8 5. Detailed list of parameters
13 1.0 Overview and history
14 ------------------------
15 fio was originally written to save me the hassle of writing special test
16 case programs when I wanted to test a specific workload, either for
17 performance reasons or to find/reproduce a bug. The process of writing
18 such a test app can be tiresome, especially if you have to do it often.
19 Hence I needed a tool that would be able to simulate a given io workload
20 without resorting to writing a tailored test case again and again.
22 A test work load is difficult to define, though. There can be any number
23 of processes or threads involved, and they can each be using their own
24 way of generating io. You could have someone dirtying large amounts of
25 memory in an memory mapped file, or maybe several threads issuing
26 reads using asynchronous io. fio needed to be flexible enough to
27 simulate both of these cases, and many more.
31 The first step in getting fio to simulate a desired io workload, is
32 writing a job file describing that specific setup. A job file may contain
33 any number of threads and/or files - the typical contents of the job file
34 is a global section defining shared parameters, and one or more job
35 sections describing the jobs involved. When run, fio parses this file
36 and sets everything up as described. If we break down a job from top to
37 bottom, it contains the following basic parameters:
39 IO type Defines the io pattern issued to the file(s).
40 We may only be reading sequentially from this
41 file(s), or we may be writing randomly. Or even
42 mixing reads and writes, sequentially or randomly.
44 Block size In how large chunks are we issuing io? This may be
45 a single value, or it may describe a range of
48 IO size How much data are we going to be reading/writing.
50 IO engine How do we issue io? We could be memory mapping the
51 file, we could be using regular read/write, we
52 could be using splice, async io, syslet, or even
55 IO depth If the io engine is async, how large a queuing
56 depth do we want to maintain?
58 IO type Should we be doing buffered io, or direct/raw io?
60 Num files How many files are we spreading the workload over.
62 Num threads How many threads or processes should we spread
65 The above are the basic parameters defined for a workload, in addition
66 there's a multitude of parameters that modify other aspects of how this
72 See the README file for command line parameters, there are only a few
75 Running fio is normally the easiest part - you just give it the job file
76 (or job files) as parameters:
80 and it will start doing what the job_file tells it to do. You can give
81 more than one job file on the command line, fio will serialize the running
82 of those files. Internally that is the same as using the 'stonewall'
83 parameter described the the parameter section.
85 If the job file contains only one job, you may as well just give the
86 parameters on the command line. The command line parameters are identical
87 to the job parameters, with a few extra that control global parameters
88 (see README). For example, for the job file parameter iodepth=2, the
89 mirror command line option would be --iodepth 2 or --iodepth=2. You can
90 also use the command line for giving more than one job entry. For each
91 --name option that fio sees, it will start a new job with that name.
92 Command line entries following a --name entry will apply to that job,
93 until there are no more entries or a new --name entry is seen. This is
94 similar to the job file options, where each option applies to the current
95 job until a new [] job entry is seen.
97 fio does not need to run as root, except if the files or devices specified
98 in the job section requires that. Some other options may also be restricted,
99 such as memory locking, io scheduler switching, and decreasing the nice value.
104 As previously described, fio accepts one or more job files describing
105 what it is supposed to do. The job file format is the classic ini file,
106 where the names enclosed in [] brackets define the job name. You are free
107 to use any ascii name you want, except 'global' which has special meaning.
108 A global section sets defaults for the jobs described in that file. A job
109 may override a global section parameter, and a job file may even have
110 several global sections if so desired. A job is only affected by a global
111 section residing above it. If the first character in a line is a ';' or a
112 '#', the entire line is discarded as a comment.
114 So let's look at a really simple job file that defines two processes, each
115 randomly reading from a 128MiB file.
117 ; -- start job file --
128 As you can see, the job file sections themselves are empty as all the
129 described parameters are shared. As no filename= option is given, fio
130 makes up a filename for each of the jobs as it sees fit. On the command
131 line, this job would look as follows:
133 $ fio --name=global --rw=randread --size=128m --name=job1 --name=job2
136 Let's look at an example that has a number of processes writing randomly
139 ; -- start job file --
151 Here we have no global section, as we only have one job defined anyway.
152 We want to use async io here, with a depth of 4 for each file. We also
153 increased the buffer size used to 32KiB and define numjobs to 4 to
154 fork 4 identical jobs. The result is 4 processes each randomly writing
155 to their own 64MiB file. Instead of using the above job file, you could
156 have given the parameters on the command line. For this case, you would
159 $ fio --name=random-writers --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=4 --rw=randwrite --bs=32k --direct=0 --size=64m --numjobs=4
161 fio also supports environment variable expansion in job files. Any
162 substring of the form "${VARNAME}" as part of an option value (in other
163 words, on the right of the `='), will be expanded to the value of the
164 environment variable called VARNAME. If no such environment variable
165 is defined, or VARNAME is the empty string, the empty string will be
168 As an example, let's look at a sample fio invocation and job file:
170 $ SIZE=64m NUMJOBS=4 fio jobfile.fio
172 ; -- start job file --
179 This will expand to the following equivalent job file at runtime:
181 ; -- start job file --
188 fio ships with a few example job files, you can also look there for
192 5.0 Detailed list of parameters
193 -------------------------------
195 This section describes in details each parameter associated with a job.
196 Some parameters take an option of a given type, such as an integer or
197 a string. The following types are used:
199 str String. This is a sequence of alpha characters.
