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fio
---

fio is a tool that will spawn a number of threads or processes doing a
particular type of io action as specified by the user. fio takes a
number of global parameters, each inherited by the thread unless
otherwise parameters given to them overriding that setting is given.
The typical use of fio is to write a job file matching the io load
one wants to simulate.


Source
------

fio resides in a git repo, the canonical place is:

git://git.kernel.dk/fio.git

If you are inside a corporate firewall, git:// may not always work for
you. In that case you can use the http protocol, path is the same:

http://git.kernel.dk/fio.git

Snapshots are frequently generated and they include the git meta data as
well. You can download them here:

http://brick.kernel.dk/snaps/


Binary packages
---------------

Debian:
Starting with Debian "Squeeze", fio packages are part of the official
Debian repository. http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=fio

Ubuntu:
Starting with Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (aka "Lucid Lynx"), fio packages are part
of the Ubuntu "universe" repository.
http://packages.ubuntu.com/search?keywords=fio

SUSE:
Pascal Bleser <guru@unixtech.be> has fio RPMs in his repository for SUSE
variants, you can find them here:
http://linux01.gwdg.de/~pbleser/rpm-navigation.php?cat=System/fio

Red Hat, CentOS & Co:
Dag Wieërs has RPMs for Red Hat related distros, find them here:
http://dag.wieers.com/rpm/packages/fio/

Mandriva:
Mandriva has integrated fio into their package repository, so installing
on that distro should be as easy as typing 'urpmi fio'.

Solaris:
Packages for Solaris are available from OpenCSW. Install their pkgutil
tool (http://www.opencsw.org/get-it/pkgutil/) and then install fio via
'pkgutil -i fio'.

Windows:
Bruce Cran <bruce@cran.org.uk> has fio packages for Windows at
http://www.bluestop.org/fio .


Mailing list
------------

There's a mailing list associated with fio. It's meant for general
discussion, bug reporting, questions, and development - basically anything
that has to do with fio. An automated mail detailing recent commits is
automatically sent to the list at most daily. The list address is
fio@vger.kernel.org, subscribe by sending an email to
majordomo@vger.kernel.org with

subscribe fio

in the body of the email. Archives can be found here:

http://www.spinics.net/lists/fio/

and archives for the old list can be found here:

http://maillist.kernel.dk/fio-devel/


Building
--------

Just type 'make' and 'make install'.

Note that GNU make is required. On BSD it's available from devel/gmake;
on Solaris it's in the SUNWgmake package. On platforms where GNU make
isn't the default, type 'gmake' instead of 'make'.

If your compile fails with an error like this:

    CC gettime.o
In file included from fio.h:23,
                 from gettime.c:8:
os/os.h:15:20: error: libaio.h: No such file or directory
In file included from gettime.c:8:
fio.h:119: error: field 'iocb' has incomplete type
make: *** [gettime.o] Error 1

Check that you have the libaio development package installed. On RPM
based distros, it's typically called libaio-devel.


Windows
-------

On Windows Cygwin (http://www.cygwin.com/) is required in order to
build fio. To create an MSI installer package install WiX 3.7 from
http://wixtoolset.org and run dobuild.cmd from the
os/windows directory.

How to compile FIO on 64-bit Windows:

 1. Install Cygwin (http://www.cygwin.com/setup.exe). Install 'make' and all
    packages starting with 'mingw64-i686' and 'mingw64-x86_64'.
 2. Download ftp://sourceware.org/pub/pthreads-win32/prebuilt-dll-2-9-1-release/dll/x64/pthreadGC2.dll
    and copy to the fio source directory.
 3. Open the Cygwin Terminal.
 4. Go to the fio directory (source files).
 5. Run 'make clean'.
 6. Run 'make'.


