linux-block.git
4 weeks agokexec: add KHO support to kexec file loads
Alexander Graf [Fri, 9 May 2025 07:46:25 +0000 (00:46 -0700)]
kexec: add KHO support to kexec file loads

Kexec has 2 modes: A user space driven mode and a kernel driven mode.  For
the kernel driven mode, kernel code determines the physical addresses of
all target buffers that the payload gets copied into.

With KHO, we can only safely copy payloads into the "scratch area".  Teach
the kexec file loader about it, so it only allocates for that area.  In
addition, enlighten it with support to ask the KHO subsystem for its
respective payloads to copy into target memory.  Also teach the KHO
subsystem how to fill the images for file loads.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-8-changyuanl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com>
Co-developed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Co-developed-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Anthony Yznaga <anthony.yznaga@oracle.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
Cc: Ben Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Gowans <jgowans@amazon.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org>
Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravana Kannan <saravanak@google.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kinsburskii <skinsburskii@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Thomas Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agokexec: enable KHO support for memory preservation
Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) [Fri, 9 May 2025 07:46:24 +0000 (00:46 -0700)]
kexec: enable KHO support for memory preservation

Introduce APIs allowing KHO users to preserve memory across kexec and get
access to that memory after boot of the kexeced kernel

kho_preserve_folio() - record a folio to be preserved over kexec
kho_restore_folio() - recreates the folio from the preserved memory
kho_preserve_phys() - record physically contiguous range to be
preserved over kexec.

The memory preservations are tracked by two levels of xarrays to manage
chunks of per-order 512 byte bitmaps.  For instance if PAGE_SIZE = 4096,
the entire 1G order of a 1TB x86 system would fit inside a single 512 byte
bitmap.  For order 0 allocations each bitmap will cover 16M of address
space.  Thus, for 16G of memory at most 512K of bitmap memory will be
needed for order 0.

At serialization time all bitmaps are recorded in a linked list of pages
for the next kernel to process and the physical address of the list is
recorded in KHO FDT.

The next kernel then processes that list, reserves the memory ranges and
later, when a user requests a folio or a physical range, KHO restores
corresponding memory map entries.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-7-changyuanl@google.com
Suggested-by: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Co-developed-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Cc: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Anthony Yznaga <anthony.yznaga@oracle.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
Cc: Ben Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Gowans <jgowans@amazon.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org>
Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravana Kannan <saravanak@google.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kinsburskii <skinsburskii@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Thomas Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agokexec: add KHO parsing support
Alexander Graf [Fri, 9 May 2025 07:46:23 +0000 (00:46 -0700)]
kexec: add KHO parsing support

When we have a KHO kexec, we get an FDT blob and scratch region to
populate the state of the system.  Provide helper functions that allow
architecture code to easily handle memory reservations based on them and
give device drivers visibility into the KHO FDT and memory reservations so
they can recover their own state.

Include a fix from Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250424093302.3894961-1-arnd@kernel.org/.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-6-changyuanl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Co-developed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Co-developed-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Anthony Yznaga <anthony.yznaga@oracle.com>
Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
Cc: Ben Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Gowans <jgowans@amazon.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org>
Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravana Kannan <saravanak@google.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kinsburskii <skinsburskii@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Thomas Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agokexec: add Kexec HandOver (KHO) generation helpers
Alexander Graf [Fri, 9 May 2025 07:46:22 +0000 (00:46 -0700)]
kexec: add Kexec HandOver (KHO) generation helpers

Add the infrastructure to generate Kexec HandOver metadata.  Kexec
HandOver is a mechanism that allows Linux to preserve state - arbitrary
properties as well as memory locations - across kexec.

It does so using 2 concepts:

  1) KHO FDT - Every KHO kexec carries a KHO specific flattened device tree
     blob that describes preserved memory regions. Device drivers can
     register to KHO to serialize and preserve their states before kexec.

  2) Scratch Regions - CMA regions that we allocate in the first kernel.
     CMA gives us the guarantee that no handover pages land in those
     regions, because handover pages must be at a static physical memory
     location. We use these regions as the place to load future kexec
     images so that they won't collide with any handover data.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-5-changyuanl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com>
Co-developed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Co-developed-by: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Signed-off-by: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Co-developed-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Anthony Yznaga <anthony.yznaga@oracle.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
Cc: Ben Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Gowans <jgowans@amazon.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org>
Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravana Kannan <saravanak@google.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kinsburskii <skinsburskii@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Thomas Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomemblock: introduce memmap_init_kho_scratch()
Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) [Fri, 9 May 2025 07:46:21 +0000 (00:46 -0700)]
memblock: introduce memmap_init_kho_scratch()

With deferred initialization of struct page it will be necessary to
initialize memory map for KHO scratch regions early.

Add memmap_init_kho_scratch() method that will allow such initialization
in upcoming patches.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-4-changyuanl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Cc: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Anthony Yznaga <anthony.yznaga@oracle.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
Cc: Ben Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Gowans <jgowans@amazon.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org>
Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravana Kannan <saravanak@google.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kinsburskii <skinsburskii@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Thomas Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomemblock: add support for scratch memory
Alexander Graf [Fri, 9 May 2025 07:46:20 +0000 (00:46 -0700)]
memblock: add support for scratch memory

With KHO (Kexec HandOver), we need a way to ensure that the new kernel
does not allocate memory on top of any memory regions that the previous
kernel was handing over.  But to know where those are, we need to include
them in the memblock.reserved array which may not be big enough to hold
all ranges that need to be persisted across kexec.  To resize the array,
we need to allocate memory.  That brings us into a catch 22 situation.

The solution to that is limit memblock allocations to the scratch regions:
safe regions to operate in the case when there is memory that should
remain intact across kexec.

KHO provides several "scratch regions" as part of its metadata.  These
scratch regions are contiguous memory blocks that known not to contain any
memory that should be persisted across kexec.  These regions should be
large enough to accommodate all memblock allocations done by the kexeced
kernel.

We introduce a new memblock_set_scratch_only() function that allows KHO to
indicate that any memblock allocation must happen from the scratch
regions.