200 time Integer with possible time postfix. In seconds unless otherwise
201 specified, use eg 10m for 10 minutes. Accepts s/m/h for seconds,
203 int SI integer. A whole number value, which may contain a postfix
204 describing the base of the number. Accepted postfixes are k/m/g,
205 meaning kilo, mega, and giga. So if you want to specify 4096,
206 you could either write out '4096' or just give 4k. The postfixes
207 signify base 2 values, so 1024 is 1k and 1024k is 1m and so on.
208 If the option accepts an upper and lower range, use a colon ':'
209 or minus '-' to separate such values. May also include a prefix
210 to indicate numbers base. If 0x is used, the number is assumed to
211 be hexadecimal. See irange.
212 bool Boolean. Usually parsed as an integer, however only defined for
213 true and false (1 and 0).
214 irange Integer range with postfix. Allows value range to be given, such
215 as 1024-4096. A colon may also be used as the separator, eg
216 1k:4k. If the option allows two sets of ranges, they can be
217 specified with a ',' or '/' delimiter: 1k-4k/8k-32k. Also see
220 With the above in mind, here follows the complete list of fio job
223 name=str ASCII name of the job. This may be used to override the
224 name printed by fio for this job. Otherwise the job
225 name is used. On the command line this parameter has the
226 special purpose of also signaling the start of a new
229 description=str Text description of the job. Doesn't do anything except
230 dump this text description when this job is run. It's
233 directory=str Prefix filenames with this directory. Used to place files
234 in a different location than "./".
236 filename=str Fio normally makes up a filename based on the job name,
237 thread number, and file number. If you want to share
238 files between threads in a job or several jobs, specify
239 a filename for each of them to override the default. If
240 the ioengine used is 'net', the filename is the host, port,
241 and protocol to use in the format of =host/port/protocol.
242 See ioengine=net for more. If the ioengine is file based, you
243 can specify a number of files by separating the names with a
244 ':' colon. So if you wanted a job to open /dev/sda and /dev/sdb
245 as the two working files, you would use
246 filename=/dev/sda:/dev/sdb. '-' is a reserved name, meaning
247 stdin or stdout. Which of the two depends on the read/write
250 opendir=str Tell fio to recursively add any file it can find in this
251 directory and down the file system tree.
253 lockfile=str Fio defaults to not locking any files before it does
254 IO to them. If a file or file descriptor is shared, fio
255 can serialize IO to that file to make the end result
256 consistent. This is usual for emulating real workloads that
257 share files. The lock modes are:
259 none No locking. The default.
260 exclusive Only one thread/process may do IO,
261 excluding all others.
262 readwrite Read-write locking on the file. Many
263 readers may access the file at the
264 same time, but writes get exclusive
267 The option may be post-fixed with a lock batch number. If
268 set, then each thread/process may do that amount of IOs to
269 the file before giving up the lock. Since lock acquisition is
270 expensive, batching the lock/unlocks will speed up IO.
273 rw=str Type of io pattern. Accepted values are:
275 read Sequential reads
276 write Sequential writes
277 randwrite Random writes
278 randread Random reads
279 rw Sequential mixed reads and writes
280 randrw Random mixed reads and writes
282 For the mixed io types, the default is to split them 50/50.
283 For certain types of io the result may still be skewed a bit,
284 since the speed may be different. It is possible to specify
285 a number of IO's to do before getting a new offset - this
286 is only useful for random IO, where fio would normally
287 generate a new random offset for every IO. If you append
288 eg 8 to randread, you would get a new random offset for
289 every 8 IO's. The result would be a seek for only every 8
290 IO's, instead of for every IO. Use rw=randread:8 to specify
293 randrepeat=bool For random IO workloads, seed the generator in a predictable
294 way so that results are repeatable across repetitions.
296 fadvise_hint=bool By default, fio will use fadvise() to advise the kernel
297 on what IO patterns it is likely to issue. Sometimes you
298 want to test specific IO patterns without telling the
299 kernel about it, in which case you can disable this option.
300 If set, fio will use POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL for sequential
301 IO and POSIX_FADV_RANDOM for random IO.
303 size=int The total size of file io for this job. Fio will run until
304 this many bytes has been transferred, unless runtime is
305 limited by other options (such as 'runtime', for instance).
306 Unless specific nrfiles and filesize options are given,
307 fio will divide this size between the available files
308 specified by the job.
310 filesize=int Individual file sizes. May be a range, in which case fio
311 will select sizes for files at random within the given range
312 and limited to 'size' in total (if that is given). If not
313 given, each created file is the same size.
