zbd_info->zone_size;
+	if (!data_in_zone)
+		return 0;
 
-	return min(zone_idx, f->zbd_info->nr_zones);
+	assert(is_valid_offset(f, offset + length - 1));
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: resetting wp of zone %u.\n",
+	       f->file_name, zbd_zone_idx(f, z));
+
+	switch (f->zbd_info->model) {
+	case ZBD_HOST_AWARE:
+	case ZBD_HOST_MANAGED:
+		ret = zbd_reset_wp(td, f, offset, length);
+		if (ret < 0)
+			return ret;
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (accounting_vdb(td, f)) {
+		pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+		f->zbd_info->wp_valid_data_bytes -= data_in_zone;
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+	}
+
+	z->wp = z->start;
+
+	td->ts.nr_zone_resets++;
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 /**
- * zbd_zone_swr - Test whether a zone requires sequential writes
- * @z: zone info pointer.
+ * zbd_write_zone_put - Remove a zone from the write target zones array.
+ * @td: FIO thread data.
+ * @f: FIO file that has the write zones array to remove.
+ * @zone_idx: Index of the zone to remove.
+ *
+ * The caller must hold f->zbd_info->mutex.
+ */
+static void zbd_write_zone_put(struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f,
+			       struct fio_zone_info *z)
+{
+	uint32_t zi;
+
+	if (!z->write)
+		return;
+
+	for (zi = 0; zi < f->zbd_info->num_write_zones; zi++) {
+		if (zbd_get_zone(f, f->zbd_info->write_zones[zi]) == z)
+			break;
+	}
+	if (zi == f->zbd_info->num_write_zones)
+		return;
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: removing zone %u from write zone array\n",
+	       f->file_name, zbd_zone_idx(f, z));
+
+	memmove(f->zbd_info->write_zones + zi,
+		f->zbd_info->write_zones + zi + 1,
+		(ZBD_MAX_WRITE_ZONES - (zi + 1)) *
+		sizeof(f->zbd_info->write_zones[0]));
+
+	f->zbd_info->num_write_zones--;
+	td->num_write_zones--;
+	z->write = 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * zbd_reset_zone - reset the write pointer of a single zone and remove the zone
+ *                  from the array of write zones.
+ * @td: FIO thread data.
+ * @f: FIO file associated with the disk for which to reset a write pointer.
+ * @z: Zone to reset.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 upon success and a negative error code upon failure.
+ *
+ * The caller must hold z->mutex.
  */
-static inline bool zbd_zone_swr(struct fio_zone_info *z)
+static int zbd_reset_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+			  struct fio_zone_info *z)
 {
-	return z->type == ZBD_ZONE_TYPE_SWR;
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = __zbd_reset_zone(td, f, z);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+	zbd_write_zone_put(td, f, z);
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /**
- * zbd_zone_end - Return zone end location
- * @z: zone info pointer.
+ * zbd_finish_zone - finish the specified zone
+ * @td: FIO thread data.
+ * @f: FIO file for which to finish a zone
+ * @z: Zone to finish.
+ *
+ * Finish the zone at @offset with open or close status.
  */
-static inline uint64_t zbd_zone_end(const struct fio_zone_info *z)
+static int zbd_finish_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+			   struct fio_zone_info *z)
 {
-	return (z+1)->start;
+	uint64_t offset = z->start;
+	uint64_t length = f->zbd_info->zone_size;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	switch (f->zbd_info->model) {
+	case ZBD_HOST_AWARE:
+	case ZBD_HOST_MANAGED:
+		if (td->io_ops && td->io_ops->finish_zone)
+			ret = td->io_ops->finish_zone(td, f, offset, length);
+		else
+			ret = blkzoned_finish_zone(td, f, offset, length);
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		td_verror(td, errno, "finish zone failed");
+		log_err("%s: finish zone at sector %"PRIu64" failed (%d).\n",
+			f->file_name, offset >> 9, errno);
+	} else {
+		z->wp = (z+1)->start;
+	}
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 /**
- * zbd_zone_capacity_end - Return zone capacity limit end location
- * @z: zone info pointer.
+ * zbd_reset_zones - Reset a range of zones.
+ * @td: fio thread data.
+ * @f: fio file for which to reset zones
+ * @zb: first zone to reset.
+ * @ze: first zone not to reset.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 upon success and 1 upon failure.
  */
-static inline uint64_t zbd_zone_capacity_end(const struct fio_zone_info *z)
+static int zbd_reset_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+			   struct fio_zone_info *const zb,
+			   struct fio_zone_info *const ze)
 {
-	return z->start + z->capacity;
+	struct fio_zone_info *z;
+	const uint64_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[DDIR_WRITE];
+	int res = 0;
+
+	if (fio_unlikely(0 == min_bs))
+		return 1;
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: examining zones %u .. %u\n",
+	       f->file_name, zbd_zone_idx(f, zb), zbd_zone_idx(f, ze));
+
+	for (z = zb; z < ze; z++) {
+		if (!z->has_wp)
+			continue;
+
+		zone_lock(td, f, z);
+
+		if (z->wp != z->start) {
+			dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: resetting zone %u\n",
+			       f->file_name, zbd_zone_idx(f, z));
+			if (zbd_reset_zone(td, f, z) < 0)
+				res = 1;
+		}
+
+		zone_unlock(z);
+	}
+
+	return res;
 }
 
 /**
- * zbd_zone_full - verify whether a minimum number of bytes remain in a zone
- * @f: file pointer.
- * @z: zone info pointer.
- * @required: minimum number of bytes that must remain in a zone.
+ * zbd_get_max_open_zones - Get the maximum number of open zones
+ * @td: FIO thread data
+ * @f: FIO file for which to get max open zones
+ * @max_open_zones: Upon success, result will be stored here.
  *
- * The caller must hold z->mutex.
+ * A @max_open_zones value set to zero means no limit.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 upon success and a negative error code upon failure.
  */
-static bool zbd_zone_full(const struct fio_file *f, struct fio_zone_info *z,
-			  uint64_t required)
+static int zbd_get_max_open_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
+				  unsigned int *max_open_zones)
 {
-	assert((required & 511) == 0);
+	int ret;
+
+	if (td->io_ops && td->io_ops->get_max_open_zones)
+		ret = td->io_ops->get_max_open_zones(td, f, max_open_zones);
+	else
+		ret = blkzoned_get_max_open_zones(td, f, max_open_zones);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		td_verror(td, errno, "get max open zones failed");
+		log_err("%s: get max open zones failed (%d).\n",
+			f->file_name, errno);
+	}
 
-	return zbd_zone_swr(z) &&
-		z->wp + required > zbd_zone_capacity_end(z);
+	return ret;
 }
 
-static void zone_lock(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f, struct fio_zone_info *z)
+/**
+ * zbd_get_max_active_zones - Get the maximum number of active zones
+ * @td: FIO thread data
+ * @f: FIO file for which to get max active zones
+ *
+ * Returns max_active_zones limit value of the target file if it is available.
+ * Otherwise return zero, which means no limit.
+ */
+static unsigned int zbd_get_max_active_zones(struct thread_data *td,
+					     struct fio_file *f)
 {
-	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbd = f->zbd_info;
-	uint32_t nz = z - zbd->zone_info;
+	unsigned int max_active_zones;
+	int ret;
 
-	/* A thread should never lock zones outside its working area. */
-	assert(f->min_zone <= nz && nz < f->max_zone);
+	if (td->io_ops && td->io_ops->get_max_active_zones)
+		ret = td->io_ops->get_max_active_zones(td, f,
+						       &max_active_zones);
+	else
+		ret = blkzoned_get_max_active_zones(td, f, &max_active_zones);
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: max_active_zones is not available\n",
+		       f->file_name);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	return max_active_zones;
+}
+
+/**
+ * __zbd_write_zone_get - Add a zone to the array of write zones.
+ * @td: fio thread data.
+ * @f: fio file that has the write zones array to add.
+ * @zone_idx: Index of the zone to add.
+ *
+ * Do same operation as @zbd_write_zone_get, except it adds the zone at
+ * @zone_idx to write target zones array even when it does not have remainder
+ * space to write one block.
+ */
+static bool __zbd_write_zone_get(struct thread_data *td,
+				 const struct fio_file *f,
+				 struct fio_zone_info *z)
+{
+	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbdi = f->zbd_info;
+	uint32_t zone_idx = zbd_zone_idx(f, z);
+	bool res = true;
+
+	if (z->cond == ZBD_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE)
+		return false;
 
 	/*
-	 * Lock the io_u target zone. The zone will be unlocked if io_u offset
-	 * is changed or when io_u completes and zbd_put_io() executed.
-	 * To avoid multiple jobs doing asynchronous I/Os from deadlocking each
-	 * other waiting for zone locks when building an io_u batch, first
-	 * only trylock the zone. If the zone is already locked by another job,
-	 * process the currently queued I/Os so that I/O progress is made and
-	 * zones unlocked.
+	 * Skip full zones with data verification enabled because resetting a
+	 * zone causes data loss and hence causes verification to fail.
 	 */
-	if (pthread_mutex_trylock(&z->mutex) != 0) {
-		if (!td_ioengine_flagged(td, FIO_SYNCIO))
-			io_u_quiesce(td);
-		pthread_mutex_lock(&z->mutex);
+	if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE && zbd_zone_remainder(z) == 0)
+		return false;
+
+	/*
+	 * zbdi->max_write_zones == 0 means that there is no limit on the
+	 * maximum number of write target zones. In this case, do no track write
+	 * target zones in zbdi->write_zones array.
+	 */
+	if (!zbdi->max_write_zones)
+		return true;
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&zbdi->mutex);
+
+	if (z->write) {
+		/*
+		 * If the zone is going to be completely filled by writes
+		 * already in-flight, handle it as a full zone instead of a
+		 * write target zone.
+		 */
+		if (!zbd_zone_remainder(z))
+			res = false;
+		goto out;
 	}
+
+	res = false;
+	/* Zero means no limit */
+	if (td->o.job_max_open_zones > 0 &&
+	    td->num_write_zones >= td->o.job_max_open_zones)
+		goto out;
+	if (zbdi->num_write_zones >= zbdi->max_write_zones)
+		goto out;
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: adding zone %u to write zone array\n",
+	       f->file_name, zone_idx);
+
+	zbdi->write_zones[zbdi->num_write_zones++] = zone_idx;
+	td->num_write_zones++;
+	z->write = 1;
+	res = true;
+
+out:
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
+	return res;
 }
 