Later, we may want to perform another KHO kexec.  For that, we reuse the
same scratch regions.  To ensure that no eventually handed over data gets
allocated inside a scratch region, we flip the semantics of the scratch
region with memblock_clear_scratch_only(): After that call, no allocations
may happen from scratch memblock regions.  We will lift that restriction
in the next patch.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-3-changyuanl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com>
Co-developed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Anthony Yznaga <anthony.yznaga@oracle.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
Cc: Ben Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Gowans <jgowans@amazon.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org>
Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravana Kannan <saravanak@google.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kinsburskii <skinsburskii@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Thomas Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomemblock: add MEMBLOCK_RSRV_KERN flag
Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) [Fri, 9 May 2025 07:46:19 +0000 (00:46 -0700)]
memblock: add MEMBLOCK_RSRV_KERN flag

Patch series "kexec: introduce Kexec HandOver (KHO)", v8.

Kexec today considers itself purely a boot loader: When we enter the new
kernel, any state the previous kernel left behind is irrelevant and the
new kernel reinitializes the system.

However, there are use cases where this mode of operation is not what we
actually want.  In virtualization hosts for example, we want to use kexec
to update the host kernel while virtual machine memory stays untouched.
When we add device assignment to the mix, we also need to ensure that
IOMMU and VFIO states are untouched.  If we add PCIe peer to peer DMA, we
need to do the same for the PCI subsystem.  If we want to kexec while an
SEV-SNP enabled virtual machine is running, we need to preserve the VM
context pages and physical memory.  See "pkernfs: Persisting guest memory
and kernel/device state safely across kexec" Linux Plumbers Conference
2023 presentation for details:

  https://lpc.events/event/17/contributions/1485/

To start us on the journey to support all the use cases above, this patch
implements basic infrastructure to allow hand over of kernel state across
kexec (Kexec HandOver, aka KHO).  As a really simple example target, we
use memblock's reserve_mem.

With this patchset applied, memory that was reserved using "reserve_mem"
command line options remains intact after kexec and it is guaranteed to
reside at the same physical address.

== Alternatives ==

There are alternative approaches to (parts of) the problems above:

  * Memory Pools [1] - preallocated persistent memory region + allocator
  * PRMEM [2] - resizable persistent memory regions with fixed metadata
                pointer on the kernel command line + allocator
  * Pkernfs [3] - preallocated file system for in-kernel data with fixed
                  address location on the kernel command line
  * PKRAM [4] - handover of user space pages using a fixed metadata page
                specified via command line

All of the approaches above fundamentally have the same problem: They
require the administrator to explicitly carve out a physical memory
location because they have no mechanism outside of the kernel command line
to pass data (including memory reservations) between kexec'ing kernels.

KHO provides that base foundation.  We will determine later whether we
still need any of the approaches above for fast bulk memory handover of
for example IOMMU page tables.  But IMHO they would all be users of KHO,
with KHO providing the foundational primitive to pass metadata and bulk
memory reservations as well as provide easy versioning for data.

== Overview ==

We introduce a metadata file that the kernels pass between each other.
How they pass it is architecture specific.  The file's format is a
Flattened Device Tree (fdt) which has a generator and parser already
included in Linux.  KHO is enabled in the kernel command line by `kho=on`.
When the root user enables KHO through
/sys/kernel/debug/kho/out/finalize, the kernel invokes callbacks to every
KHO users to register preserved memory regions, which contain drivers'
states.

When the actual kexec happens, the fdt is part of the image set that we
boot into.  In addition, we keep "scratch regions" available for kexec:
physically contiguous memory regions that are guaranteed to not have any
memory that KHO would preserve.  The new kernel bootstraps itself using
the scratch regions and sets all handed over memory as in use.  When
drivers initialize that support KHO, they introspect the fdt, restore
preserved memory regions, and retrieve their states stored in the
preserved memory.

== Limitations ==

Currently KHO is only implemented for file based kexec.  The kernel
interfaces in the patch set are already in place to support user space
kexec as well, but it is still not implemented it yet inside kexec tools.

== How to Use ==

To use the code, please boot the kernel with the "kho=on" command line
parameter.  KHO will automatically create scratch regions.  If you want to
set the scratch size explicitly you can use "kho_scratch=" command line
parameter.  For instance, "kho_scratch=16M,512M,256M" will reserve a 16
MiB low memory scratch area, a 512 MiB global scratch region, and 256 MiB
per NUMA node scratch regions on boot.

Make sure to have a reserved memory range requested with reserv_mem
command line option, for example, "reserve_mem=64m:4k:n1".

Then before you invoke file based "kexec -l", finalize KHO FDT:

  # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/kho/out/finalize

You can preview the generated FDT using `dtc`,

  # dtc /sys/kernel/debug/kho/out/fdt
  # dtc /sys/kernel/debug/kho/out/sub_fdts/memblock

`dtc` is available on ubuntu by `sudo apt-get install device-tree-compiler`.

Now kexec into the new kernel,

  # kexec -l Image --initrd=initrd -s
  # kexec -e

(The order of KHO finalization and "kexec -l" does not matter.)

The new kernel will boot up and contain the previous kernel's reserve_mem
contents at the same physical address as the first kernel.

You can also review the FDT passed from the old kernel,

  # dtc /sys/kernel/debug/kho/in/fdt
  # dtc /sys/kernel/debug/kho/in/sub_fdts/memblock

This patch (of 17):

To denote areas that were reserved for kernel use either directly with
memblock_reserve_kern() or via memblock allocations.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250424083258.2228122-1-changyuanl@google.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/aAeaJ2iqkrv_ffhT@kernel.org/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/35c58191-f774-40cf-8d66-d1e2aaf11a62@intel.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250424093302.3894961-1-arnd@kernel.org/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-1-changyuanl@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250509074635.3187114-2-changyuanl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Co-developed-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Changyuan Lyu <changyuanl@google.com>
Cc: Alexander Graf <graf@amazon.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Anthony Yznaga <anthony.yznaga@oracle.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
Cc: Ben Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Borislav Betkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Eric Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: James Gowans <jgowans@amazon.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org>
Cc: Marc Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Cc: Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Pratyush Yadav <ptyadav@amazon.de>
Cc: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
Cc: Saravana Kannan <saravanak@google.com>
Cc: Stanislav Kinsburskii <skinsburskii@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleinxer <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Thomas Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agokhugepaged: pass folio instead of head page to trace events
Fan Ni [Fri, 25 Apr 2025 00:16:51 +0000 (17:16 -0700)]
khugepaged: pass folio instead of head page to trace events

The trace functions trace_mm_collapse_huge_page_isolate() and
trace_mm_khugepaged_scan_pmd() each have a single user, which always
passes in the head page of a folio.  Refactor both functions to take a
folio directly.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425002425.533698-1-nifan.cxl@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Fan Ni <fan.ni@samsung.com>
Reviewed-by: Nico Pache <npache@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Reviewed-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Reviewed-by: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Adam Manzanares <a.manzanares@samsung.com>
Cc: Luis Chamberalin <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Cc: Mariano Pache <npache@redhat.com>
Cc: "Masami Hiramatsu (Google)" <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/numa: remove unnecessary local variable in alloc_node_data()
Ye Liu [Sun, 27 Apr 2025 10:04:42 +0000 (18:04 +0800)]
mm/numa: remove unnecessary local variable in alloc_node_data()

The temporary local variable 'nd' is redundant.  Directly assign the
virtual address to node_data[nid] to simplify the code.