Command line
------------

$ fio
        --debug                 Enable some debugging options (see below)
        --output                Write output to file
        --runtime               Runtime in seconds
        --latency-log           Generate per-job latency logs
        --bandwidth-log         Generate per-job bandwidth logs
        --minimal               Minimal (terse) output
        --output-format=type    Output format (terse,json,normal)
        --terse-version=type    Terse version output format (default 3, or 2 or 4).
        --version               Print version info and exit
        --help                  Print this page
        --cpuclock-test         Perform test/validation of CPU clock
        --cmdhelp=cmd           Print command help, "all" for all of them
        --enghelp=engine        Print ioengine help, or list available ioengines
        --enghelp=engine,cmd    Print help for an ioengine cmd
        --showcmd               Turn a job file into command line options
        --readonly              Turn on safety read-only checks, preventing
                                writes
        --eta=when              When ETA estimate should be printed
                                May be "always", "never" or "auto"
        --section=name          Only run specified section in job file.
                                Multiple sections can be specified.
        --alloc-size=kb         Set smalloc pool to this size in kb (def 1024)
        --warnings-fatal        Fio parser warnings are fatal
        --max-jobs              Maximum number of threads/processes to support
        --server=args           Start backend server. See Client/Server section.
        --client=host           Connect to specified backend.
        --idle-prof=option      Report cpu idleness on a system or percpu basis
                                (option=system,percpu) or run unit work
                                calibration only (option=calibrate).


Any parameters following the options will be assumed to be job files,
unless they match a job file parameter. You can add as many as you want,
each job file will be regarded as a separate group and fio will stonewall
its execution.

The --readonly switch is an extra safety guard to prevent accidentally
turning on a write setting when that is not desired. Fio will only write
if rw=write/randwrite/rw/randrw is given, but this extra safety net can
be used as an extra precaution. It will also enable a write check in the
io engine core to prevent an accidental write due to a fio bug.

The debug switch allows adding options that trigger certain logging
options in fio. Currently the options are:

        process         Dump info related to processes
        file            Dump info related to file actions
        io              Dump info related to IO queuing
        mem             Dump info related to memory allocations
        blktrace        Dump info related to blktrace setup
        verify          Dump info related to IO verification
        all             Enable all debug options
        random          Dump info related to random offset generation
        parse           Dump info related to option matching and parsing
        diskutil        Dump info related to disk utilization updates
        job:x           Dump info only related to job number x
        mutex           Dump info only related to mutex up/down ops
        profile         Dump info related to profile extensions
        time            Dump info related to internal time keeping
        ? or help       Show available debug options.

You can specify as many as you want, eg --debug=file,mem will enable
file and memory debugging.

The section switch is meant to make it easier to ship a bigger job file
instead of several smaller ones. Say you define a job file with light,
moderate, and heavy parts. Then you can ask fio to run the given part
only by giving it a --section=heavy command line option. The section
option only applies to job sections, the reserved 'global' section is
always parsed and taken into account.

Fio has an internal allocator for shared memory called smalloc. It
allocates shared structures from this pool. The pool defaults to 1024k
in size, and can grow to 128 pools. If running large jobs with randommap
enabled it can run out of memory, in which case the --alloc-size switch
is handy for starting with a larger pool size. The backing store is
files in /tmp. Fio cleans up after itself, while it is running you
may see .fio_smalloc.* files in /tmp.


Job file
--------

See the HOWTO file for a more detailed description of parameters and what
they mean. This file contains the terse version. You can describe big and
complex setups with the command line, but generally it's a lot easier to
just write a simple job file to describe the workload. The job file format
is in the ini style format, as that is easy to read and write for the user.

The job file parameters are:

        name=x          Use 'x' as the identifier for this job.
        description=x   'x' is a text description of the job.
        directory=x     Use 'x' as the top level directory for storing files
        filename=x      Force the use of 'x' as the filename for all files
                        in this thread. If not given, fio will make up
                        a suitable filename based on the thread and file
                        number.
        rw=x            'x' may be: read, randread, write, randwrite,
                        rw (read-write mix), randrw (read-write random mix)
        rwmixcycle=x    Base cycle for switching between read and write
                        in msecs.
        rwmixread=x     'x' percentage of rw mix ios will be reads. If
                        rwmixwrite is also given, the last of the two will
                         be used if they don't add up to 100%.
        rwmixwrite=x    'x' percentage of rw mix ios will be writes. See
                        rwmixread.
        rand_repeatable=x  The sequence of random io blocks can be repeatable
                        across runs, if 'x' is 1.
        size=x          Set file size to x bytes (x string can include k/m/g)
        ioengine=x      'x' may be: aio/libaio/linuxaio for Linux aio,
                        posixaio for POSIX aio, solarisaio for Solaris
                        native async IO, windowsaio for Windows native async IO,
                        sync for regular read/write io,
                        psync for regular pread/pwrite io, vsync for regular
                        readv/writev (with queuing emulation) mmap for mmap'ed
                        io, syslet-rw for syslet driven read/write, splice for
                        using splice/vmsplice, sg for direct SG_IO io, net
                        for network io, rdma for RDMA io, or cpuio for a
                        cycler burner load. sg only works on Linux on
                        SCSI (or SCSI-like devices, such as usb-storage or
                        sata/libata driven) devices. Fio also has a null
                        io engine, which is mainly used for testing
                        fio itself.