-static bool is_valid_offset(const struct fio_file *f, uint64_t offset)
+/**
+ * zbd_write_zone_get - Add a zone to the array of write zones.
+ * @td: fio thread data.
+ * @f: fio file that has the open zones to add.
+ * @zone_idx: Index of the zone to add.
+ *
+ * Add a ZBD zone to write target zones array, if it is not yet added. Returns
+ * true if either the zone was already added or if the zone was successfully
+ * added to the array without exceeding the maximum number of write zones.
+ * Returns false if the zone was not already added and addition of the zone
+ * would cause the zone limit to be exceeded.
+ */
+static bool zbd_write_zone_get(struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f,
+			       struct fio_zone_info *z)
 {
-	return (uint64_t)(offset - f->file_offset) < f->io_size;
+	const uint64_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[DDIR_WRITE];
+
+	/*
+	 * Skip full zones with data verification enabled because resetting a
+	 * zone causes data loss and hence causes verification to fail.
+	 */
+	if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE && zbd_zone_full(f, z, min_bs))
+		return false;
+
+	return __zbd_write_zone_get(td, f, z);
 }
 
-/* Verify whether direct I/O is used for all host-managed zoned drives. */
+/* Verify whether direct I/O is used for all host-managed zoned block drives. */
 static bool zbd_using_direct_io(void)
 {
-	struct thread_data *td;
 	struct fio_file *f;
-	int i, j;
+	int j;
 
-	for_each_td(td, i) {
+	for_each_td(td) {
 		if (td->o.odirect || !(td->o.td_ddir & TD_DDIR_WRITE))
 			continue;
 		for_each_file(td, f, j) {
-			if (f->zbd_info &&
+			if (f->zbd_info && f->filetype == FIO_TYPE_BLOCK &&
 			    f->zbd_info->model == ZBD_HOST_MANAGED)
 				return false;
 		}
-	}
+	} end_for_each();
 
 	return true;
 }
 
 /* Whether or not the I/O range for f includes one or more sequential zones */
-static bool zbd_is_seq_job(struct fio_file *f)
+static bool zbd_is_seq_job(const struct fio_file *f)
 {
 	uint32_t zone_idx, zone_idx_b, zone_idx_e;
 
 	assert(f->zbd_info);
+
 	if (f->io_size == 0)
 		return false;
-	zone_idx_b = zbd_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset);
-	zone_idx_e = zbd_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset + f->io_size - 1);
+
+	zone_idx_b = zbd_offset_to_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset);
+	zone_idx_e =
+		zbd_offset_to_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset + f->io_size - 1);
 	for (zone_idx = zone_idx_b; zone_idx <= zone_idx_e; zone_idx++)
-		if (zbd_zone_swr(&f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx]))
+		if (zbd_get_zone(f, zone_idx)->has_wp)
 			return true;
 
 	return false;
 }
 
 /*
- * Verify whether offset and size parameters are aligned with zone boundaries.
+ * Verify whether the file offset and size parameters are aligned with zone
+ * boundaries. If the file offset is not aligned, align it down to the start of
+ * the zone containing the start offset and align up the file io_size parameter.
  */
-static bool zbd_verify_sizes(void)
+static bool zbd_zone_align_file_sizes(struct thread_data *td,
+				      struct fio_file *f)
 {
 	const struct fio_zone_info *z;
-	struct thread_data *td;
-	struct fio_file *f;
 	uint64_t new_offset, new_end;
-	uint32_t zone_idx;
-	int i, j;
 
-	for_each_td(td, i) {
-		for_each_file(td, f, j) {
-			if (!f->zbd_info)
-				continue;
-			if (f->file_offset >= f->real_file_size)
-				continue;
-			if (!zbd_is_seq_job(f))
-				continue;
+	if (!f->zbd_info)
+		return true;
+	if (f->file_offset >= f->real_file_size)
+		return true;
+	if (!zbd_is_seq_job(f))
+		return true;
 
-			if (!td->o.zone_size) {
-				td->o.zone_size = f->zbd_info->zone_size;
-				if (!td->o.zone_size) {
-					log_err("%s: invalid 0 zone size\n",
-						f->file_name);
-					return false;
-				}
-			} else if (td->o.zone_size != f->zbd_info->zone_size) {
-				log_err("%s: job parameter zonesize %llu does not match disk zone size %llu.\n",
-					f->file_name, (unsigned long long) td->o.zone_size,
-					(unsigned long long) f->zbd_info->zone_size);
-				return false;
-			}
+	if (!td->o.zone_size) {
+		td->o.zone_size = f->zbd_info->zone_size;
+		if (!td->o.zone_size) {
+			log_err("%s: invalid 0 zone size\n",
+				f->file_name);
+			return false;
+		}
+	} else if (td->o.zone_size != f->zbd_info->zone_size) {
+		log_err("%s: zonesize %llu does not match the device zone size %"PRIu64".\n",
+			f->file_name, td->o.zone_size,
+			f->zbd_info->zone_size);
+		return false;
+	}
 
-			if (td->o.zone_skip &&
-			    (td->o.zone_skip < td->o.zone_size ||
-			     td->o.zone_skip % td->o.zone_size)) {
-				log_err("%s: zoneskip %llu is not a multiple of the device zone size %llu.\n",
-					f->file_name, (unsigned long long) td->o.zone_skip,
-					(unsigned long long) td->o.zone_size);
-				return false;
-			}
+	if (td->o.zone_skip % td->o.zone_size) {
+		log_err("%s: zoneskip %llu is not a multiple of the device zone size %llu.\n",
+			f->file_name, td->o.zone_skip,
+			td->o.zone_size);
+		return false;
+	}
 
-			zone_idx = zbd_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset);
-			z = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
-			if ((f->file_offset != z->start) &&
-			    (td->o.td_ddir != TD_DDIR_READ)) {
-				new_offset = zbd_zone_end(z);
-				if (new_offset >= f->file_offset + f->io_size) {
-					log_info("%s: io_size must be at least one zone\n",
-						 f->file_name);
-					return false;
-				}
-				log_info("%s: rounded up offset from %llu to %llu\n",
-					 f->file_name, (unsigned long long) f->file_offset,
-					 (unsigned long long) new_offset);
-				f->io_size -= (new_offset - f->file_offset);
-				f->file_offset = new_offset;
-			}
-			zone_idx = zbd_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset + f->io_size);
-			z = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
-			new_end = z->start;
-			if ((td->o.td_ddir != TD_DDIR_READ) &&
-			    (f->file_offset + f->io_size != new_end)) {
-				if (new_end <= f->file_offset) {
-					log_info("%s: io_size must be at least one zone\n",
-						 f->file_name);
-					return false;
-				}
-				log_info("%s: rounded down io_size from %llu to %llu\n",
-					 f->file_name, (unsigned long long) f->io_size,
-					 (unsigned long long) new_end - f->file_offset);
-				f->io_size = new_end - f->file_offset;
-			}
+	if (td->o.td_ddir == TD_DDIR_READ) {
+		z = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, f->file_offset + f->io_size);
+		new_end = z->start;
+		if (f->file_offset + f->io_size > new_end) {
+			log_info("%s: rounded io_size from %"PRIu64" to %"PRIu64"\n",
+				 f->file_name, f->io_size,
+				 new_end - f->file_offset);
+			f->io_size = new_end - f->file_offset;
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
 
-			f->min_zone = zbd_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset);
-			f->max_zone = zbd_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset + f->io_size);
-			assert(f->min_zone < f->max_zone);
+	z = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, f->file_offset);
+	if (f->file_offset != z->start) {
+		new_offset = zbd_zone_end(z);
+		if (new_offset >= f->file_offset + f->io_size) {
+			log_info("%s: io_size must be at least one zone\n",
+				 f->file_name);
+			return false;
+		}
+		log_info("%s: rounded up offset from %"PRIu64" to %"PRIu64"\n",
+			 f->file_name, f->file_offset,
+			 new_offset);
+		f->io_size -= (new_offset - f->file_offset);
+		f->file_offset = new_offset;
+	}
+
+	z = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, f->file_offset + f->io_size);
+	new_end = z->start;
+	if (f->file_offset + f->io_size != new_end) {
+		if (new_end <= f->file_offset) {
+			log_info("%s: io_size must be at least one zone\n",
+				 f->file_name);
+			return false;
 		}
+		log_info("%s: rounded down io_size from %"PRIu64" to %"PRIu64"\n",
+			 f->file_name, f->io_size,
+			 new_end - f->file_offset);
+		f->io_size = new_end - f->file_offset;
 	}
 
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool zbd_verify_bs(void)
+/*
+ * Verify whether offset and size parameters are aligned with zone boundaries.
+ */
+static bool zbd_verify_sizes(void)
 {
-	struct thread_data *td;
 	struct fio_file *f;
-	uint32_t zone_size;
-	int i, j, k;
+	int j;
+
+	for_each_td(td) {
+		for_each_file(td, f, j) {
+			if (!zbd_zone_align_file_sizes(td, f))
+				return false;
+		}
+	} end_for_each();
+
+	return true;
+}
 
-	for_each_td(td, i) {
+static bool zbd_verify_bs(void)
+{
+	struct fio_file *f;
+	int j;
+
+	for_each_td(td) {
+		if (td_trim(td) &&
+		    (td->o.min_bs[DDIR_TRIM] != td->o.max_bs[DDIR_TRIM] ||
+		     td->o.bssplit_nr[DDIR_TRIM])) {
+			log_info("bsrange and bssplit are not allowed for trim with zonemode=zbd\n");
+			return false;
+		}
 		for_each_file(td, f, j) {
+			uint64_t zone_size;
+
 			if (!f->zbd_info)
 				continue;
+
 			zone_size = f->zbd_info->zone_size;
-			for (k = 0; k < FIO_ARRAY_SIZE(td->o.bs); k++) {
-				if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE &&
-				    zone_size % td->o.bs[k] != 0) {
-					log_info("%s: block size %llu is not a divisor of the zone size %d\n",
-						 f->file_name, td->o.bs[k],
-						 zone_size);
-					return false;
-				}
+			if (td_trim(td) && td->o.bs[DDIR_TRIM] != zone_size) {
+				log_info("%s: trim block size %llu is not the zone size %"PRIu64"\n",
+					 f->file_name, td->o.bs[DDIR_TRIM],
+					 zone_size);
+				return false;
 			}
 		}
-	}
+	} end_for_each();
 	return true;
 }
 