315 fill_device=bool Sets size to something really large and waits for ENOSPC (no
316 space left on device) as the terminating condition. Only makes
317 sense with sequential write. For a read workload, the mount
318 point will be filled first then IO started on the result.
321 bs=int The block size used for the io units. Defaults to 4k. Values
322 can be given for both read and writes. If a single int is
323 given, it will apply to both. If a second int is specified
324 after a comma, it will apply to writes only. In other words,
325 the format is either bs=read_and_write or bs=read,write.
326 bs=4k,8k will thus use 4k blocks for reads, and 8k blocks
327 for writes. If you only wish to set the write size, you
328 can do so by passing an empty read size - bs=,8k will set
329 8k for writes and leave the read default value.
332 ba=int At what boundary to align random IO offsets. Defaults to
333 the same as 'blocksize' the minimum blocksize given.
334 Minimum alignment is typically 512b for using direct IO,
335 though it usually depends on the hardware block size. This
336 option is mutually exclusive with using a random map for
337 files, so it will turn off that option.
339 blocksize_range=irange
340 bsrange=irange Instead of giving a single block size, specify a range
341 and fio will mix the issued io block sizes. The issued
342 io unit will always be a multiple of the minimum value
343 given (also see bs_unaligned). Applies to both reads and
344 writes, however a second range can be given after a comma.
347 bssplit=str Sometimes you want even finer grained control of the
348 block sizes issued, not just an even split between them.
349 This option allows you to weight various block sizes,
350 so that you are able to define a specific amount of
351 block sizes issued. The format for this option is:
353 bssplit=blocksize/percentage:blocksize/percentage
355 for as many block sizes as needed. So if you want to define
356 a workload that has 50% 64k blocks, 10% 4k blocks, and
357 40% 32k blocks, you would write:
359 bssplit=4k/10:64k/50:32k/40
361 Ordering does not matter. If the percentage is left blank,
362 fio will fill in the remaining values evenly. So a bssplit
363 option like this one:
365 bssplit=4k/50:1k/:32k/
367 would have 50% 4k ios, and 25% 1k and 32k ios. The percentages
368 always add up to 100, if bssplit is given a range that adds
369 up to more, it will error out.
371 bssplit also supports giving separate splits to reads and
372 writes. The format is identical to what bs= accepts. You
373 have to separate the read and write parts with a comma. So
374 if you want a workload that has 50% 2k reads and 50% 4k reads,
375 while having 90% 4k writes and 10% 8k writes, you would
378 bssplit=2k/50:4k/50,4k/90,8k/10
381 bs_unaligned If this option is given, any byte size value within bsrange
382 may be used as a block range. This typically wont work with
383 direct IO, as that normally requires sector alignment.
385 zero_buffers If this option is given, fio will init the IO buffers to
386 all zeroes. The default is to fill them with random data.
388 refill_buffers If this option is given, fio will refill the IO buffers
389 on every submit. The default is to only fill it at init
390 time and reuse that data. Only makes sense if zero_buffers
391 isn't specified, naturally. If data verification is enabled,
392 refill_buffers is also automatically enabled.
394 nrfiles=int Number of files to use for this job. Defaults to 1.
396 openfiles=int Number of files to keep open at the same time. Defaults to
397 the same as nrfiles, can be set smaller to limit the number
400 file_service_type=str Defines how fio decides which file from a job to
401 service next. The following types are defined:
403 random Just choose a file at random.
405 roundrobin Round robin over open files. This
408 sequential Finish one file before moving on to
409 the next. Multiple files can still be
410 open depending on 'openfiles'.
412 The string can have a number appended, indicating how
413 often to switch to a new file. So if option random:4 is
414 given, fio will switch to a new random file after 4 ios
417 ioengine=str Defines how the job issues io to the file. The following
420 sync Basic read(2) or write(2) io. lseek(2) is
421 used to position the io location.
423 psync Basic pread(2) or pwrite(2) io.
425 vsync Basic readv(2) or writev(2) IO.
427 libaio Linux native asynchronous io. Note that Linux
428 may only support queued behaviour with
429 non-buffered IO (set direct=1 or buffered=0).
431 posixaio glibc posix asynchronous io.
433 solarisaio Solaris native asynchronous io.
435 mmap File is memory mapped and data copied
436 to/from using memcpy(3).
438 splice splice(2) is used to transfer the data and
439 vmsplice(2) to transfer data from user
442 syslet-rw Use the syslet system calls to make
443 regular read/write async.
445 sg SCSI generic sg v3 io. May either be
446 synchronous using the SG_IO ioctl, or if
447 the target is an sg character device
448 we use read(2) and write(2) for asynchronous
451 null Doesn't transfer any data, just pretends
452 to. This is mainly used to exercise fio
453 itself and for debugging/testing purposes.
455 net Transfer over the network to given host:port.