No functional change.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250427100442.958352-4-ye.liu@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Ye Liu <liuye@kylinos.cn>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/debug_page_alloc: improve error message for invalid guardpage minorder
Ye Liu [Sun, 27 Apr 2025 10:04:41 +0000 (18:04 +0800)]
mm/debug_page_alloc: improve error message for invalid guardpage minorder

When an invalid debug_guardpage_minorder value is provided, include the
user input in the error message.  This helps users and developers diagnose
configuration issues more easily.

No functional change.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250427100442.958352-3-ye.liu@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Ye Liu <liuye@kylinos.cn>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Acked-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/io-mapping: precompute remap protection flags for clarity
Ye Liu [Sun, 27 Apr 2025 10:04:40 +0000 (18:04 +0800)]
mm/io-mapping: precompute remap protection flags for clarity

Patch series "mm: small cleanups for io-mapping, debug_page_alloc and
numa".

This series includes three small cleanups to mm/:

- io-mapping: simplify remap protection flag calculation
- debug_page_alloc: improve error message by printing invalid input
- numa: remove unnecessary variable for clarity

No functional changes.

This patch (of 3):

In io_mapping_map_user(), precompute the page protection flags in a local
variable before calling remap_pfn_range_notrack().

No functional change.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250427100442.958352-1-ye.liu@linux.dev
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250427100442.958352-2-ye.liu@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Ye Liu <liuye@kylinos.cn>
Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agoselftests/mm: use long for dwRegionSize
Siddarth G [Sun, 27 Apr 2025 10:26:39 +0000 (15:56 +0530)]
selftests/mm: use long for dwRegionSize

Change the type of 'dwRegionSize' in wp_init() and wp_free() from int to
long to match callers that pass long or unsigned long long values.

wp_addr_range function is left unchanged because it passes 'dwRegionSize'
parameter directly to pagemap_ioctl, which expects an int.

This patch does not fix any actual known issues.  It aligns parameter
types with their actual usage and avoids any potential future issues.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250427102639.39978-1-siddarthsgml@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Siddarth G <siddarthsgml@gmail.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm: remove unused macro INIT_PASID
Cheng-Han Wu [Sun, 27 Apr 2025 14:50:04 +0000 (22:50 +0800)]
mm: remove unused macro INIT_PASID

The macro INIT_PASID was originally used by mm_init_pasid.  However, since
commit a6cbd44093ef ("kernel/fork: Initialize mm's PASID"), mm_init_pasid
has been removed.  Therefore, INIT_PASID is no longer needed and is
removed.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250427145004.13049-1-hank20010209@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Cheng-Han Wu <hank20010209@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/rmap: fix typo in comment in page_address_in_vma
Ye Liu [Mon, 21 Apr 2025 08:57:29 +0000 (16:57 +0800)]
mm/rmap: fix typo in comment in page_address_in_vma

Fix a minor typo in the comment above page_address_in_vma():
"responsibililty" → "responsibility"

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250421085729.127845-3-ye.liu@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Ye Liu <liuye@kylinos.cn>
Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo@oracle.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <nao.horiguchi@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/rmap: rename page__anon_vma to anon_vma for consistency
Ye Liu [Mon, 21 Apr 2025 08:57:28 +0000 (16:57 +0800)]
mm/rmap: rename page__anon_vma to anon_vma for consistency

Patch series "mm: minor cleanups in rmap", v3.

Minor cleanups in mm/rmap.c:

- Rename a local variable for consistency
- Fix a typo in a comment

No functional changes.

This patch (of 2):

Rename local variable page__anon_vma in page_address_in_vma() to anon_vma.
The previous naming convention of using double underscores (__) is
unnecessary and inconsistent with typical kernel style, which uses single
underscores to denote local variables.  Also updated comments to reflect
the new variable name.

Functionality unchanged.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250421085729.127845-1-ye.liu@linux.dev
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250421085729.127845-2-ye.liu@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Ye Liu <liuye@kylinos.cn>
Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo@oracle.com>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Liu Ye <liuye@kylinos.cn>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <nao.horiguchi@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm: use SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY in MGLRU
Zhongkun He [Mon, 21 Apr 2025 09:13:31 +0000 (17:13 +0800)]
mm: use SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY in MGLRU

Using SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY instead of MAX_SWAPPINESS + 1 to indicate
reclaiming only from anonymous pages makes the code more readable and
explicit.

Add some comment in the SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY context.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/529db7ae6098ee712b81e4df290622e4e64ac50c.1745225696.git.hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com
Signed-off-by: Zhongkun He <hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm: add max swappiness arg to lru_gen for anonymous memory only
Zhongkun He [Mon, 21 Apr 2025 09:13:30 +0000 (17:13 +0800)]
mm: add max swappiness arg to lru_gen for anonymous memory only

The MGLRU already supports reclaiming only from anonymous memory via the
/sys/kernel/debug/lru_gen interface.  Now, memory.reclaim also supports
the swappiness=max parameter to enable reclaiming solely from anonymous
memory.  To unify the semantics of proactive reclaiming from anonymous
folios, the max parameter is introduced.

[hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com: use strcmp instead of strncmp, if swappiness is not set, use the default value]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250507071057.3184240-1-hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak coding style]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/65181f7745d657d664d833c26d8a94cae40538b9.1745225696.git.hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com
Signed-off-by: Zhongkun He <hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm: vmscan: add more comments about cache_trim_mode
Zhongkun He [Mon, 21 Apr 2025 09:13:29 +0000 (17:13 +0800)]
mm: vmscan: add more comments about cache_trim_mode

Add more comments for cache_trim_mode, and the annotations provided by
Johannes Weiner in [1].

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250314141833.GA1316033@cmpxchg.org/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/4baad87ba637f1e6f666e9b99b3fdcb7ab39171b.1745225696.git.hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com
Signed-off-by: Zhongkun He <hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm: add swappiness=max arg to memory.reclaim for only anon reclaim
Zhongkun He [Mon, 21 Apr 2025 09:13:28 +0000 (17:13 +0800)]
mm: add swappiness=max arg to memory.reclaim for only anon reclaim

Patch series "add max arg to swappiness in memory.reclaim and lru_gen", v4.

This patchset adds max arg to swappiness in memory.reclaim and lru_gen for
anon only proactive memory reclaim.

With commit <68cd9050d871> ("mm: add swappiness= arg to memory.reclaim")
we can submit an additional swappiness=<val> argument to memory.reclaim.
It is very useful because we can dynamically adjust the reclamation ratio
based on the anonymous folios and file folios of each cgroup.  For
example,when swappiness is set to 0, we only reclaim from file folios.
But we can not relciam memory just from anon folios.

This patchset introduces a new macro, SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY, defined as
MAX_SWAPPINESS + 1, represent the max arg semantics.  It specifically
indicates that reclamation should occur only from anonymous pages.

Patch 1 adds swappiness=max arg to memory.reclaim suggested-by: Yosry
Ahmed

Patch 2 add more comments for cache_trim_mode from Johannes Weiner in [1].

Patch 3 add max arg to lru_gen for proactive memory reclaim in MGLRU.  The
MGLRU already supports reclaiming exclusively from anonymous pages.  This
patch formalizes that behavior by introducing a max parameter to represent
the corresponding semantics.

Patch 4 using SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY in MGLRU Using SWAPPINESS_ANON_ONLY
instead of MAX_SWAPPINESS + 1 to indicate reclaiming only from anonymous
pages makes the code more readable and explicit

Here is the previous discussion:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250314033350.1156370-1-hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com/
https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250312094337.2296278-1-hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com/
https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250318135330.3358345-1-hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com/

This patch (of 4):

With commit <68cd9050d871> ("mm: add swappiness= arg to memory.reclaim")
we can submit an additional swappiness=<val> argument to memory.reclaim.
It is very useful because we can dynamically adjust the reclamation ratio
based on the anonymous folios and file folios of each cgroup.  For
example,when swappiness is set to 0, we only reclaim from file folios.

However,we have also encountered a new issue: when swappiness is set to
the MAX_SWAPPINESS, it may still only reclaim file folios.

So, we hope to add a new arg 'swappiness=max' in memory.reclaim where
proactive memory reclaim only reclaims from anonymous folios when
swappiness is set to max.  The swappiness semantics from a user
perspective remain unchanged.

For example, something like this:

echo "2M swappiness=max" > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory.reclaim

will perform reclaim on the rootcg with a swappiness setting of 'max' (a
new mode) regardless of the file folios.  Users have a more comprehensive
view of the application's memory distribution because there are many
metrics available.  For example, if we find that a certain cgroup has a
large number of inactive anon folios, we can reclaim only those and skip
file folios, because with the zram/zswap, the IO tradeoff that
cache_trim_mode or other file first logic is making doesn't hold - file
refaults will cause IO, whereas anon decompression will not.

With this patch, the swappiness argument of memory.reclaim has a new
mode 'max', means reclaiming just from anonymous folios both in traditional
LRU and MGLRU.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/cover.1745225696.git.hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250314141833.GA1316033@cmpxchg.org/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/519e12b9b1f8c31a01e228c8b4b91a2419684f77.1745225696.git.hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com
Signed-off-by: Zhongkun He <hezhongkun.hzk@bytedance.com>
Suggested-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomemcg-introduce-non-blocking-limit-setting-option-v3
Shakeel Butt [Tue, 6 May 2025 23:28:33 +0000 (16:28 -0700)]
memcg-introduce-non-blocking-limit-setting-option-v3

add more explanation in doc and commit message on O_NONBLOCK side-effects
(Johannes)

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250506232833.3109790-1-shakeel.butt@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev>
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomemcg: introduce non-blocking limit setting option
Shakeel Butt [Sat, 19 Apr 2025 18:35:45 +0000 (11:35 -0700)]
memcg: introduce non-blocking limit setting option

Setting the max and high limits can trigger synchronous reclaim and/or
oom-kill if the usage is higher than the given limit.  This behavior is
fine for newly created cgroups but it can cause issues for the node
controller while setting limits for existing cgroups.

In our production multi-tenant and overcommitted environment, we are
seeing priority inversion when the node controller dynamically adjusts the
limits of running jobs of different priorities.  Based on the system
situation, the node controller may reduce the limits of lower priority
jobs and increase the limits of higher priority jobs.  However we are
seeing node controller getting stuck for long period of time while
reclaiming from lower priority jobs while setting their limits and also
spends a lot of its own CPU.

One of the workaround we are trying is to fork a new process which sets
the limit of the lower priority job along with setting an alarm to get
itself killed if it get stuck in the reclaim for lower priority job.
However we are finding it very unreliable and costly.  Either we need a
good enough time buffer for the alarm to be delivered after setting limit
and potentialy spend a lot of CPU in the reclaim or be unreliable in
setting the limit for much shorter but cheaper (less reclaim) alarms.

Let's introduce new limit setting option which does not trigger reclaim
and/or oom-kill and let the processes in the target cgroup to trigger
reclaim and/or throttling and/or oom-kill in their next charge request.
This will make the node controller on multi-tenant overcommitted
environment much more reliable.

Explanation from Johannes on side-effects of O_NONBLOCK limit change:
  It's usually the allocating tasks inside the group bearing the cost of
  limit enforcement and reclaim. This allows a (privileged) updater from
  outside the group to keep that cost in there - instead of having to
  help, from a context that doesn't necessarily make sense.

  I suppose the tradeoff with that - and the reason why this was doing
  sync reclaim in the first place - is that, if the group is idle and
  not trying to allocate more, it can take indefinitely for the new
  limit to actually be met.