@@ -377,7 +790,7 @@ static int init_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 	int i;
 
 	if (zone_size == 0) {
-		log_err("%s: Specifying the zone size is mandatory for regular block devices with --zonemode=zbd\n\n",
+		log_err("%s: Specifying the zone size is mandatory for regular file/block device with --zonemode=zbd\n\n",
 			f->file_name);
 		return 1;
 	}
@@ -393,11 +806,16 @@ static int init_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 
 	if (zone_capacity > zone_size) {
 		log_err("%s: job parameter zonecapacity %llu is larger than zone size %llu\n",
-			f->file_name, (unsigned long long) td->o.zone_capacity,
-			(unsigned long long) td->o.zone_size);
+			f->file_name, td->o.zone_capacity, td->o.zone_size);
 		return 1;
 	}
 
+	if (f->real_file_size < zone_size) {
+		log_err("%s: file/device size %"PRIu64" is smaller than zone size %"PRIu64"\n",
+			f->file_name, f->real_file_size, zone_size);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
 	nr_zones = (f->real_file_size + zone_size - 1) / zone_size;
 	zbd_info = scalloc(1, sizeof(*zbd_info) +
 			   (nr_zones + 1) * sizeof(zbd_info->zone_info[0]));
@@ -415,6 +833,7 @@ static int init_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 		p->type = ZBD_ZONE_TYPE_SWR;
 		p->cond = ZBD_ZONE_COND_EMPTY;
 		p->capacity = zone_capacity;
+		p->has_wp = 1;
 	}
 	/* a sentinel */
 	p->start = nr_zones * zone_size;
@@ -441,7 +860,8 @@ static int parse_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 	int nr_zones, nrz;
 	struct zbd_zone *zones, *z;
 	struct fio_zone_info *p;
-	uint64_t zone_size, offset;
+	uint64_t zone_size, offset, capacity;
+	bool same_zone_cap = true;
 	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbd_info = NULL;
 	int i, j, ret = -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -458,20 +878,20 @@ static int parse_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 	}
 
 	zone_size = zones[0].len;
+	capacity = zones[0].capacity;
 	nr_zones = (f->real_file_size + zone_size - 1) / zone_size;
 
 	if (td->o.zone_size == 0) {
 		td->o.zone_size = zone_size;
 	} else if (td->o.zone_size != zone_size) {
-		log_err("fio: %s job parameter zonesize %llu does not match disk zone size %llu.\n",
-			f->file_name, (unsigned long long) td->o.zone_size,
-			(unsigned long long) zone_size);
+		log_err("fio: %s job parameter zonesize %llu does not match disk zone size %"PRIu64".\n",
+			f->file_name, td->o.zone_size, zone_size);
 		ret = -EINVAL;
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "Device %s has %d zones of size %llu KB\n", f->file_name,
-	       nr_zones, (unsigned long long) zone_size / 1024);
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "Device %s has %d zones of size %"PRIu64" KB\n",
+	       f->file_name, nr_zones, zone_size / 1024);
 
 	zbd_info = scalloc(1, sizeof(*zbd_info) +
 			   (nr_zones + 1) * sizeof(zbd_info->zone_info[0]));
@@ -487,6 +907,9 @@ static int parse_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 						     PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
 			p->start = z->start;
 			p->capacity = z->capacity;
+			if (capacity != z->capacity)
+				same_zone_cap = false;
+
 			switch (z->cond) {
 			case ZBD_ZONE_COND_NOT_WP:
 			case ZBD_ZONE_COND_FULL:
@@ -498,11 +921,21 @@ static int parse_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 				p->wp = z->wp;
 				break;
 			}
+
+			switch (z->type) {
+			case ZBD_ZONE_TYPE_SWR:
+				p->has_wp = 1;
+				break;
+			default:
+				p->has_wp = 0;
+			}
 			p->type = z->type;
 			p->cond = z->cond;
+
 			if (j > 0 && p->start != p[-1].start + zone_size) {
-				log_info("%s: invalid zone data\n",
-					 f->file_name);
+				log_info("%s: invalid zone data [%d:%d]: %"PRIu64" + %"PRIu64" != %"PRIu64"\n",
+					 f->file_name, j, i,
+					 p[-1].start, zone_size, p->start);
 				ret = -EINVAL;
 				goto out;
 			}
@@ -511,13 +944,14 @@ static int parse_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 		offset = z->start + z->len;
 		if (j >= nr_zones)
 			break;
-		nrz = zbd_report_zones(td, f, offset,
-					    zones, ZBD_REPORT_MAX_ZONES);
+
+		nrz = zbd_report_zones(td, f, offset, zones,
+				       min((uint32_t)(nr_zones - j),
+					   ZBD_REPORT_MAX_ZONES));
 		if (nrz < 0) {
 			ret = nrz;
-			log_info("fio: report zones (offset %llu) failed for %s (%d).\n",
-			 	 (unsigned long long)offset,
-				 f->file_name, -ret);
+			log_info("fio: report zones (offset %"PRIu64") failed for %s (%d).\n",
+				 offset, f->file_name, -ret);
 			goto out;
 		}
 	}
@@ -530,6 +964,12 @@ static int parse_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 	f->zbd_info->zone_size_log2 = is_power_of_2(zone_size) ?
 		ilog2(zone_size) : 0;
 	f->zbd_info->nr_zones = nr_zones;
+	f->zbd_info->max_active_zones = zbd_get_max_active_zones(td, f);
+
+	if (same_zone_cap)
+		dprint(FD_ZBD, "Zone capacity = %"PRIu64" KB\n",
+		       capacity / 1024);
+
 	zbd_info = NULL;
 	ret = 0;
 
@@ -539,6 +979,56 @@ out:
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static int zbd_set_max_write_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
+{
+	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbd = f->zbd_info;
+	unsigned int max_open_zones;
+	int ret;
+
+	if (zbd->model != ZBD_HOST_MANAGED || td->o.ignore_zone_limits) {
+		/* Only host-managed devices have a max open limit */
+		zbd->max_write_zones = td->o.max_open_zones;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* If host-managed, get the max open limit */
+	ret = zbd_get_max_open_zones(td, f, &max_open_zones);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	if (!max_open_zones) {
+		/* No device limit */
+		zbd->max_write_zones = td->o.max_open_zones;
+	} else if (!td->o.max_open_zones) {
+		/* No user limit. Set limit to device limit */
+		zbd->max_write_zones = max_open_zones;
+	} else if (td->o.max_open_zones <= max_open_zones) {
+		/* Both user limit and dev limit. User limit not too large */
+		zbd->max_write_zones = td->o.max_open_zones;
+	} else {
+		/* Both user limit and dev limit. User limit too large */
+		td_verror(td, EINVAL,
+			  "Specified --max_open_zones is too large");
+		log_err("Specified --max_open_zones (%d) is larger than max (%u)\n",
+			td->o.max_open_zones, max_open_zones);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+out:
+	/* Ensure that the limit is not larger than FIO's internal limit */
+	if (zbd->max_write_zones > ZBD_MAX_WRITE_ZONES) {
+		td_verror(td, EINVAL, "'max_open_zones' value is too large");
+		log_err("'max_open_zones' value is larger than %u\n",
+			ZBD_MAX_WRITE_ZONES);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: using max write zones limit: %"PRIu32"\n",
+	       f->file_name, zbd->max_write_zones);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * Allocate zone information and store it into f->zbd_info if zonemode=zbd.
  *
@@ -556,14 +1046,16 @@ static int zbd_create_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 		return ret;
 
 	switch (zbd_model) {
-	case ZBD_IGNORE:
-		return 0;
 	case ZBD_HOST_AWARE:
 	case ZBD_HOST_MANAGED:
 		ret = parse_zone_info(td, f);
+		if (ret)
+			return ret;
 		break;
 	case ZBD_NONE:
 		ret = init_zone_info(td, f);
+		if (ret)
+			return ret;
 		break;
 	default:
 		td_verror(td, EINVAL, "Unsupported zoned model");
@@ -571,11 +1063,16 @@ static int zbd_create_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 		return -EINVAL;
 	}
 
-	if (ret == 0) {
-		f->zbd_info->model = zbd_model;
-		f->zbd_info->max_open_zones = td->o.max_open_zones;
+	assert(f->zbd_info);
+	f->zbd_info->model = zbd_model;
+
+	ret = zbd_set_max_write_zones(td, f);
+	if (ret) {
+		zbd_free_zone_info(f);
+		return ret;
 	}
-	return ret;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 void zbd_free_zone_info(struct fio_file *f)
@@ -604,11 +1101,10 @@ void zbd_free_zone_info(struct fio_file *f)
  */
 static int zbd_init_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *file)
 {
-	struct thread_data *td2;
 	struct fio_file *f2;
-	int i, j, ret;
+	int j, ret;
 
-	for_each_td(td2, i) {
+	for_each_td(td2) {
 		for_each_file(td2, f2, j) {
 			if (td2 == td && f2 == file)
 				continue;
@@ -619,20 +1115,16 @@ static int zbd_init_zone_info(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *file)
 			file->zbd_info->refcount++;
 			return 0;
 		}
-	}
+	} end_for_each();
 
 	ret = zbd_create_zone_info(td, file);
 	if (ret < 0)
 		td_verror(td, -ret, "zbd_create_zone_info() failed");
+
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static bool zbd_open_zone(struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f,
-			  uint32_t zone_idx);
-static int zbd_reset_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
-			  struct fio_zone_info *z);
-
-int zbd_setup_files(struct thread_data *td)
+int zbd_init_files(struct thread_data *td)
 {
 	struct fio_file *f;
 	int i;
@@ -642,183 +1134,175 @@ int zbd_setup_files(struct thread_data *td)
 			return 1;
 	}
 