456 'filename' must be set appropriately to
457 filename=host/port/protocol regardless of send
458 or receive, if the latter only the port
459 argument is used. 'host' may be an IP address
460 or hostname, port is the port number to be used,
461 and protocol may be 'udp' or 'tcp'. If no
462 protocol is given, TCP is used.
464 netsplice Like net, but uses splice/vmsplice to
465 map data and send/receive.
467 cpuio Doesn't transfer any data, but burns CPU
468 cycles according to the cpuload= and
469 cpucycle= options. Setting cpuload=85
470 will cause that job to do nothing but burn
471 85% of the CPU. In case of SMP machines,
472 use numjobs=<no_of_cpu> to get desired CPU
473 usage, as the cpuload only loads a single
474 CPU at the desired rate.
476 guasi The GUASI IO engine is the Generic Userspace
477 Asyncronous Syscall Interface approach
480 http://www.xmailserver.org/guasi-lib.html
482 for more info on GUASI.
484 external Prefix to specify loading an external
485 IO engine object file. Append the engine
486 filename, eg ioengine=external:/tmp/foo.o
487 to load ioengine foo.o in /tmp.
489 iodepth=int This defines how many io units to keep in flight against
490 the file. The default is 1 for each file defined in this
491 job, can be overridden with a larger value for higher
494 iodepth_batch_submit=int
495 iodepth_batch=int This defines how many pieces of IO to submit at once.
496 It defaults to 1 which means that we submit each IO
497 as soon as it is available, but can be raised to submit
498 bigger batches of IO at the time.
500 iodepth_batch_complete=int This defines how many pieces of IO to retrieve
501 at once. It defaults to 1 which means that we'll ask
502 for a minimum of 1 IO in the retrieval process from
503 the kernel. The IO retrieval will go on until we
504 hit the limit set by iodepth_low. If this variable is
505 set to 0, then fio will always check for completed
506 events before queuing more IO. This helps reduce
507 IO latency, at the cost of more retrieval system calls.
509 iodepth_low=int The low water mark indicating when to start filling
510 the queue again. Defaults to the same as iodepth, meaning
511 that fio will attempt to keep the queue full at all times.
512 If iodepth is set to eg 16 and iodepth_low is set to 4, then
513 after fio has filled the queue of 16 requests, it will let
514 the depth drain down to 4 before starting to fill it again.
516 direct=bool If value is true, use non-buffered io. This is usually
519 buffered=bool If value is true, use buffered io. This is the opposite
520 of the 'direct' option. Defaults to true.
522 offset=int Start io at the given offset in the file. The data before
523 the given offset will not be touched. This effectively
524 caps the file size at real_size - offset.
526 fsync=int If writing to a file, issue a sync of the dirty data
527 for every number of blocks given. For example, if you give
528 32 as a parameter, fio will sync the file for every 32
529 writes issued. If fio is using non-buffered io, we may
530 not sync the file. The exception is the sg io engine, which
531 synchronizes the disk cache anyway.
533 overwrite=bool If true, writes to a file will always overwrite existing
534 data. If the file doesn't already exist, it will be
535 created before the write phase begins. If the file exists
536 and is large enough for the specified write phase, nothing
539 end_fsync=bool If true, fsync file contents when the job exits.
541 fsync_on_close=bool If true, fio will fsync() a dirty file on close.
542 This differs from end_fsync in that it will happen on every
543 file close, not just at the end of the job.
545 rwmixread=int How large a percentage of the mix should be reads.
547 rwmixwrite=int How large a percentage of the mix should be writes. If both
548 rwmixread and rwmixwrite is given and the values do not add
549 up to 100%, the latter of the two will be used to override
550 the first. This may interfere with a given rate setting,
551 if fio is asked to limit reads or writes to a certain rate.
552 If that is the case, then the distribution may be skewed.
554 norandommap Normally fio will cover every block of the file when doing
555 random IO. If this option is given, fio will just get a
556 new random offset without looking at past io history. This
557 means that some blocks may not be read or written, and that
558 some blocks may be read/written more than once. This option
559 is mutually exclusive with verify= if and only if multiple
560 blocksizes (via bsrange=) are used, since fio only tracks
561 complete rewrites of blocks.
563 softrandommap See norandommap. If fio runs with the random block map enabled
564 and it fails to allocate the map, if this option is set it
565 will continue without a random block map. As coverage will
566 not be as complete as with random maps, this option is
569 nice=int Run the job with the given nice value. See man nice(2).
571 prio=int Set the io priority value of this job. Linux limits us to
572 a positive value between 0 and 7, with 0 being the highest.
575 prioclass=int Set the io priority class. See man ionice(1).