  It should be okay in most scenarios in practice. As the capacity is
  reallocated from group A to B, B will exert pressure on A once it
  tries to claim it and thereby shrink it down. If A is idle, that
  shouldn't be hard. If A is running, it's likely to fault/allocate
  soon-ish and then join the effort.

  It does leave a (malicious) corner case where A is just busy-hitting
  its memory to interfere with the clawback. This is comparable to
  reclaiming memory.low overage from the outside, though, which is an
  acceptable risk. Users of O_NONBLOCK just need to be aware.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250419183545.1982187-1-shakeel.butt@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Cc: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/hugetlb: use separate nodemask for bootmem allocations
Frank van der Linden [Wed, 2 Apr 2025 20:56:13 +0000 (20:56 +0000)]
mm/hugetlb: use separate nodemask for bootmem allocations

Hugetlb boot allocation has used online nodes for allocation since commit
de55996d7188 ("mm/hugetlb: use online nodes for bootmem allocation").
This was needed to be able to do the allocations earlier in boot, before
N_MEMORY was set.

This might lead to a different distribution of gigantic hugepages across
NUMA nodes if there are memoryless nodes in the system.

What happens is that the memoryless nodes are tried, but then the memblock
allocation fails and falls back, which usually means that the node that
has the highest physical address available will be used (top-down
allocation).  While this will end up getting the same number of hugetlb
pages, they might not be be distributed the same way.  The fallback for
each memoryless node might not end up coming from the same node as the
successful round-robin allocation from N_MEMORY nodes.

While administrators that rely on having a specific number of hugepages
per node should use the hugepages=N:X syntax, it's better not to change
the old behavior for the plain hugepages=N case.

To do this, construct a nodemask for hugetlb bootmem purposes only,
containing nodes that have memory.  Then use that for round-robin bootmem
allocations.

This saves some cycles, and the added advantage here is that hugetlb_cma
can use it too, avoiding the older issue of pointless attempts to create a
CMA area for memoryless nodes (which will also cause the per-node CMA area
size to be too small).

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250402205613.3086864-1-fvdl@google.com
Fixes: de55996d7188 ("mm/hugetlb: use online nodes for bootmem allocation")
Signed-off-by: Frank van der Linden <fvdl@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Luiz Capitulino <luizcap@redhat.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/memcg: use kmem_cache when alloc memcg pernode info
Huan Yang [Fri, 25 Apr 2025 03:19:25 +0000 (11:19 +0800)]
mm/memcg: use kmem_cache when alloc memcg pernode info

When tracing mem_cgroup_per_node allocations with kmalloc ftrace:

kmalloc: call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0x1d8/0x5b4 ptr=00000000d798700c
    bytes_req=2896 bytes_alloc=4096 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=0
    accounted=false

This reveals the slab allocator provides 4096B chunks for 2896B
mem_cgroup_per_node due to:

1. The slab allocator predefines bucket sizes from 64B to 8096B
2. The mem_cgroup allocation size (2312B) falls between the 2KB and 4KB
   slabs
3. The allocator rounds up to the nearest larger slab (4KB), resulting in
   ~1KB wasted memory per memcg alloc - per node.

This patch introduces a dedicated kmem_cache for mem_cgroup structs,
achieving precise memory allocation. Post-patch ftrace verification shows:

kmem_cache_alloc: call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0x1b8/0x5d4
    ptr=000000002989e63a bytes_req=2896 bytes_alloc=2944
    gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=0 accounted=false

Each mem_cgroup_per_node alloc 2944bytes(include hw cacheline align),
compare to 4096, it avoid waste.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425031935.76411-4-link@vivo.com
Signed-off-by: Huan Yang <link@vivo.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Francesco Valla <francesco@valla.it>
Cc: guoweikang <guoweikang.kernel@gmail.com>
Cc: Huang Shijie <shijie@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: KP Singh <kpsingh@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: "Paul E . McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Raul E Rangel <rrangel@chromium.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: "Uladzislau Rezki (Sony)" <urezki@gmail.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/memcg: use kmem_cache when alloc memcg
Huan Yang [Fri, 25 Apr 2025 03:19:24 +0000 (11:19 +0800)]
mm/memcg: use kmem_cache when alloc memcg

When tracing mem_cgroup_alloc() with kmalloc ftrace, we observe:

kmalloc: call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0xd8/0x5b4 ptr=000000003e4c3799
    bytes_req=2312 bytes_alloc=4096 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=-1
    accounted=false

The output indicates that while allocating mem_cgroup struct (2312 bytes),
the slab allocator actually provides 4096-byte chunks. This occurs because:

1. The slab allocator predefines bucket sizes from 64B to 8096B
2. The mem_cgroup allocation size (2312B) falls between the 2KB and 4KB
   slabs
3. The allocator rounds up to the nearest larger slab (4KB), resulting in
   ~1KB wasted memory per allocation

This patch introduces a dedicated kmem_cache for mem_cgroup structs,
achieving precise memory allocation. Post-patch ftrace verification shows:

kmem_cache_alloc: call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0xbc/0x5d4
    ptr=00000000695c1806 bytes_req=2312 bytes_alloc=2368
    gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=-1 accounted=false

Each memcg alloc offer 2368bytes(include hw cacheline align), compare to
4096, avoid waste.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425031935.76411-3-link@vivo.com
Signed-off-by: Huan Yang <link@vivo.com>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Francesco Valla <francesco@valla.it>
Cc: guoweikang <guoweikang.kernel@gmail.com>
Cc: Huang Shijie <shijie@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: KP Singh <kpsingh@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: "Paul E . McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Raul E Rangel <rrangel@chromium.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: "Uladzislau Rezki (Sony)" <urezki@gmail.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/memcg: move mem_cgroup_init() ahead of cgroup_init()
Huan Yang [Fri, 25 Apr 2025 03:19:23 +0000 (11:19 +0800)]
mm/memcg: move mem_cgroup_init() ahead of cgroup_init()

Patch series "Use kmem_cache for memcg alloc", v3.