-	if (!zbd_using_direct_io()) {
-		log_err("Using direct I/O is mandatory for writing to ZBD drives\n\n");
-		return 1;
-	}
-
-	if (!zbd_verify_sizes())
-		return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
 
-	if (!zbd_verify_bs())
-		return 1;
+void zbd_recalc_options_with_zone_granularity(struct thread_data *td)
+{
+	struct fio_file *f;
+	int i;
 
 	for_each_file(td, f, i) {
 		struct zoned_block_device_info *zbd = f->zbd_info;
-		struct fio_zone_info *z;
-		int zi;
+		uint64_t zone_size;
 
-		if (!zbd)
+		/* zonemode=strided doesn't get per-file zone size. */
+		zone_size = zbd ? zbd->zone_size : td->o.zone_size;
+		if (zone_size == 0)
 			continue;
 
-		zbd->max_open_zones = zbd->max_open_zones ?: ZBD_MAX_OPEN_ZONES;
-
-		if (td->o.max_open_zones > 0 &&
-		    zbd->max_open_zones != td->o.max_open_zones) {
-			log_err("Different 'max_open_zones' values\n");
-			return 1;
-		}
-		if (zbd->max_open_zones > ZBD_MAX_OPEN_ZONES) {
-			log_err("'max_open_zones' value is limited by %u\n", ZBD_MAX_OPEN_ZONES);
-			return 1;
-		}
-
-		for (zi = f->min_zone; zi < f->max_zone; zi++) {
-			z = &zbd->zone_info[zi];
-			if (z->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_IMP_OPEN &&
-			    z->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_EXP_OPEN)
-				continue;
-			if (zbd_open_zone(td, f, zi))
-				continue;
-			/*
-			 * If the number of open zones exceeds specified limits,
-			 * reset all extra open zones.
-			 */
-			if (zbd_reset_zone(td, f, z) < 0) {
-				log_err("Failed to reest zone %d\n", zi);
-				return 1;
-			}
-		}
+		if (td->o.size_nz > 0)
+			td->o.size = td->o.size_nz * zone_size;
+		if (td->o.io_size_nz > 0)
+			td->o.io_size = td->o.io_size_nz * zone_size;
+		if (td->o.start_offset_nz > 0)
+			td->o.start_offset = td->o.start_offset_nz * zone_size;
+		if (td->o.offset_increment_nz > 0)
+			td->o.offset_increment =
+				td->o.offset_increment_nz * zone_size;
+		if (td->o.zone_skip_nz > 0)
+			td->o.zone_skip = td->o.zone_skip_nz * zone_size;
 	}
-
-	return 0;
 }
 
-static inline unsigned int zbd_zone_nr(const struct fio_file *f,
-				       struct fio_zone_info *zone)
+static uint64_t zbd_verify_and_set_vdb(struct thread_data *td,
+				       const struct fio_file *f)
 {
-	return zone - f->zbd_info->zone_info;
-}
+	struct fio_zone_info *zb, *ze, *z;
+	uint64_t wp_vdb = 0;
+	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbdi = f->zbd_info;
 
-/**
- * zbd_reset_zone - reset the write pointer of a single zone
- * @td: FIO thread data.
- * @f: FIO file associated with the disk for which to reset a write pointer.
- * @z: Zone to reset.
- *
- * Returns 0 upon success and a negative error code upon failure.
- *
- * The caller must hold z->mutex.
- */
-static int zbd_reset_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
-			  struct fio_zone_info *z)
-{
-	uint64_t offset = z->start;
-	uint64_t length = (z+1)->start - offset;
-	int ret = 0;
+	assert(td->runstate < TD_RUNNING);
+	assert(zbdi);
 
-	if (z->wp == z->start)
+	if (!accounting_vdb(td, f))
 		return 0;
 
-	assert(is_valid_offset(f, offset + length - 1));
+	/*
+	 * Ensure that the I/O range includes one or more sequential zones so
+	 * that f->min_zone and f->max_zone have different values.
+	 */
+	if (!zbd_is_seq_job(f))
+		return 0;
 
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: resetting wp of zone %u.\n", f->file_name,
-		zbd_zone_nr(f, z));
-	switch (f->zbd_info->model) {
-	case ZBD_HOST_AWARE:
-	case ZBD_HOST_MANAGED:
-		ret = zbd_reset_wp(td, f, offset, length);
-		if (ret < 0)
-			return ret;
-		break;
-	default:
-		break;
+	if (zbdi->write_min_zone != zbdi->write_max_zone) {
+		if (zbdi->write_min_zone != f->min_zone ||
+		    zbdi->write_max_zone != f->max_zone) {
+			td_verror(td, EINVAL,
+				  "multi-jobs with different write ranges are "
+				  "not supported with zone_reset_threshold");
+			log_err("multi-jobs with different write ranges are "
+				"not supported with zone_reset_threshold\n");
+		}
+		return 0;
 	}
 
-	pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	f->zbd_info->sectors_with_data -= z->wp - z->start;
-	pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	z->wp = z->start;
-	z->verify_block = 0;
+	zbdi->write_min_zone = f->min_zone;
+	zbdi->write_max_zone = f->max_zone;
 
-	td->ts.nr_zone_resets++;
+	zb = zbd_get_zone(f, f->min_zone);
+	ze = zbd_get_zone(f, f->max_zone);
+	for (z = zb; z < ze; z++)
+		if (z->has_wp)
+			wp_vdb += z->wp - z->start;
 
-	return ret;
+	zbdi->wp_valid_data_bytes = wp_vdb;
+
+	return wp_vdb;
 }
 
-/* The caller must hold f->zbd_info->mutex */
-static void zbd_close_zone(struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f,
-			   unsigned int zone_idx)
+int zbd_setup_files(struct thread_data *td)
 {
-	uint32_t open_zone_idx = 0;
+	struct fio_file *f;
+	int i;
 
-	for (; open_zone_idx < f->zbd_info->num_open_zones; open_zone_idx++) {
-		if (f->zbd_info->open_zones[open_zone_idx] == zone_idx)
-			break;
+	if (!zbd_using_direct_io()) {
+		log_err("Using direct I/O is mandatory for writing to ZBD drives\n\n");
+		return 1;
 	}
-	if (open_zone_idx == f->zbd_info->num_open_zones) {
-		dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: zone %d is not open\n",
-		       f->file_name, zone_idx);
-		return;
+
+	if (!zbd_verify_sizes())
+		return 1;
+
+	if (!zbd_verify_bs())
+		return 1;
+
+	if (td->o.experimental_verify) {
+		log_err("zonemode=zbd does not support experimental verify\n");
+		return 1;
 	}
 
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: closing zone %d\n", f->file_name, zone_idx);
-	memmove(f->zbd_info->open_zones + open_zone_idx,
-		f->zbd_info->open_zones + open_zone_idx + 1,
-		(ZBD_MAX_OPEN_ZONES - (open_zone_idx + 1)) *
-		sizeof(f->zbd_info->open_zones[0]));
-	f->zbd_info->num_open_zones--;
-	td->num_open_zones--;
-	f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx].open = 0;
-}
+	for_each_file(td, f, i) {
+		struct zoned_block_device_info *zbd = f->zbd_info;
+		struct fio_zone_info *z;
+		int zi;
+		uint64_t vdb;
 
-/*
- * Reset a range of zones. Returns 0 upon success and 1 upon failure.
- * @td: fio thread data.
- * @f: fio file for which to reset zones
- * @zb: first zone to reset.
- * @ze: first zone not to reset.
- * @all_zones: whether to reset all zones or only those zones for which the
- *	write pointer is not a multiple of td->o.min_bs[DDIR_WRITE].
- */
-static int zbd_reset_zones(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f,
-			   struct fio_zone_info *const zb,
-			   struct fio_zone_info *const ze, bool all_zones)
-{
-	struct fio_zone_info *z;
-	const uint32_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[DDIR_WRITE];
-	bool reset_wp;
-	int res = 0;
+		assert(zbd);
 
-	assert(min_bs);
+		f->min_zone = zbd_offset_to_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset);
+		f->max_zone =
+			zbd_offset_to_zone_idx(f, f->file_offset + f->io_size);
 
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: examining zones %u .. %u\n", f->file_name,
-		zbd_zone_nr(f, zb), zbd_zone_nr(f, ze));
-	for (z = zb; z < ze; z++) {
-		uint32_t nz = zbd_zone_nr(f, z);
+		vdb = zbd_verify_and_set_vdb(td, f);
 
-		if (!zbd_zone_swr(z))
-			continue;
-		zone_lock(td, f, z);
-		if (all_zones) {
-			pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-			zbd_close_zone(td, f, nz);
-			pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+		dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): valid data bytes = %" PRIu64 "\n",
+		       __func__, f->file_name, vdb);
+
+		/*
+		 * When all zones in the I/O range are conventional, io_size
+		 * can be smaller than zone size, making min_zone the same
+		 * as max_zone. This is why the assert below needs to be made
+		 * conditional.
+		 */
+		if (zbd_is_seq_job(f))
+			assert(f->min_zone < f->max_zone);
+
+		if (td->o.max_open_zones > 0 &&
+		    zbd->max_write_zones != td->o.max_open_zones) {
+			log_err("Different 'max_open_zones' values\n");
+			return 1;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * The per job max open zones limit cannot be used without a
+		 * global max open zones limit. (As the tracking of open zones
+		 * is disabled when there is no global max open zones limit.)
+		 */
+		if (td->o.job_max_open_zones && !zbd->max_write_zones) {
+			log_err("'job_max_open_zones' cannot be used without a global open zones limit\n");
+			return 1;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * zbd->max_write_zones is the global limit shared for all jobs
+		 * that target the same zoned block device. Force sync the per
+		 * thread global limit with the actual global limit. (The real
+		 * per thread/job limit is stored in td->o.job_max_open_zones).
+		 */
+		td->o.max_open_zones = zbd->max_write_zones;
 