577 thinktime=int Stall the job x microseconds after an io has completed before
578 issuing the next. May be used to simulate processing being
579 done by an application. See thinktime_blocks and
583 Only valid if thinktime is set - pretend to spend CPU time
584 doing something with the data received, before falling back
585 to sleeping for the rest of the period specified by
589 Only valid if thinktime is set - control how many blocks
590 to issue, before waiting 'thinktime' usecs. If not set,
591 defaults to 1 which will make fio wait 'thinktime' usecs
594 rate=int Cap the bandwidth used by this job. The number is in bytes/sec,
595 the normal postfix rules apply. You can use rate=500k to limit
596 reads and writes to 500k each, or you can specify read and
597 writes separately. Using rate=1m,500k would limit reads to
598 1MB/sec and writes to 500KB/sec. Capping only reads or
599 writes can be done with rate=,500k or rate=500k,. The former
600 will only limit writes (to 500KB/sec), the latter will only
603 ratemin=int Tell fio to do whatever it can to maintain at least this
604 bandwidth. Failing to meet this requirement, will cause
605 the job to exit. The same format as rate is used for
606 read vs write separation.
608 rate_iops=int Cap the bandwidth to this number of IOPS. Basically the same
609 as rate, just specified independently of bandwidth. If the
610 job is given a block size range instead of a fixed value,
611 the smallest block size is used as the metric. The same format
612 as rate is used for read vs write seperation.
614 rate_iops_min=int If fio doesn't meet this rate of IO, it will cause
615 the job to exit. The same format as rate is used for read vs
618 ratecycle=int Average bandwidth for 'rate' and 'ratemin' over this number
621 cpumask=int Set the CPU affinity of this job. The parameter given is a
622 bitmask of allowed CPU's the job may run on. So if you want
623 the allowed CPUs to be 1 and 5, you would pass the decimal
624 value of (1 << 1 | 1 << 5), or 34. See man
625 sched_setaffinity(2). This may not work on all supported
626 operating systems or kernel versions. This option doesn't
627 work well for a higher CPU count than what you can store in
628 an integer mask, so it can only control cpus 1-32. For
629 boxes with larger CPU counts, use cpus_allowed.
631 cpus_allowed=str Controls the same options as cpumask, but it allows a text
632 setting of the permitted CPUs instead. So to use CPUs 1 and
633 5, you would specify cpus_allowed=1,5. This options also
634 allows a range of CPUs. Say you wanted a binding to CPUs
635 1, 5, and 8-15, you would set cpus_allowed=1,5,8-15.
637 startdelay=time Start this job the specified number of seconds after fio
638 has started. Only useful if the job file contains several
639 jobs, and you want to delay starting some jobs to a certain
642 runtime=time Tell fio to terminate processing after the specified number
643 of seconds. It can be quite hard to determine for how long
644 a specified job will run, so this parameter is handy to
645 cap the total runtime to a given time.
647 time_based If set, fio will run for the duration of the runtime
648 specified even if the file(s) are completely read or
649 written. It will simply loop over the same workload
650 as many times as the runtime allows.
652 ramp_time=time If set, fio will run the specified workload for this amount
653 of time before logging any performance numbers. Useful for
654 letting performance settle before logging results, thus
655 minimizing the runtime required for stable results. Note
656 that the ramp_time is considered lead in time for a job,
657 thus it will increase the total runtime if a special timeout
658 or runtime is specified.
660 invalidate=bool Invalidate the buffer/page cache parts for this file prior
661 to starting io. Defaults to true.
663 sync=bool Use sync io for buffered writes. For the majority of the
664 io engines, this means using O_SYNC.
667 mem=str Fio can use various types of memory as the io unit buffer.
668 The allowed values are:
670 malloc Use memory from malloc(3) as the buffers.
672 shm Use shared memory as the buffers. Allocated
675 shmhuge Same as shm, but use huge pages as backing.
677 mmap Use mmap to allocate buffers. May either be
678 anonymous memory, or can be file backed if
679 a filename is given after the option. The
680 format is mem=mmap:/path/to/file.
682 mmaphuge Use a memory mapped huge file as the buffer
683 backing. Append filename after mmaphuge, ala
684 mem=mmaphuge:/hugetlbfs/file
686 The area allocated is a function of the maximum allowed
687 bs size for the job, multiplied by the io depth given. Note
688 that for shmhuge and mmaphuge to work, the system must have
689 free huge pages allocated. This can normally be checked
690 and set by reading/writing /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages on a
691 Linux system. Fio assumes a huge page is 4MiB in size. So
692 to calculate the number of huge pages you need for a given
693 job file, add up the io depth of all jobs (normally one unless
694 iodepth= is used) and multiply by the maximum bs set. Then
695 divide that number by the huge page size. You can see the
696 size of the huge pages in /proc/meminfo. If no huge pages
697 are allocated by having a non-zero number in nr_hugepages,
698 using mmaphuge or shmhuge will fail. Also see hugepage-size.
700 mmaphuge also needs to have hugetlbfs mounted and the file
701 location should point there. So if it's mounted in /huge,
702 you would use mem=mmaphuge:/huge/somefile.
705 Defines the size of a huge page. Must at least be equal
706 to the system setting, see /proc/meminfo. Defaults to 4MiB.