(willy tldr: "you've gone from allocating 8 objects per 32KiB to
allocating 13 objects per 32KiB, a 62% improvement in memory consumption"
[1])

The mem_cgroup_alloc function creates mem_cgroup struct and it's
associated structures including mem_cgroup_per_node.  Through detailed
analysis on our test machine (Arm64, 16GB RAM, 6.6 kernel, 1 NUMA node,
memcgv2 with nokmem,nosocket,cgroup_disable=pressure), we can observe the
memory allocation for these structures using the following shell commands:

  # Enable tracing
  echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kmem/kmalloc/enable
  echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/tracing_on
  cat /sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe | grep kmalloc | grep mem_cgroup

  # Trigger allocation if cgroup subtree do not enable memcg
  echo +memory > /sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.subtree_control

Ftrace Output:

  # mem_cgroup struct allocation
  sh-6312    [000] ..... 58015.698365: kmalloc:
    call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0xd8/0x5b4
    ptr=000000003e4c3799 bytes_req=2312 bytes_alloc=4096
    gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=-1 accounted=false

  # mem_cgroup_per_node allocation
  sh-6312    [000] ..... 58015.698389: kmalloc:
    call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0x1d8/0x5b4
    ptr=00000000d798700c bytes_req=2896 bytes_alloc=4096
    gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=0 accounted=false

Key Observations:

  1. Both structures use kmalloc with requested sizes between 2KB-4KB
  2. Allocation alignment forces 4KB slab usage due to pre-defined sizes
     (64B, 128B,..., 2KB, 4KB, 8KB)
  3. Memory waste per memcg instance:
      Base struct: 4096 - 2312 = 1784 bytes
      Per-node struct: 4096 - 2896 = 1200 bytes
      Total waste: 2984 bytes (1-node system)
      NUMA scaling: (1200 + 8) * nr_node_ids bytes

So, it's a little waste.

This patchset introduces dedicated kmem_cache:
  Patch2 - mem_cgroup kmem_cache - memcg_cachep
  Patch3 - mem_cgroup_per_node kmem_cache - memcg_pn_cachep

The benefits of this change can be observed with the following tracing
commands:

  # Enable tracing
  echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kmem/kmem_cache_alloc/enable
  echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/tracing_on
  cat /sys/kernel/tracing/trace_pipe | grep kmem_cache_alloc | grep mem_cgroup
  # In another terminal:
  echo +memory > /sys/fs/cgroup/cgroup.subtree_control

The output might now look like this:

  # mem_cgroup struct allocation
  sh-9827     [000] .....   289.513598: kmem_cache_alloc:
    call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0xbc/0x5d4 ptr=00000000695c1806
    bytes_req=2312 bytes_alloc=2368 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=-1
    accounted=false
  # mem_cgroup_per_node allocation
  sh-9827     [000] .....   289.513602: kmem_cache_alloc:
    call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0x1b8/0x5d4 ptr=000000002989e63a
    bytes_req=2896 bytes_alloc=2944 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=0
    accounted=false

This indicates that the `mem_cgroup` struct now requests 2312 bytes and is
allocated 2368 bytes, while `mem_cgroup_per_node` requests 2896 bytes and
is allocated 2944 bytes.  The slight increase in allocated size is due to
`SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN` in the `kmem_cache`.

Without `SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN`, the allocation might appear as:

  # mem_cgroup struct allocation
  sh-9269     [003] .....    80.396366: kmem_cache_alloc:
    call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0xbc/0x5d4 ptr=000000005b12b475
    bytes_req=2312 bytes_alloc=2312 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=-1
    accounted=false

  # mem_cgroup_per_node allocation
  sh-9269     [003] .....    80.396411: kmem_cache_alloc:
    call_site=mem_cgroup_css_alloc+0x1b8/0x5d4 ptr=00000000f347adc6
    bytes_req=2896 bytes_alloc=2896 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_ZERO node=0
    accounted=false

While the `bytes_alloc` now matches the `bytes_req`, this patchset
defaults to using `SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN` as it is generally considered more
beneficial for performance.  Please let me know if there are any issues or
if I've misunderstood anything.

This patchset also move mem_cgroup_init ahead of cgroup_init() due to
cgroup_init() will allocate root_mem_cgroup, but each initcall invoke
after cgroup_init, so if each kmem_cache do not prepare, we need testing
NULL before use it.

This patch (of 3):

When cgroup_init() creates root_mem_cgroup through css_alloc callback,
some critical resources might not be fully initialized, forcing later
operations to perform conditional checks for resource availability.

This patch move mem_cgroup_init() to address the init order, it invoke
before cgroup_init, so, compare to subsys_initcall, it can use to prepare
some key resources before root_mem_cgroup alloc.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/aAsRCj-niMMTtmK8@casper.infradead.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425031935.76411-1-link@vivo.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425031935.76411-2-link@vivo.com
Signed-off-by: Huan Yang <link@vivo.com>
Suggested-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Francesco Valla <francesco@valla.it>
Cc: guoweikang <guoweikang.kernel@gmail.com>
Cc: Huang Shijie <shijie@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: KP Singh <kpsingh@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: "Paul E . McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Cc: Raul E Rangel <rrangel@chromium.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: "Uladzislau Rezki (Sony)" <urezki@gmail.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/huge_memory: remove useless folio pointers passing
Gavin Guo [Fri, 25 Apr 2025 10:38:59 +0000 (18:38 +0800)]
mm/huge_memory: remove useless folio pointers passing

Since the previous commit "mm/huge_memory: Adjust try_to_migrate_one() and
split_huge_pmd_locked()" has simplified the logic by leveraging the folio
verification in page_vma_mapped_walk(), this patch removes the unnecessary
folio pointers passing.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425103859.825879-3-gavinguo@igalia.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/98d1d195-7821-4627-b518-83103ade56c0@redhat.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/91599a3c-e69e-4d79-bac5-5013c96203d7@redhat.com/
Signed-off-by: Gavin Guo <gavinguo@igalia.com>
Suggested-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Reviewed-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Florent Revest <revest@google.com>
Cc: Gavin Shan <gshan@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/huge_memory: adjust try_to_migrate_one() and split_huge_pmd_locked()
Gavin Guo [Fri, 25 Apr 2025 10:38:58 +0000 (18:38 +0800)]
mm/huge_memory: adjust try_to_migrate_one() and split_huge_pmd_locked()

Patch series "Clean up split_huge_pmd_locked() and remove unnecessary
folio pointers", v2.