-			reset_wp = z->wp != z->start;
-		} else {
-			reset_wp = z->wp % min_bs != 0;
-		}
-		if (reset_wp) {
-			dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: resetting zone %u\n",
-			       f->file_name, zbd_zone_nr(f, z));
-			if (zbd_reset_zone(td, f, z) < 0)
-				res = 1;
+		for (zi = f->min_zone; zi < f->max_zone; zi++) {
+			z = &zbd->zone_info[zi];
+			if (z->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_IMP_OPEN &&
+			    z->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_EXP_OPEN &&
+			    z->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_CLOSED)
+				continue;
+			if (!zbd->max_active_zones &&
+			    z->cond == ZBD_ZONE_COND_CLOSED)
+				continue;
+			if (__zbd_write_zone_get(td, f, z))
+				continue;
+			/*
+			 * If the number of open zones exceeds specified limits,
+			 * error out.
+			 */
+			log_err("Number of open zones exceeds max_open_zones limit\n");
+			return 1;
 		}
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
 	}
 
-	return res;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -858,235 +1342,137 @@ static bool zbd_dec_and_reset_write_cnt(const struct thread_data *td,
 	return write_cnt == 0;
 }
 
-enum swd_action {
-	CHECK_SWD,
-	SET_SWD,
-};
-
-/* Calculate the number of sectors with data (swd) and perform action 'a' */
-static uint64_t zbd_process_swd(const struct fio_file *f, enum swd_action a)
-{
-	struct fio_zone_info *zb, *ze, *z;
-	uint64_t swd = 0;
-
-	zb = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[f->min_zone];
-	ze = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[f->max_zone];
-	for (z = zb; z < ze; z++) {
-		pthread_mutex_lock(&z->mutex);
-		swd += z->wp - z->start;
-	}
-	pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	switch (a) {
-	case CHECK_SWD:
-		assert(f->zbd_info->sectors_with_data == swd);
-		break;
-	case SET_SWD:
-		f->zbd_info->sectors_with_data = swd;
-		break;
-	}
-	pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	for (z = zb; z < ze; z++)
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
-
-	return swd;
-}
-
-/*
- * The swd check is useful for debugging but takes too much time to leave
- * it enabled all the time. Hence it is disabled by default.
- */
-static const bool enable_check_swd = false;
-
-/* Check whether the value of zbd_info.sectors_with_data is correct. */
-static void zbd_check_swd(const struct fio_file *f)
-{
-	if (!enable_check_swd)
-		return;
-
-	zbd_process_swd(f, CHECK_SWD);
-}
-
-static void zbd_init_swd(struct fio_file *f)
-{
-	uint64_t swd;
-
-	if (!enable_check_swd)
-		return;
-
-	swd = zbd_process_swd(f, SET_SWD);
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): swd = %" PRIu64 "\n", __func__, f->file_name,
-	       swd);
-}
-
 void zbd_file_reset(struct thread_data *td, struct fio_file *f)
 {
 	struct fio_zone_info *zb, *ze;
+	bool verify_data_left = false;
 
 	if (!f->zbd_info || !td_write(td))
 		return;
 
-	zb = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[f->min_zone];
-	ze = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[f->max_zone];
-	zbd_init_swd(f);
+	zb = zbd_get_zone(f, f->min_zone);
+	ze = zbd_get_zone(f, f->max_zone);
+
 	/*
 	 * If data verification is enabled reset the affected zones before
 	 * writing any data to avoid that a zone reset has to be issued while
 	 * writing data, which causes data loss.
 	 */
-	zbd_reset_zones(td, f, zb, ze, td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE &&
-			td->runstate != TD_VERIFYING);
+	if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE) {
+		verify_data_left = td->runstate == TD_VERIFYING ||
+			td->io_hist_len || td->verify_batch;
+		if (!verify_data_left)
+			zbd_reset_zones(td, f, zb, ze);
+	}
+
 	zbd_reset_write_cnt(td, f);
 }
 
-/* The caller must hold f->zbd_info->mutex. */
-static bool is_zone_open(const struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f,
-			 unsigned int zone_idx)
+/* Return random zone index for one of the write target zones. */
+static uint32_t pick_random_zone_idx(const struct fio_file *f,
+				     const struct io_u *io_u)
 {
-	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbdi = f->zbd_info;
-	int i;
-
-	assert(td->o.job_max_open_zones == 0 || td->num_open_zones <= td->o.job_max_open_zones);
-	assert(td->o.job_max_open_zones <= zbdi->max_open_zones);
-	assert(zbdi->num_open_zones <= zbdi->max_open_zones);
-
-	for (i = 0; i < zbdi->num_open_zones; i++)
-		if (zbdi->open_zones[i] == zone_idx)
-			return true;
-
-	return false;
+	return (io_u->offset - f->file_offset) *
+		f->zbd_info->num_write_zones / f->io_size;
 }
 
-/*
- * Open a ZBD zone if it was not yet open. Returns true if either the zone was
- * already open or if opening a new zone is allowed. Returns false if the zone
- * was not yet open and opening a new zone would cause the zone limit to be
- * exceeded.
- */
-static bool zbd_open_zone(struct thread_data *td, const struct fio_file *f,
-			  uint32_t zone_idx)
+static bool any_io_in_flight(void)
 {
-	const uint32_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[DDIR_WRITE];
-	struct fio_zone_info *z = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
-	bool res = true;
-
-	if (z->cond == ZBD_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE)
-		return false;
-
-	/*
-	 * Skip full zones with data verification enabled because resetting a
-	 * zone causes data loss and hence causes verification to fail.
-	 */
-	if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE && zbd_zone_full(f, z, min_bs))
-		return false;
-
-	pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	if (is_zone_open(td, f, zone_idx)) {
-		/*
-		 * If the zone is already open and going to be full by writes
-		 * in-flight, handle it as a full zone instead of an open zone.
-		 */
-		if (z->wp >= zbd_zone_capacity_end(z))
-			res = false;
-		goto out;
-	}
-	res = false;
-	/* Zero means no limit */
-	if (td->o.job_max_open_zones > 0 &&
-	    td->num_open_zones >= td->o.job_max_open_zones)
-		goto out;
-	if (f->zbd_info->num_open_zones >= f->zbd_info->max_open_zones)
-		goto out;
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: opening zone %d\n", f->file_name, zone_idx);
-	f->zbd_info->open_zones[f->zbd_info->num_open_zones++] = zone_idx;
-	td->num_open_zones++;
-	z->open = 1;
-	res = true;
-
-out:
-	pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	return res;
-}
+	for_each_td(td) {
+		if (td->io_u_in_flight)
+			return true;
+	} end_for_each();
 
-/* Anything goes as long as it is not a constant. */
-static uint32_t pick_random_zone_idx(const struct fio_file *f,
-				     const struct io_u *io_u)
-{
-	return io_u->offset * f->zbd_info->num_open_zones / f->real_file_size;
+	return false;
 }
 
 /*
- * Modify the offset of an I/O unit that does not refer to an open zone such
- * that it refers to an open zone. Close an open zone and open a new zone if
- * necessary. This algorithm can only work correctly if all write pointers are
+ * Modify the offset of an I/O unit that does not refer to a zone such that
+ * in write target zones array. Add a zone to or remove a zone from the lsit if
+ * necessary. The write target zone is searched across sequential zones.
+ * This algorithm can only work correctly if all write pointers are
  * a multiple of the fio block size. The caller must neither hold z->mutex
  * nor f->zbd_info->mutex. Returns with z->mutex held upon success.
  */
-static struct fio_zone_info *zbd_convert_to_open_zone(struct thread_data *td,
-						      struct io_u *io_u)
+static struct fio_zone_info *zbd_convert_to_write_zone(struct thread_data *td,
+						       struct io_u *io_u)
 {
-	const uint32_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[io_u->ddir];
+	const uint64_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[io_u->ddir];
 	struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
+	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbdi = f->zbd_info;
 	struct fio_zone_info *z;
-	unsigned int open_zone_idx = -1;
+	unsigned int write_zone_idx = -1;
 	uint32_t zone_idx, new_zone_idx;
 	int i;
-	bool wait_zone_close;
+	bool wait_zone_write;
+	bool in_flight;
+	bool should_retry = true;
 
 	assert(is_valid_offset(f, io_u->offset));
 
-	if (td->o.max_open_zones || td->o.job_max_open_zones) {
+	if (zbdi->max_write_zones || td->o.job_max_open_zones) {
 		/*
-		 * This statement accesses f->zbd_info->open_zones[] on purpose
+		 * This statement accesses zbdi->write_zones[] on purpose
 		 * without locking.
 		 */
-		zone_idx = f->zbd_info->open_zones[pick_random_zone_idx(f, io_u)];
+		zone_idx = zbdi->write_zones[pick_random_zone_idx(f, io_u)];
 	} else {
-		zone_idx = zbd_zone_idx(f, io_u->offset);
+		zone_idx = zbd_offset_to_zone_idx(f, io_u->offset);
 	}
 	if (zone_idx < f->min_zone)
 		zone_idx = f->min_zone;
 	else if (zone_idx >= f->max_zone)
 		zone_idx = f->max_zone - 1;
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): starting from zone %d (offset %lld, buflen %lld)\n",
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD,
+	       "%s(%s): starting from zone %d (offset %lld, buflen %lld)\n",
 	       __func__, f->file_name, zone_idx, io_u->offset, io_u->buflen);
 
 	/*
-	 * Since z->mutex is the outer lock and f->zbd_info->mutex the inner
+	 * Since z->mutex is the outer lock and zbdi->mutex the inner
 	 * lock it can happen that the state of the zone with index zone_idx
-	 * has changed after 'z' has been assigned and before f->zbd_info->mutex
+	 * has changed after 'z' has been assigned and before zbdi->mutex
 	 * has been obtained. Hence the loop.
 	 */
 	for (;;) {
 		uint32_t tmp_idx;
 
-		z = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
-
-		zone_lock(td, f, z);
-		pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-		if (td->o.max_open_zones == 0 && td->o.job_max_open_zones == 0)
-			goto examine_zone;
-		if (f->zbd_info->num_open_zones == 0) {
-			dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): no zones are open\n",
-			       __func__, f->file_name);
-			goto open_other_zone;
+		z = zbd_get_zone(f, zone_idx);
+		if (z->has_wp)
+			zone_lock(td, f, z);
+
+		pthread_mutex_lock(&zbdi->mutex);
+
+		if (z->has_wp) {
+			if (z->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE &&
+			    zbdi->max_write_zones == 0 &&
+			    td->o.job_max_open_zones == 0)
+				goto examine_zone;
+			if (zbdi->num_write_zones == 0) {
+				dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): no zone is write target\n",
+				       __func__, f->file_name);
+				goto choose_other_zone;
+			}
 		}
 