707 Should probably always be a multiple of megabytes, so using
708 hugepage-size=Xm is the preferred way to set this to avoid
709 setting a non-pow-2 bad value.
711 exitall When one job finishes, terminate the rest. The default is
712 to wait for each job to finish, sometimes that is not the
715 bwavgtime=int Average the calculated bandwidth over the given time. Value
716 is specified in milliseconds.
718 create_serialize=bool If true, serialize the file creating for the jobs.
719 This may be handy to avoid interleaving of data
720 files, which may greatly depend on the filesystem
721 used and even the number of processors in the system.
723 create_fsync=bool fsync the data file after creation. This is the
726 create_on_open=bool Don't pre-setup the files for IO, just create open()
727 when it's time to do IO to that file.
729 pre_read=bool If this is given, files will be pre-read into memory before
730 starting the given IO operation. This will also clear
731 the 'invalidate' flag, since it is pointless to pre-read
732 and then drop the cache.
734 unlink=bool Unlink the job files when done. Not the default, as repeated
735 runs of that job would then waste time recreating the file
738 loops=int Run the specified number of iterations of this job. Used
739 to repeat the same workload a given number of times. Defaults
742 do_verify=bool Run the verify phase after a write phase. Only makes sense if
743 verify is set. Defaults to 1.
745 verify=str If writing to a file, fio can verify the file contents
746 after each iteration of the job. The allowed values are:
748 md5 Use an md5 sum of the data area and store
749 it in the header of each block.
751 crc64 Use an experimental crc64 sum of the data
752 area and store it in the header of each
755 crc32c Use a crc32c sum of the data area and store
756 it in the header of each block.
758 crc32c-intel Use hardware assisted crc32c calcuation
759 provided on SSE4.2 enabled processors.
761 crc32 Use a crc32 sum of the data area and store
762 it in the header of each block.
764 crc16 Use a crc16 sum of the data area and store
765 it in the header of each block.
767 crc7 Use a crc7 sum of the data area and store
768 it in the header of each block.
770 sha512 Use sha512 as the checksum function.
772 sha256 Use sha256 as the checksum function.
774 meta Write extra information about each io
775 (timestamp, block number etc.). The block
778 null Only pretend to verify. Useful for testing
779 internals with ioengine=null, not for much
782 This option can be used for repeated burn-in tests of a
783 system to make sure that the written data is also
786 verifysort=bool If set, fio will sort written verify blocks when it deems
787 it faster to read them back in a sorted manner. This is
788 often the case when overwriting an existing file, since
789 the blocks are already laid out in the file system. You
790 can ignore this option unless doing huge amounts of really
791 fast IO where the red-black tree sorting CPU time becomes
794 verify_offset=int Swap the verification header with data somewhere else
795 in the block before writing. Its swapped back before
798 verify_interval=int Write the verification header at a finer granularity
799 than the blocksize. It will be written for chunks the
800 size of header_interval. blocksize should divide this
803 verify_pattern=int If set, fio will fill the io buffers with this
804 pattern. Fio defaults to filling with totally random
805 bytes, but sometimes it's interesting to fill with a known
806 pattern for io verification purposes. Depending on the
807 width of the pattern, fio will fill 1/2/3/4 bytes of the
808 buffer at the time. The verify_pattern cannot be larger than
811 verify_fatal=bool Normally fio will keep checking the entire contents
812 before quitting on a block verification failure. If this
813 option is set, fio will exit the job on the first observed
816 stonewall Wait for preceeding jobs in the job file to exit, before
817 starting this one. Can be used to insert serialization
818 points in the job file. A stone wall also implies starting
819 a new reporting group.
821 new_group Start a new reporting group. If this option isn't given,
822 jobs in a file will be part of the same reporting group
823 unless separated by a stone wall (or if it's a group
824 by itself, with the numjobs option).
826 numjobs=int Create the specified number of clones of this job. May be
827 used to setup a larger number of threads/processes doing
828 the same thing. We regard that grouping of jobs as a
831 group_reporting If 'numjobs' is set, it may be interesting to display
832 statistics for the group as a whole instead of for each
833 individual job. This is especially true of 'numjobs' is
834 large, looking at individual thread/process output quickly
835 becomes unwieldy. If 'group_reporting' is specified, fio
836 will show the final report per-group instead of per-job.
838 thread fio defaults to forking jobs, however if this option is
839 given, fio will use pthread_create(3) to create threads
842 zonesize=int Divide a file into zones of the specified size. See zoneskip.
844 zoneskip=int Skip the specified number of bytes when zonesize data has
845 been read. The two zone options can be used to only do
846 io on zones of a file.
848 write_iolog=str Write the issued io patterns to the specified file. See
851 read_iolog=str Open an iolog with the specified file name and replay the
852 io patterns it contains. This can be used to store a
853 workload and replay it sometime later. The iolog given
854 may also be a blktrace binary file, which allows fio
855 to replay a workload captured by blktrace. See blktrace
856 for how to capture such logging data. For blktrace replay,
857 the file needs to be turned into a blkparse binary data
858 file first (blktrace <device> -d file_for_fio.bin).