        iodepth=x       For async io, allow 'x' ios in flight
        overwrite=x     If 'x', layout a write file first.
        nrfiles=x       Spread io load over 'x' number of files per job,
                        if possible.
        prio=x          Run io at prio X, 0-7 is the kernel allowed range
        prioclass=x     Run io at prio class X
        bs=x            Use 'x' for thread blocksize. May include k/m postfix.
        bsrange=x-y     Mix thread block sizes randomly between x and y. May
                        also include k/m postfix.
        direct=x        1 for direct IO, 0 for buffered IO
        thinktime=x     "Think" x usec after each io
        rate=x          Throttle rate to x KB/sec
        ratemin=x       Quit if rate of x KB/sec can't be met
        ratecycle=x     ratemin averaged over x msecs
        cpumask=x       Only allow job to run on CPUs defined by mask.
        cpus_allowed=x  Like 'cpumask', but allow text setting of CPU affinity.
        numa_cpu_nodes=x,y-z  Allow job to run on specified NUMA nodes' CPU.
        numa_mem_policy=m:x,y-z  Setup numa memory allocation policy.
                        'm' stands for policy, such as local, interleave,
                        bind, prefer, local. 'x, y-z' are numa node(s) for
                        memory allocation according to policy.
        fsync=x         If writing with buffered IO, fsync after every
                        'x' blocks have been written.
        end_fsync=x     If 'x', run fsync() after end-of-job.
        startdelay=x    Start this thread x seconds after startup
        runtime=x       Terminate x seconds after startup. Can include a
                        normal time suffix if not given in seconds, such as
                        'm' for minutes, 'h' for hours, and 'd' for days.
        offset=x        Start io at offset x (x string can include k/m/g)
        invalidate=x    Invalidate page cache for file prior to doing io
        sync=x          Use sync writes if x and writing buffered IO.
        mem=x           If x == malloc, use malloc for buffers. If x == shm,
                        use shared memory for buffers. If x == mmap, use
                        anonymous mmap.
        exitall         When one thread quits, terminate the others
        bwavgtime=x     Average bandwidth stats over an x msec window.
        create_serialize=x      If 'x', serialize file creation.
        create_fsync=x  If 'x', run fsync() after file creation.
        unlink          If set, unlink files when done.
        loops=x         Run the job 'x' number of times.
        verify=x        If 'x' == md5, use md5 for verifies. If 'x' == crc32,
                        use crc32 for verifies. md5 is 'safer', but crc32 is
                        a lot faster. Only makes sense for writing to a file.
                        For other types of checksumming, see HOWTO.
        stonewall       Wait for preceeding jobs to end before running.
        numjobs=x       Create 'x' similar entries for this job
        thread          Use pthreads instead of forked jobs
        zonesize=x
        zoneskip=y      Zone options must be paired. If given, the job
                        will skip y bytes for every x read/written. This
                        can be used to gauge hard drive speed over the entire
                        platter, without reading everything. Both x/y can
                        include k/m/g suffix.
        read_iolog=x    Open and read io pattern from file 'x'. The file format
                        is described in the HOWTO.
        write_iolog=x   Write an iolog to file 'x' in the same format as iolog.
                        The iolog options are exclusive, if both given the
                        read iolog will be performed.  Specify a separate file
                        for each job, otherwise the iologs will be interspersed
                        and the file may be corrupt.
        write_bw_log    Write a bandwidth log.
        write_lat_log   Write a latency log.
        lockmem=x       Lock down x amount of memory on the machine, to
                        simulate a machine with less memory available. x can
                        include k/m/g suffix.
        nice=x          Run job at given nice value.
        exec_prerun=x   Run 'x' before job io is begun.
        exec_postrun=x  Run 'x' after job io has finished.
        ioscheduler=x   Use ioscheduler 'x' for this job.
        cpuload=x       For a CPU io thread, percentage of CPU time to attempt
                        to burn.
        cpuchunks=x     Split burn cycles into pieces of x usecs.