 		/*
-		 * List of opened zones is per-device, shared across all threads.
-		 * Start with quasi-random candidate zone.
-		 * Ignore zones which don't belong to thread's offset/size area.
+		 * Array of write target zones is per-device, shared across all
+		 * threads. Start with quasi-random candidate zone. Ignore
+		 * zones which don't belong to thread's offset/size area.
 		 */
-		open_zone_idx = pick_random_zone_idx(f, io_u);
-		assert(open_zone_idx < f->zbd_info->num_open_zones);
-		tmp_idx = open_zone_idx;
-		for (i = 0; i < f->zbd_info->num_open_zones; i++) {
+		write_zone_idx = pick_random_zone_idx(f, io_u);
+		assert(!write_zone_idx ||
+		       write_zone_idx < zbdi->num_write_zones);
+		tmp_idx = write_zone_idx;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < zbdi->num_write_zones; i++) {
 			uint32_t tmpz;
 
-			if (tmp_idx >= f->zbd_info->num_open_zones)
+			if (tmp_idx >= zbdi->num_write_zones)
 				tmp_idx = 0;
-			tmpz = f->zbd_info->open_zones[tmp_idx];
+			tmpz = zbdi->write_zones[tmp_idx];
 			if (f->min_zone <= tmpz && tmpz < f->max_zone) {
-				open_zone_idx = tmp_idx;
+				write_zone_idx = tmp_idx;
 				goto found_candidate_zone;
 			}
 
@@ -1095,137 +1481,152 @@ static struct fio_zone_info *zbd_convert_to_open_zone(struct thread_data *td,
 
 		dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): no candidate zone\n",
 			__func__, f->file_name);
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
+
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
+
+		if (z->has_wp)
+			zone_unlock(z);
+
 		return NULL;
 
 found_candidate_zone:
-		new_zone_idx = f->zbd_info->open_zones[open_zone_idx];
+		new_zone_idx = zbdi->write_zones[write_zone_idx];
 		if (new_zone_idx == zone_idx)
 			break;
 		zone_idx = new_zone_idx;
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
+
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
+
+		if (z->has_wp)
+			zone_unlock(z);
 	}
 
-	/* Both z->mutex and f->zbd_info->mutex are held. */
+	/* Both z->mutex and zbdi->mutex are held. */
 
 examine_zone:
-	if (z->wp + min_bs <= zbd_zone_capacity_end(z)) {
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+	if (zbd_zone_remainder(z) >= min_bs) {
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-open_other_zone:
-	/* Check if number of open zones reaches one of limits. */
-	wait_zone_close =
-		f->zbd_info->num_open_zones == f->max_zone - f->min_zone ||
-		(td->o.max_open_zones &&
-		 f->zbd_info->num_open_zones == td->o.max_open_zones) ||
+choose_other_zone:
+	/* Check if number of write target zones reaches one of limits. */
+	wait_zone_write =
+		zbdi->num_write_zones == f->max_zone - f->min_zone ||
+		(zbdi->max_write_zones &&
+		 zbdi->num_write_zones == zbdi->max_write_zones) ||
 		(td->o.job_max_open_zones &&
-		 td->num_open_zones == td->o.job_max_open_zones);
+		 td->num_write_zones == td->o.job_max_open_zones);
 
-	pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
 
 	/* Only z->mutex is held. */
 
 	/*
-	 * When number of open zones reaches to one of limits, wait for
-	 * zone close before opening a new zone.
+	 * When number of write target zones reaches to one of limits, wait for
+	 * zone write completion to one of them before trying a new zone.
 	 */
-	if (wait_zone_close) {
-		dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): quiesce to allow open zones to close\n",
+	if (wait_zone_write) {
+		dprint(FD_ZBD,
+		       "%s(%s): quiesce to remove a zone from write target zones array\n",
 		       __func__, f->file_name);
 		io_u_quiesce(td);
 	}
 
-	/* Zone 'z' is full, so try to open a new zone. */
-	for (i = f->io_size / f->zbd_info->zone_size; i > 0; i--) {
+retry:
+	/* Zone 'z' is full, so try to choose a new zone. */
+	for (i = f->io_size / zbdi->zone_size; i > 0; i--) {
 		zone_idx++;
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
+		if (z->has_wp)
+			zone_unlock(z);
 		z++;
 		if (!is_valid_offset(f, z->start)) {
 			/* Wrap-around. */
 			zone_idx = f->min_zone;
-			z = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
+			z = zbd_get_zone(f, zone_idx);
 		}
 		assert(is_valid_offset(f, z->start));
+		if (!z->has_wp)
+			continue;
 		zone_lock(td, f, z);
-		if (z->open)
+		if (z->write)
 			continue;
-		if (zbd_open_zone(td, f, zone_idx))
+		if (zbd_write_zone_get(td, f, z))
 			goto out;
 	}
 
 	/* Only z->mutex is held. */
 
-	/* Check whether the write fits in any of the already opened zones. */
-	pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	for (i = 0; i < f->zbd_info->num_open_zones; i++) {
-		zone_idx = f->zbd_info->open_zones[i];
+	/* Check whether the write fits in any of the write target zones. */
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&zbdi->mutex);
+	for (i = 0; i < zbdi->num_write_zones; i++) {
+		zone_idx = zbdi->write_zones[i];
 		if (zone_idx < f->min_zone || zone_idx >= f->max_zone)
 			continue;
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
+		zone_unlock(z);
 
-		z = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
+		z = zbd_get_zone(f, zone_idx);
 
 		zone_lock(td, f, z);
-		if (z->wp + min_bs <= zbd_zone_capacity_end(z))
+		if (zbd_zone_remainder(z) >= min_bs)
 			goto out;
-		pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+		pthread_mutex_lock(&zbdi->mutex);
 	}
-	pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-	pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): did not open another zone\n", __func__,
-	       f->file_name);
+
+	/*
+	 * When any I/O is in-flight or when all I/Os in-flight get completed,
+	 * the I/Os might have removed zones from the write target array then
+	 * retry the steps to choose a zone. Before retry, call io_u_quiesce()
+	 * to complete in-flight writes.
+	 */
+	in_flight = any_io_in_flight();
+	if (in_flight || should_retry) {
+		dprint(FD_ZBD,
+		       "%s(%s): wait zone write and retry write target zone selection\n",
+		       __func__, f->file_name);
+		should_retry = in_flight;
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
+		zone_unlock(z);
+		io_u_quiesce(td);
+		zone_lock(td, f, z);
+		goto retry;
+	}
+
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbdi->mutex);
+
+	zone_unlock(z);
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): did not choose another write zone\n",
+	       __func__, f->file_name);
+
 	return NULL;
 
 out:
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): returning zone %d\n", __func__, f->file_name,
-	       zone_idx);
-	io_u->offset = z->start;
-	return z;
-}
-
-/* The caller must hold z->mutex. */
-static struct fio_zone_info *zbd_replay_write_order(struct thread_data *td,
-						    struct io_u *io_u,
-						    struct fio_zone_info *z)
-{
-	const struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
-	const uint32_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[DDIR_WRITE];
+	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s(%s): returning zone %d\n",
+	       __func__, f->file_name, zone_idx);
 
-	if (!zbd_open_zone(td, f, zbd_zone_nr(f, z))) {
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
-		z = zbd_convert_to_open_zone(td, io_u);
-		assert(z);
-	}
+	io_u->offset = z->start;
+	assert(z->has_wp);
+	assert(z->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE);
 
-	if (z->verify_block * min_bs >= z->capacity)
-		log_err("%s: %d * %d >= %llu\n", f->file_name, z->verify_block,
-			min_bs, (unsigned long long)z->capacity);
-	io_u->offset = z->start + z->verify_block++ * min_bs;
 	return z;
 }
 
 /*
- * Find another zone for which @io_u fits below the write pointer. Start
- * searching in zones @zb + 1 .. @zl and continue searching in zones
- * @zf .. @zb - 1.
+ * Find another zone which has @min_bytes of readable data. Search in zones
+ * @zb + 1 .. @zl. For random workload, also search in zones @zb - 1 .. @zf.
  *
- * Either returns NULL or returns a zone pointer and holds the mutex for that
- * zone.
+ * Either returns NULL or returns a zone pointer. When the zone has write
+ * pointer, hold the mutex for the zone.
  */
 static struct fio_zone_info *
-zbd_find_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u,
+zbd_find_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u, uint64_t min_bytes,
 	      struct fio_zone_info *zb, struct fio_zone_info *zl)
 {
-	const uint32_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[io_u->ddir];
 	struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
 	struct fio_zone_info *z1, *z2;
-	const struct fio_zone_info *const zf =
-		&f->zbd_info->zone_info[f->min_zone];
+	const struct fio_zone_info *const zf = zbd_get_zone(f, f->min_zone);
 