860 write_bw_log=str If given, write a bandwidth log of the jobs in this job
861 file. Can be used to store data of the bandwidth of the
862 jobs in their lifetime. The included fio_generate_plots
863 script uses gnuplot to turn these text files into nice
864 graphs. See write_log_log for behaviour of given
865 filename. For this option, the postfix is _bw.log.
867 write_lat_log=str Same as write_bw_log, except that this option stores io
868 completion latencies instead. If no filename is given
869 with this option, the default filename of "jobname_type.log"
870 is used. Even if the filename is given, fio will still
871 append the type of log. So if one specifies
875 The actual log names will be foo_clat.log and foo_slat.log.
876 This helps fio_generate_plot fine the logs automatically.
878 lockmem=int Pin down the specified amount of memory with mlock(2). Can
879 potentially be used instead of removing memory or booting
880 with less memory to simulate a smaller amount of memory.
882 exec_prerun=str Before running this job, issue the command specified
885 exec_postrun=str After the job completes, issue the command specified
888 ioscheduler=str Attempt to switch the device hosting the file to the specified
889 io scheduler before running.
891 cpuload=int If the job is a CPU cycle eater, attempt to use the specified
892 percentage of CPU cycles.
894 cpuchunks=int If the job is a CPU cycle eater, split the load into
895 cycles of the given time. In microseconds.
897 disk_util=bool Generate disk utilization statistics, if the platform
898 supports it. Defaults to on.
900 disable_clat=bool Disable measurements of completion latency numbers. Useful
901 only for cutting back the number of calls to gettimeofday,
902 as that does impact performance at really high IOPS rates.
903 Note that to really get rid of a large amount of these
904 calls, this option must be used with disable_slat and
907 disable_slat=bool Disable measurements of submission latency numbers. See
910 disable_bw=bool Disable measurements of throughput/bandwidth numbers. See
913 gtod_reduce=bool Enable all of the gettimeofday() reducing options
914 (disable_clat, disable_slat, disable_bw) plus reduce
915 precision of the timeout somewhat to really shrink
916 the gettimeofday() call count. With this option enabled,
917 we only do about 0.4% of the gtod() calls we would have
918 done if all time keeping was enabled.
920 gtod_cpu=int Sometimes it's cheaper to dedicate a single thread of
921 execution to just getting the current time. Fio (and
922 databases, for instance) are very intensive on gettimeofday()
923 calls. With this option, you can set one CPU aside for
924 doing nothing but logging current time to a shared memory
925 location. Then the other threads/processes that run IO
926 workloads need only copy that segment, instead of entering
927 the kernel with a gettimeofday() call. The CPU set aside
928 for doing these time calls will be excluded from other
929 uses. Fio will manually clear it from the CPU mask of other
933 6.0 Interpreting the output
934 ---------------------------
936 fio spits out a lot of output. While running, fio will display the
937 status of the jobs created. An example of that would be:
939 Threads: 1: [_r] [24.8% done] [ 13509/ 8334 kb/s] [eta 00h:01m:31s]
941 The characters inside the square brackets denote the current status of
942 each thread. The possible values (in typical life cycle order) are:
946 P Thread setup, but not started.
948 I Thread initialized, waiting.
949 p Thread running pre-reading file(s).
950 R Running, doing sequential reads.
951 r Running, doing random reads.
952 W Running, doing sequential writes.
953 w Running, doing random writes.
954 M Running, doing mixed sequential reads/writes.
955 m Running, doing mixed random reads/writes.
956 F Running, currently waiting for fsync()
957 V Running, doing verification of written data.
958 E Thread exited, not reaped by main thread yet.
961 The other values are fairly self explanatory - number of threads
962 currently running and doing io, rate of io since last check (read speed
963 listed first, then write speed), and the estimated completion percentage
964 and time for the running group. It's impossible to estimate runtime of
965 the following groups (if any).
967 When fio is done (or interrupted by ctrl-c), it will show the data for
968 each thread, group of threads, and disks in that order. For each data
969 direction, the output looks like:
971 Client1 (g=0): err= 0:
972 write: io= 32MiB, bw= 666KiB/s, runt= 50320msec
973 slat (msec): min= 0, max= 136, avg= 0.03, stdev= 1.92
974 clat (msec): min= 0, max= 631, avg=48.50, stdev=86.82
975 bw (KiB/s) : min= 0, max= 1196, per=51.00%, avg=664.02, stdev=681.68
976 cpu : usr=1.49%, sys=0.25%, ctx=7969, majf=0, minf=17
977 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.3%, 4=0.5%, 8=99.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >32=0.0%
978 submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
979 complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
980 issued r/w: total=0/32768, short=0/0
981 lat (msec): 2=1.6%, 4=0.0%, 10=3.2%, 20=12.8%, 50=38.4%, 100=24.8%,
982 lat (msec): 250=15.2%, 500=0.0%, 750=0.0%, 1000=0.0%, >=2048=0.0%
984 The client number is printed, along with the group id and error of that
985 thread. Below is the io statistics, here for writes. In the order listed,
988 io= Number of megabytes io performed
989 bw= Average bandwidth rate
990 runt= The runtime of that thread
991 slat= Submission latency (avg being the average, stdev being the
992 standard deviation). This is the time it took to submit
993 the io. For sync io, the slat is really the completion
994 latency, since queue/complete is one operation there. This
995 value can be in milliseconds or microseconds, fio will choose
996 the most appropriate base and print that. In the example
997 above, milliseconds is the best scale.