Client/server
------------

Normally you would run fio as a stand-alone application on the machine
where the IO workload should be generated. However, it is also possible to
run the frontend and backend of fio separately. This makes it possible to
have a fio server running on the machine(s) where the IO workload should
be running, while controlling it from another machine.

To start the server, you would do:

fio --server=args

on that machine, where args defines what fio listens to. The arguments
are of the form 'type,hostname or IP,port'. 'type' is either 'ip' (or ip4)
for TCP/IP v4, 'ip6' for TCP/IP v6, or 'sock' for a local unix domain socket.
'hostname' is either a hostname or IP address, and 'port' is the port to
listen to (only valid for TCP/IP, not a local socket). Some examples:

1) fio --server

   Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on the default port (8765).

2) fio --server=ip:hostname,4444

   Start a fio server, listening on IP belonging to hostname and on port 4444.

3) fio --server=ip6:::1,4444

   Start a fio server, listening on IPv6 localhost ::1 and on port 4444.

4) fio --server=,4444

   Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on port 4444.

5) fio --server=1.2.3.4

   Start a fio server, listening on IP 1.2.3.4 on the default port.

6) fio --server=sock:/tmp/fio.sock

   Start a fio server, listening on the local socket /tmp/fio.sock.

When a server is running, you can connect to it from a client. The client
is run with:

fio --local-args --client=server --remote-args <job file(s)>

where --local-args are arguments that are local to the client where it is
running, 'server' is the connect string, and --remote-args and <job file(s)>
are sent to the server. The 'server' string follows the same format as it
does on the server side, to allow IP/hostname/socket and port strings.
You can connect to multiple clients as well, to do that you could run:

fio --client=server2 <job file(s)> --client=server2 <job file(s)>


Platforms
---------

Fio works on (at least) Linux, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, OSX, NetBSD, Windows
and FreeBSD.  Some features and/or options may only be available on some of
the platforms, typically because those features only apply to that platform
(like the solarisaio engine, or the splice engine on Linux).

Some features are not available on FreeBSD/Solaris even if they could be
implemented, I'd be happy to take patches for that. An example of that is
disk utility statistics and (I think) huge page support, support for that
does exist in FreeBSD/Solaris.

Fio uses pthread mutexes for signalling and locking and FreeBSD does not
support process shared pthread mutexes. As a result, only threads are
supported on FreeBSD. This could be fixed with sysv ipc locking or
other locking alternatives.

Other *BSD platforms are untested, but fio should work there almost out
of the box. Since I don't do test runs or even compiles on those platforms,
your mileage may vary. Sending me patches for other platforms is greatly
appreciated. There's a lot of value in having the same test/benchmark tool
available on all platforms.

Note that POSIX aio is not enabled by default on AIX. If you get messages like:

    Symbol resolution failed for /usr/lib/libc.a(posix_aio.o) because:
        Symbol _posix_kaio_rdwr (number 2) is not exported from dependent module /unix.

you need to enable POSIX aio. Run the following commands as root:

    # lsdev -C -l posix_aio0
        posix_aio0 Defined  Posix Asynchronous I/O
    # cfgmgr -l posix_aio0
    # lsdev -C -l posix_aio0
        posix_aio0 Available  Posix Asynchronous I/O

POSIX aio should work now. To make the change permanent:

    # chdev -l posix_aio0 -P -a autoconfig='available'
        posix_aio0 changed


Author
------

Fio was written by Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> to enable flexible testing
of the Linux IO subsystem and schedulers. He got tired of writing
specific test applications to simulate a given workload, and found that
the existing io benchmark/test tools out there weren't flexible enough
to do what he wanted.

Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> 20060905