The patch series enhances the folio verification by leveraging the
existing page_vma_mapped_walk() mechanism and removing redundant folio
pointer passing.

This patch (of 2):

split_huge_pmd_locked() currently performs redundant checks for migration
entries and folio validation that are already handled by the
page_vma_mapped_walk mechanism in try_to_migrate_one.

Specifically, page_vma_mapped_walk already ensures that:
- The folio is properly mapped in the given VMA area
- pmd_trans_huge, pmd_devmap, and migration entry validation are
  performed

To leverage page_vma_mapped_walk's work, moving TTU_SPLIT_HUGE_PMD
handling to the while loop checking and removing these duplicate checks
from split_huge_pmd_locked.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425103859.825879-1-gavinguo@igalia.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250425103859.825879-2-gavinguo@igalia.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/98d1d195-7821-4627-b518-83103ade56c0@redhat.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/91599a3c-e69e-4d79-bac5-5013c96203d7@redhat.com/
Signed-off-by: Gavin Guo <gavinguo@igalia.com>
Suggested-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Reviewed-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Florent Revest <revest@google.com>
Cc: Gavin Shan <gshan@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agovmscan,cgroup: apply mems_effective to reclaim
Gregory Price [Thu, 24 Apr 2025 20:28:06 +0000 (16:28 -0400)]
vmscan,cgroup: apply mems_effective to reclaim

It is possible for a reclaimer to cause demotions of an lruvec belonging
to a cgroup with cpuset.mems set to exclude some nodes.  Attempt to apply
this limitation based on the lruvec's memcg and prevent demotion.

Notably, this may still allow demotion of shared libraries or any memory
first instantiated in another cgroup.  This means cpusets still cannot
cannot guarantee complete isolation when demotion is enabled, and the docs
have been updated to reflect this.

This is useful for isolating workloads on a multi-tenant system from
certain classes of memory more consistently - with the noted exceptions.

Note on locking:

The cgroup_get_e_css reference protects the css->effective_mems, and calls
of this interface would be subject to the same race conditions associated
with a non-atomic access to cs->effective_mems.

So while this interface cannot make strong guarantees of correctness, it
can therefore avoid taking a global or rcu_read_lock for performance.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250424202806.52632-3-gourry@gourry.net
Signed-off-by: Gregory Price <gourry@gourry.net>
Suggested-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Suggested-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agocpuset: rename cpuset_node_allowed to cpuset_current_node_allowed
Gregory Price [Thu, 24 Apr 2025 20:28:05 +0000 (16:28 -0400)]
cpuset: rename cpuset_node_allowed to cpuset_current_node_allowed

Patch series "vmscan: enforce mems_effective during demotion", v5.

Change reclaim to respect cpuset.mems_effective during demotion when
possible.  Presently, reclaim explicitly ignores cpuset.mems_effective
when demoting, which may cause the cpuset settings to violated.

Implement cpuset_node_allowed() to check the cpuset.mems_effective
associated wih the mem_cgroup of the lruvec being scanned.  This only
applies to cgroup/cpuset v2, as cpuset exists in a different hierarchy
than mem_cgroup in v1.

This requires renaming the existing cpuset_node_allowed() to be
cpuset_current_now_allowed() - which is more descriptive anyway - to
implement the new cpuset_node_allowed() which takes a target cgroup.

This patch (of 2):

Rename cpuset_node_allowed to reflect that the function checks the current
task's cpuset.mems.  This allows us to make a new cpuset_node_allowed
function that checks a target cgroup's cpuset.mems.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250424202806.52632-1-gourry@gourry.net
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250424202806.52632-2-gourry@gourry.net
Signed-off-by: Gregory Price <gourry@gourry.net>
Acked-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Michal Koutný <mkoutny@suse.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agoexecmem: enforce allocation size aligment to PAGE_SIZE
Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) [Wed, 23 Apr 2025 14:48:07 +0000 (17:48 +0300)]
execmem: enforce allocation size aligment to PAGE_SIZE

Before introduction of ROX cache execmem allocation size was always
implicitly aligned to PAGE_SIZE inside vmalloc.

However, when allocation happens from the ROX cache, this is not
enforced.

Make sure that the allocation size is always consistently aligned to
PAGE_SIZE.

Mike said:

: Right now it'll make the maple trees in execmem_cache more compact.
: And it's a precaution for the case when execmem callers would want to
: change permissions on unaligned range because that would WARN_ON()
: loudly.

Peter said

: It should not have a runtime effect -- currently all this code is used
: with PAGE_SIZE multiples and everything just works.  But whilst I was
: perusing this code, I noticed that nothing actually enforced this.  If
: someone were to break this assumption things will go sideways.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250423144808.1619863-1-rppt@kernel.org
Fixes: 2e45474ab14f ("execmem: add support for cache of large ROX pages")
Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/vmalloc.c: return explicit error value in alloc_vmap_area()
Baoquan He [Fri, 18 Apr 2025 22:36:53 +0000 (06:36 +0800)]
mm/vmalloc.c: return explicit error value in alloc_vmap_area()

In codes of alloc_vmap_area(), it returns the upper bound 'vend' to
indicate if the allocation is successful or failed.  That is not very
clear.

Here change to return explicit error values and check them to judge if
allocation is successful.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250418223653.243436-6-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Shivank Garg <shivankg@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Cc: Vishal Moola (Oracle) <vishal.moola@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/vmalloc: optimize function vm_unmap_aliases()
Baoquan He [Fri, 18 Apr 2025 22:36:52 +0000 (06:36 +0800)]
mm/vmalloc: optimize function vm_unmap_aliases()

Remove unneeded local variables and replace them with values.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250418223653.243436-5-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vishal Moola (Oracle) <vishal.moola@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Shivank Garg <shivankg@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/vmalloc.c: optimize code in decay_va_pool_node() a little bit
Baoquan He [Fri, 18 Apr 2025 22:36:51 +0000 (06:36 +0800)]
mm/vmalloc.c: optimize code in decay_va_pool_node() a little bit

When purge lazily freed vmap areas, VA stored in vn->pool[] will also be
taken away into free vmap tree partially or completely accordingly, that
is done in decay_va_pool_node().  When doing that, for each pool of node,
the whole list is detached from the pool for handling.  At this time, that
pool is empty.  It's not necessary to update the pool size each time when
one VA is removed and addded into free vmap tree.