 	/*
 	 * Skip to the next non-empty zone in case of sequential I/O and to
@@ -1233,23 +1634,31 @@ zbd_find_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u,
 	 */
 	for (z1 = zb + 1, z2 = zb - 1; z1 < zl || z2 >= zf; z1++, z2--) {
 		if (z1 < zl && z1->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE) {
-			zone_lock(td, f, z1);
-			if (z1->start + min_bs <= z1->wp)
+			if (z1->has_wp)
+				zone_lock(td, f, z1);
+			if (z1->start + min_bytes <= z1->wp)
 				return z1;
-			pthread_mutex_unlock(&z1->mutex);
+			if (z1->has_wp)
+				zone_unlock(z1);
 		} else if (!td_random(td)) {
 			break;
 		}
+
 		if (td_random(td) && z2 >= zf &&
 		    z2->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE) {
-			zone_lock(td, f, z2);
-			if (z2->start + min_bs <= z2->wp)
+			if (z2->has_wp)
+				zone_lock(td, f, z2);
+			if (z2->start + min_bytes <= z2->wp)
 				return z2;
-			pthread_mutex_unlock(&z2->mutex);
+			if (z2->has_wp)
+				zone_unlock(z2);
 		}
 	}
-	dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: adjusting random read offset failed\n",
-	       f->file_name);
+
+	dprint(FD_ZBD,
+	       "%s: no zone has %"PRIu64" bytes of readable data\n",
+	       f->file_name, min_bytes);
+
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1258,7 +1667,8 @@ zbd_find_zone(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u,
  * @io_u: I/O unit
  * @z: zone info pointer
  *
- * If the write command made the zone full, close it.
+ * If the write command made the zone full, remove it from the write target
+ * zones array.
  *
  * The caller must hold z->mutex.
  */
@@ -1270,7 +1680,7 @@ static void zbd_end_zone_io(struct thread_data *td, const struct io_u *io_u,
 	if (io_u->ddir == DDIR_WRITE &&
 	    io_u->offset + io_u->buflen >= zbd_zone_capacity_end(z)) {
 		pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
-		zbd_close_zone(td, f, zbd_zone_nr(f, z));
+		zbd_write_zone_put(td, f, z);
 		pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
 	}
 }
@@ -1290,43 +1700,36 @@ static void zbd_queue_io(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u, int q,
 	const struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
 	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbd_info = f->zbd_info;
 	struct fio_zone_info *z;
-	uint32_t zone_idx;
 	uint64_t zone_end;
 
-	if (!zbd_info)
-		return;
-
-	zone_idx = zbd_zone_idx(f, io_u->offset);
-	assert(zone_idx < zbd_info->nr_zones);
-	z = &zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
+	assert(zbd_info);
 
-	if (!zbd_zone_swr(z))
-		return;
+	z = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, io_u->offset);
+	assert(z->has_wp);
 
 	if (!success)
 		goto unlock;
 
 	dprint(FD_ZBD,
 	       "%s: queued I/O (%lld, %llu) for zone %u\n",
-	       f->file_name, io_u->offset, io_u->buflen, zone_idx);
+	       f->file_name, io_u->offset, io_u->buflen, zbd_zone_idx(f, z));
 
 	switch (io_u->ddir) {
 	case DDIR_WRITE:
 		zone_end = min((uint64_t)(io_u->offset + io_u->buflen),
 			       zbd_zone_capacity_end(z));
-		pthread_mutex_lock(&zbd_info->mutex);
+
 		/*
 		 * z->wp > zone_end means that one or more I/O errors
 		 * have occurred.
 		 */
-		if (z->wp <= zone_end)
-			zbd_info->sectors_with_data += zone_end - z->wp;
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbd_info->mutex);
+		if (accounting_vdb(td, f) && z->wp <= zone_end) {
+			pthread_mutex_lock(&zbd_info->mutex);
+			zbd_info->wp_valid_data_bytes += zone_end - z->wp;
+			pthread_mutex_unlock(&zbd_info->mutex);
+		}
 		z->wp = zone_end;
 		break;
-	case DDIR_TRIM:
-		assert(z->wp == z->start);
-		break;
 	default:
 		break;
 	}
@@ -1337,7 +1740,7 @@ static void zbd_queue_io(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u, int q,
 unlock:
 	if (!success || q != FIO_Q_QUEUED) {
 		/* BUSY or COMPLETED: unlock the zone */
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
+		zone_unlock(z);
 		io_u->zbd_put_io = NULL;
 	}
 }
@@ -1349,30 +1752,20 @@ unlock:
 static void zbd_put_io(struct thread_data *td, const struct io_u *io_u)
 {
 	const struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
-	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbd_info = f->zbd_info;
 	struct fio_zone_info *z;
-	uint32_t zone_idx;
-	int ret;
 
-	if (!zbd_info)
-		return;
-
-	zone_idx = zbd_zone_idx(f, io_u->offset);
-	assert(zone_idx < zbd_info->nr_zones);
-	z = &zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
+	assert(f->zbd_info);
 
-	if (!zbd_zone_swr(z))
-		return;
+	z = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, io_u->offset);
+	assert(z->has_wp);
 
 	dprint(FD_ZBD,
 	       "%s: terminate I/O (%lld, %llu) for zone %u\n",
-	       f->file_name, io_u->offset, io_u->buflen, zone_idx);
+	       f->file_name, io_u->offset, io_u->buflen, zbd_zone_idx(f, z));
 
 	zbd_end_zone_io(td, io_u, z);
 
-	ret = pthread_mutex_unlock(&z->mutex);
-	assert(ret == 0);
-	zbd_check_swd(f);
+	zone_unlock(z);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1409,28 +1802,26 @@ void setup_zbd_zone_mode(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 	struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
 	enum fio_ddir ddir = io_u->ddir;
 	struct fio_zone_info *z;
-	uint32_t zone_idx;
 
 	assert(td->o.zone_mode == ZONE_MODE_ZBD);
 	assert(td->o.zone_size);
+	assert(f->zbd_info);
 
-	zone_idx = zbd_zone_idx(f, f->last_pos[ddir]);
-	z = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx];
+	z = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, f->last_pos[ddir]);
 
 	/*
 	 * When the zone capacity is smaller than the zone size and the I/O is
 	 * sequential write, skip to zone end if the latest position is at the
 	 * zone capacity limit.
 	 */
-	if (z->capacity < f->zbd_info->zone_size && !td_random(td) &&
-	    ddir == DDIR_WRITE &&
+	if (z->capacity < f->zbd_info->zone_size &&
+	    !td_random(td) && ddir == DDIR_WRITE &&
 	    f->last_pos[ddir] >= zbd_zone_capacity_end(z)) {
 		dprint(FD_ZBD,
 		       "%s: Jump from zone capacity limit to zone end:"
-		       " (%llu -> %llu) for zone %u (%llu)\n",
-		       f->file_name, (unsigned long long) f->last_pos[ddir],
-		       (unsigned long long) zbd_zone_end(z), zone_idx,
-		       (unsigned long long) z->capacity);
+		       " (%"PRIu64" -> %"PRIu64") for zone %u (%"PRIu64")\n",
+		       f->file_name, f->last_pos[ddir],
+		       zbd_zone_end(z), zbd_zone_idx(f, z), z->capacity);
 		td->io_skip_bytes += zbd_zone_end(z) - f->last_pos[ddir];
 		f->last_pos[ddir] = zbd_zone_end(z);
 	}
@@ -1487,11 +1878,12 @@ enum fio_ddir zbd_adjust_ddir(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u,
 	 * devices with all empty zones. Overwrite the first I/O direction as
 	 * write to make sure data to read exists.
 	 */
+	assert(io_u->file->zbd_info);
 	if (ddir != DDIR_READ || !td_rw(td))
 		return ddir;
 
-	if (io_u->file->zbd_info->sectors_with_data ||
-	    td->o.read_beyond_wp)
+	if (io_u->file->last_start[DDIR_WRITE] != -1ULL ||
+	    td->o.read_beyond_wp || td->o.rwmix[DDIR_WRITE] == 0)
 		return DDIR_READ;
 
 	return DDIR_WRITE;
@@ -1509,26 +1901,51 @@ enum fio_ddir zbd_adjust_ddir(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u,
 enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 {
 	struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
-	uint32_t zone_idx_b;
+	struct zoned_block_device_info *zbdi = f->zbd_info;
 	struct fio_zone_info *zb, *zl, *orig_zb;
 	uint32_t orig_len = io_u->buflen;
-	uint32_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[io_u->ddir];
+	uint64_t min_bs = td->o.min_bs[io_u->ddir];
 	uint64_t new_len;
 	int64_t range;
 
-	if (!f->zbd_info)
-		return io_u_accept;
-
+	assert(zbdi);
 	assert(min_bs);
 	assert(is_valid_offset(f, io_u->offset));
 	assert(io_u->buflen);
-	zone_idx_b = zbd_zone_idx(f, io_u->offset);
-	zb = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[zone_idx_b];
+
+	zb = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, io_u->offset);
 	orig_zb = zb;
 
-	/* Accept the I/O offset for conventional zones. */
-	if (!zbd_zone_swr(zb))
+	if (!zb->has_wp) {
+		/* Accept non-write I/Os for conventional zones. */
+		if (io_u->ddir != DDIR_WRITE)
+			return io_u_accept;
+
+		/*
+		 * Make sure that writes to conventional zones
+		 * don't cross over to any sequential zones.
+		 */
+		if (!(zb + 1)->has_wp ||
+		    io_u->offset + io_u->buflen <= (zb + 1)->start)
+			return io_u_accept;
+
+		if (io_u->offset + min_bs > (zb + 1)->start) {
+			dprint(FD_IO,
+			       "%s: off=%llu + min_bs=%"PRIu64" > next zone %"PRIu64"\n",
+			       f->file_name, io_u->offset,
+			       min_bs, (zb + 1)->start);
+			io_u->offset =
+				zb->start + (zb + 1)->start - io_u->offset;
+			new_len = min(io_u->buflen,
+				      (zb + 1)->start - io_u->offset);
+		} else {
+			new_len = (zb + 1)->start - io_u->offset;
+		}
+
+		io_u->buflen = new_len / min_bs * min_bs;
+
 		return io_u_accept;
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Accept the I/O offset for reads if reading beyond the write pointer
@@ -1538,17 +1955,13 @@ enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 	    io_u->ddir == DDIR_READ && td->o.read_beyond_wp)
 		return io_u_accept;
 