998 clat= Completion latency. Same names as slat, this denotes the
999 time from submission to completion of the io pieces. For
1000 sync io, clat will usually be equal (or very close) to 0,
1001 as the time from submit to complete is basically just
1002 CPU time (io has already been done, see slat explanation).
1003 bw= Bandwidth. Same names as the xlat stats, but also includes
1004 an approximate percentage of total aggregate bandwidth
1005 this thread received in this group. This last value is
1006 only really useful if the threads in this group are on the
1007 same disk, since they are then competing for disk access.
1008 cpu= CPU usage. User and system time, along with the number
1009 of context switches this thread went through, usage of
1010 system and user time, and finally the number of major
1011 and minor page faults.
1012 IO depths= The distribution of io depths over the job life time. The
1013 numbers are divided into powers of 2, so for example the
1014 16= entries includes depths up to that value but higher
1015 than the previous entry. In other words, it covers the
1016 range from 16 to 31.
1017 IO submit= How many pieces of IO were submitting in a single submit
1018 call. Each entry denotes that amount and below, until
1019 the previous entry - eg, 8=100% mean that we submitted
1020 anywhere in between 5-8 ios per submit call.
1021 IO complete= Like the above submit number, but for completions instead.
1022 IO issued= The number of read/write requests issued, and how many
1024 IO latencies= The distribution of IO completion latencies. This is the
1025 time from when IO leaves fio and when it gets completed.
1026 The numbers follow the same pattern as the IO depths,
1027 meaning that 2=1.6% means that 1.6% of the IO completed
1028 within 2 msecs, 20=12.8% means that 12.8% of the IO
1029 took more than 10 msecs, but less than (or equal to) 20 msecs.
1031 After each client has been listed, the group statistics are printed. They
1032 will look like this:
1034 Run status group 0 (all jobs):
1035 READ: io=64MiB, aggrb=22178, minb=11355, maxb=11814, mint=2840msec, maxt=2955msec
1036 WRITE: io=64MiB, aggrb=1302, minb=666, maxb=669, mint=50093msec, maxt=50320msec
1038 For each data direction, it prints:
1040 io= Number of megabytes io performed.
1041 aggrb= Aggregate bandwidth of threads in this group.
1042 minb= The minimum average bandwidth a thread saw.
1043 maxb= The maximum average bandwidth a thread saw.
1044 mint= The smallest runtime of the threads in that group.
1045 maxt= The longest runtime of the threads in that group.
1047 And finally, the disk statistics are printed. They will look like this:
1049 Disk stats (read/write):
1050 sda: ios=16398/16511, merge=30/162, ticks=6853/819634, in_queue=826487, util=100.00%
1052 Each value is printed for both reads and writes, with reads first. The
1055 ios= Number of ios performed by all groups.
1056 merge= Number of merges io the io scheduler.
1057 ticks= Number of ticks we kept the disk busy.
1058 io_queue= Total time spent in the disk queue.
1059 util= The disk utilization. A value of 100% means we kept the disk
1060 busy constantly, 50% would be a disk idling half of the time.
1066 For scripted usage where you typically want to generate tables or graphs
1067 of the results, fio can output the results in a semicolon separated format.
1068 The format is one long line of values, such as:
1070 client1;0;0;1906777;1090804;1790;0;0;0.000000;0.000000;0;0;0.000000;0.000000;929380;1152890;25.510151%;1078276.333333;128948.113404;0;0;0;0;0;0.000000;0.000000;0;0;0.000000;0.000000;0;0;0.000000%;0.000000;0.000000;100.000000%;0.000000%;324;100.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;100.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%
1071 ;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%;0.0%
1073 To enable terse output, use the --minimal command line option.
1075 Split up, the format is as follows:
1077 jobname, groupid, error
1079 KiB IO, bandwidth (KiB/sec), runtime (msec)
1080 Submission latency: min, max, mean, deviation
1081 Completion latency: min, max, mean, deviation
1082 Bw: min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, deviation
1084 KiB IO, bandwidth (KiB/sec), runtime (msec)
1085 Submission latency: min, max, mean, deviation
1086 Completion latency: min, max, mean, deviation
1087 Bw: min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, deviation
1088 CPU usage: user, system, context switches, major faults, minor faults
1089 IO depths: <=1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, >=64
1090 IO latencies: <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, >=2000
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