-	zbd_check_swd(f);
-
 	zone_lock(td, f, zb);
 
 	switch (io_u->ddir) {
 	case DDIR_READ:
-		if (td->runstate == TD_VERIFYING && td_write(td)) {
-			zb = zbd_replay_write_order(td, io_u, zb);
-			pthread_mutex_unlock(&zb->mutex);
+		if (td->runstate == TD_VERIFYING && td_write(td))
 			goto accept;
-		}
+
 		/*
 		 * Check that there is enough written data in the zone to do an
 		 * I/O of at least min_bs B. If there isn't, find a new zone for
@@ -1558,9 +1971,9 @@ enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 			zb->wp - zb->start : 0;
 		if (range < min_bs ||
 		    ((!td_random(td)) && (io_u->offset + min_bs > zb->wp))) {
-			pthread_mutex_unlock(&zb->mutex);
-			zl = &f->zbd_info->zone_info[f->max_zone];
-			zb = zbd_find_zone(td, io_u, zb, zl);
+			zone_unlock(zb);
+			zl = zbd_get_zone(f, f->max_zone);
+			zb = zbd_find_zone(td, io_u, min_bs, zb, zl);
 			if (!zb) {
 				dprint(FD_ZBD,
 				       "%s: zbd_find_zone(%lld, %llu) failed\n",
@@ -1578,6 +1991,7 @@ enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 			if (!td_random(td))
 				io_u->offset = zb->start;
 		}
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure the I/O is within the zone valid data range while
 		 * maximizing the I/O size and preserving randomness.
@@ -1588,6 +2002,14 @@ enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 			io_u->offset = zb->start +
 				((io_u->offset - orig_zb->start) %
 				 (range - io_u->buflen)) / min_bs * min_bs;
+
+		/*
+		 * When zbd_find_zone() returns a conventional zone,
+		 * we can simply accept the new i/o offset here.
+		 */
+		if (!zb->has_wp)
+			return io_u_accept;
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure the I/O does not cross over the zone wp position.
 		 */
@@ -1599,30 +2021,85 @@ enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 			dprint(FD_IO, "Changed length from %u into %llu\n",
 			       orig_len, io_u->buflen);
 		}
+
 		assert(zb->start <= io_u->offset);
 		assert(io_u->offset + io_u->buflen <= zb->wp);
+
 		goto accept;
+
 	case DDIR_WRITE:
-		if (io_u->buflen > f->zbd_info->zone_size)
+		if (io_u->buflen > zbdi->zone_size) {
+			td_verror(td, EINVAL, "I/O buflen exceeds zone size");
+			dprint(FD_IO,
+			       "%s: I/O buflen %llu exceeds zone size %"PRIu64"\n",
+			       f->file_name, io_u->buflen, zbdi->zone_size);
 			goto eof;
-		if (!zbd_open_zone(td, f, zone_idx_b)) {
-			pthread_mutex_unlock(&zb->mutex);
-			zb = zbd_convert_to_open_zone(td, io_u);
-			if (!zb)
+		}
+
+retry:
+		if (zbd_zone_remainder(zb) > 0 &&
+		    zbd_zone_remainder(zb) < min_bs) {
+			pthread_mutex_lock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+			zbd_write_zone_put(td, f, zb);
+			pthread_mutex_unlock(&f->zbd_info->mutex);
+			dprint(FD_ZBD,
+			       "%s: finish zone %d\n",
+			       f->file_name, zbd_zone_idx(f, zb));
+			io_u_quiesce(td);
+			zbd_finish_zone(td, f, zb);
+			if (zbd_zone_idx(f, zb) + 1 >= f->max_zone) {
+				if (!td_random(td))
+					goto eof;
+			}
+			zone_unlock(zb);
+
+			/* Find the next write pointer zone */
+			do {
+				zb++;
+				if (zbd_zone_idx(f, zb) >= f->max_zone)
+					zb = zbd_get_zone(f, f->min_zone);
+			} while (!zb->has_wp);
+
+			zone_lock(td, f, zb);
+		}
+
+		if (!zbd_write_zone_get(td, f, zb)) {
+			zone_unlock(zb);
+			zb = zbd_convert_to_write_zone(td, io_u);
+			if (!zb) {
+				dprint(FD_IO, "%s: can't convert to write target zone",
+				       f->file_name);
 				goto eof;
-			zone_idx_b = zbd_zone_nr(f, zb);
+			}
 		}
+
+		if (zbd_zone_remainder(zb) > 0 &&
+		    zbd_zone_remainder(zb) < min_bs)
+			goto retry;
+
 		/* Check whether the zone reset threshold has been exceeded */
 		if (td->o.zrf.u.f) {
-			if (f->zbd_info->sectors_with_data >=
+			if (zbdi->wp_valid_data_bytes >=
 			    f->io_size * td->o.zrt.u.f &&
-			    zbd_dec_and_reset_write_cnt(td, f)) {
+			    zbd_dec_and_reset_write_cnt(td, f))
 				zb->reset_zone = 1;
-			}
 		}
+
 		/* Reset the zone pointer if necessary */
 		if (zb->reset_zone || zbd_zone_full(f, zb, min_bs)) {
-			assert(td->o.verify == VERIFY_NONE);
+			if (td->o.verify != VERIFY_NONE) {
+				/*
+				 * Unset io-u->file to tell get_next_verify()
+				 * that this IO is not requeue.
+				 */
+				io_u->file = NULL;
+				if (!get_next_verify(td, io_u)) {
+					zone_unlock(zb);
+					return io_u_accept;
+				}
+				io_u->file = f;
+			}
+
 			/*
 			 * Since previous write requests may have been submitted
 			 * asynchronously and since we will submit the zone
@@ -1632,24 +2109,27 @@ enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 			 */
 			io_u_quiesce(td);
 			zb->reset_zone = 0;
-			if (zbd_reset_zone(td, f, zb) < 0)
+			if (__zbd_reset_zone(td, f, zb) < 0)
 				goto eof;
 
 			if (zb->capacity < min_bs) {
-				log_err("zone capacity %llu smaller than minimum block size %d\n",
-					(unsigned long long)zb->capacity,
-					min_bs);
+				td_verror(td, EINVAL, "ZCAP is less min_bs");
+				log_err("zone capacity %"PRIu64" smaller than minimum block size %"PRIu64"\n",
+					zb->capacity, min_bs);
 				goto eof;
 			}
 		}
+
 		/* Make writes occur at the write pointer */
 		assert(!zbd_zone_full(f, zb, min_bs));
 		io_u->offset = zb->wp;
 		if (!is_valid_offset(f, io_u->offset)) {
-			dprint(FD_ZBD, "Dropped request with offset %llu\n",
-			       io_u->offset);
+			td_verror(td, EINVAL, "invalid WP value");
+			dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: dropped request with offset %llu\n",
+			       f->file_name, io_u->offset);
 			goto eof;
 		}
+
 		/*
 		 * Make sure that the buflen is a multiple of the minimal
 		 * block size. Give up if shrinking would make the request too
@@ -1666,35 +2146,66 @@ enum io_u_action zbd_adjust_block(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
 			       orig_len, io_u->buflen);
 			goto accept;
 		}
-		log_err("Zone remainder %lld smaller than minimum block size %d\n",
-			(zbd_zone_capacity_end(zb) - io_u->offset),
-			min_bs);
+
+		td_verror(td, EIO, "zone remainder too small");
+		log_err("zone remainder %lld smaller than min block size %"PRIu64"\n",
+			(zbd_zone_capacity_end(zb) - io_u->offset), min_bs);
+
 		goto eof;
+
 	case DDIR_TRIM:
-		/* fall-through */
+		/* Check random trim targets a non-empty zone */
+		if (!td_random(td) || zb->wp > zb->start)
+			goto accept;
+
+		/* Find out a non-empty zone to trim */
+		zone_unlock(zb);
+		zl = zbd_get_zone(f, f->max_zone);
+		zb = zbd_find_zone(td, io_u, 1, zb, zl);
+		if (zb) {
+			io_u->offset = zb->start;
+			dprint(FD_ZBD, "%s: found new zone(%lld) for trim\n",
+			       f->file_name, io_u->offset);
+			goto accept;
+		}
+
+		goto eof;
+
 	case DDIR_SYNC:
+		/* fall-through */
 	case DDIR_DATASYNC:
 	case DDIR_SYNC_FILE_RANGE:
 	case DDIR_WAIT:
 	case DDIR_LAST:
 	case DDIR_INVAL:
+	case DDIR_TIMEOUT:
 		goto accept;
 	}
 
 	assert(false);
 
 accept:
-	assert(zb);
+	assert(zb->has_wp);
 	assert(zb->cond != ZBD_ZONE_COND_OFFLINE);
 	assert(!io_u->zbd_queue_io);
 	assert(!io_u->zbd_put_io);
+
 	io_u->zbd_queue_io = zbd_queue_io;
 	io_u->zbd_put_io = zbd_put_io;
+
+	/*
+	 * Since we return with the zone lock still held,
+	 * add an annotation to let Coverity know that it
+	 * is intentional.
+	 */
+	/* coverity[missing_unlock] */
+
 	return io_u_accept;
 
 eof:
-	if (zb)
-		pthread_mutex_unlock(&zb->mutex);
+	if (zb && zb->has_wp)
+		zone_unlock(zb);
+
 	return io_u_eof;
 }
 
@@ -1703,7 +2214,52 @@ char *zbd_write_status(const struct thread_stat *ts)
 {
 	char *res;
 
-	if (asprintf(&res, "; %llu zone resets", (unsigned long long) ts->nr_zone_resets) < 0)
+	if (asprintf(&res, "; %"PRIu64" zone resets", ts->nr_zone_resets) < 0)
 		return NULL;
 	return res;
 }
+
+/**
+ * zbd_do_io_u_trim - If reset zone is applicable, do reset zone instead of trim
+ *
+ * @td: FIO thread data.
+ * @io_u: FIO I/O unit.
+ *
+ * It is assumed that z->mutex is already locked.
+ * Return io_u_completed when reset zone succeeds. Return 0 when the target zone
+ * does not have write pointer. On error, return negative errno.
+ */
+int zbd_do_io_u_trim(struct thread_data *td, struct io_u *io_u)
+{
+	struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
+	struct fio_zone_info *z;
+	int ret;
+
+	z = zbd_offset_to_zone(f, io_u->offset);
+	if (!z->has_wp)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (io_u->offset != z->start) {
+		log_err("Trim offset not at zone start (%lld)\n",
+			io_u->offset);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	ret = zbd_reset_zone((struct thread_data *)td, f, z);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	return io_u_completed;
+}
+
+void zbd_log_err(const struct thread_data *td, const struct io_u *io_u)
+{
+	const struct fio_file *f = io_u->file;
+
+	if (td->o.zone_mode != ZONE_MODE_ZBD)
+		return;
+
+	if (io_u->error == EOVERFLOW)
+		log_err("%s: Exceeded max_active_zones limit. Check conditions of zones out of I/O ranges.\n",
+			f->file_name);
+}