Here change code to update the pool size when attaching the pool back.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250418223653.243436-4-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Cc: Shivank Garg <shivankg@amd.com>
Cc: Vishal Moola (Oracle) <vishal.moola@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/vmalloc.c: find the vmap of vmap_nodes in reverse order
Baoquan He [Fri, 18 Apr 2025 22:36:50 +0000 (06:36 +0800)]
mm/vmalloc.c: find the vmap of vmap_nodes in reverse order

When finding VA in vn->busy, if VA spans several zones and the passed addr
is not the same as va->va_start, we should scan the vn in reverse odrdr
because the starting address of VA must be smaller than the passed addr if
it really resides in the VA.

E.g on a system nr_vmap_nodes=100,

     <----va---->
 -|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-
    ...   n-1   n    n+1   n+2   ...   100     0     1

VA resides in node 'n' whereas it spans 'n', 'n+1' and 'n+2'.  If passed
addr is within 'n+2', we should try nodes backwards on 'n+1' and 'n', then
succeed very soon.

Meanwhile we still need loop around because VA could spans node from 'n'
to node 100, node 0, node 1.

Anyway, changing to find in reverse order can improve efficiency on many
CPUs system.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250418223653.243436-3-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Shivank Garg <shivankg@amd.com>
Cc: Vishal Moola (Oracle) <vishal.moola@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/vmalloc.c: change purge_ndoes as local static variable
Baoquan He [Fri, 18 Apr 2025 22:36:49 +0000 (06:36 +0800)]
mm/vmalloc.c: change purge_ndoes as local static variable

Patch series "mm/vmalloc.c: code cleanup and improvements", v2.

These changes were made from code inspection in mm/vmalloc.c.

This patch (of 5):

Static variable 'purge_ndoes' is defined in global scope, while it's only
used in function __purge_vmap_area_lazy().  It mainly serves to avoid
memory allocation repeatedly, especially when NR_CPUS is big.

While a local static variable can also satisfy the demand, and can improve
code readibility.  Hence move its definition into
__purge_vmap_area_lazy().

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250418223653.243436-1-bhe@redhat.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250418223653.243436-2-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Vishal Moola (Oracle) <vishal.moola@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Shivank Garg <shivankg@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agoUpdate Christoph's Email address and make it consistent
Christoph Lameter (Ampere) [Mon, 21 Apr 2025 20:58:06 +0000 (13:58 -0700)]
Update Christoph's Email address and make it consistent

Use cl@gentwo.org throughout and remove the old email addresses.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/8b962f57-4d98-cbb0-cd82-b6ba456733e8@gentwo.org
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@gentwo.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm: fix typos in comments in mm_init.c
Prabhav Kumar Vaish [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 14:04:40 +0000 (19:34 +0530)]
mm: fix typos in comments in mm_init.c

Corrected minor typos in comments:
- 'contigious' -> 'contiguous'
- 'hierarcy' -> 'hierarchy'

This is a non-functional change in comment text only.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420140440.18817-1-pvkumar5749404@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Prabhav Kumar Vaish <pvkumar5749404@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport (Microsoft) <rppt@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agosamples/damon: implement a DAMON module for memory tiering
SeongJae Park [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:40:30 +0000 (12:40 -0700)]
samples/damon: implement a DAMON module for memory tiering

Implement a sample DAMON module that shows how self-tuned DAMON-based
memory tiering can be written.  It is a sample since the purpose is to
give an idea about how it can be implemented and perform, rather than be
used on general production setups.  Especially, it supports only two tiers
memory setup having only one CPU-attached NUMA node.

[sj@kernel.org: fix wrong DAMON attrs setting]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250510220932.47722-1-sj@kernel.org
[sj@kernel.org: trigger build even if only mtier is enabled]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250426184054.11437-1-sj@kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-8-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agoDocs/ABI/damon: document nid file
SeongJae Park [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:40:29 +0000 (12:40 -0700)]
Docs/ABI/damon: document nid file

Add a description of 'nid' file, which is optionally used for specific
DAMOS quota goal metrics such as node_mem_{used,free}_bp on the DAMON
sysfs ABI document.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-7-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agoDocs/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage: document 'nid' file
SeongJae Park [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:40:28 +0000 (12:40 -0700)]
Docs/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage: document 'nid' file

Add description of 'nid' file, which is optionally used for specific DAMOS
quota goal metrics such as node_mem_{used,free}_bp on DAMON usage
document.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-6-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agoDocs/mm/damon/design: document node_mem_{used,free}_bp
SeongJae Park [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:40:27 +0000 (12:40 -0700)]
Docs/mm/damon/design: document node_mem_{used,free}_bp

Add description of DAMOS quota goal metrics for NUMA node utilization on
the DAMON deesign document.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-5-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/damon/sysfs-schemes: connect damos_quota_goal nid with core layer
SeongJae Park [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:40:26 +0000 (12:40 -0700)]
mm/damon/sysfs-schemes: connect damos_quota_goal nid with core layer

DAMON sysfs interface file for DAMOS quota goal's node id argument is not
passed to core layer.  Implement the link.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-4-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/damon/sysfs-schemes: implement file for quota goal nid parameter
SeongJae Park [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:40:25 +0000 (12:40 -0700)]
mm/damon/sysfs-schemes: implement file for quota goal nid parameter

DAMOS_QUOTA_NODE_MEM_{USED,FREE}_BP DAMOS quota goal metrics require the
node id parameter.  However, there is no DAMON user ABI for setting it.
Implement a DAMON sysfs file for that with name 'nid', under the quota
goal directory.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-3-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
4 weeks agomm/damon/core: introduce damos quota goal metrics for memory node utilization
SeongJae Park [Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:40:24 +0000 (12:40 -0700)]
mm/damon/core: introduce damos quota goal metrics for memory node utilization

Patch series "mm/damon: auto-tune DAMOS for NUMA setups including tiered
memory".

Utilizing DAMON for memory tiering usually requires manual tuning and/or
tedious controls.  Let it self-tune hotness and coldness thresholds for
promotion and demotion aiming high utilization of high memory tiers, by
introducing new DAMOS quota goal metrics representing the used and the
free memory ratios of specific NUMA nodes.  And introduce a sample DAMON
module that demonstrates how the new feature can be used for memory
tiering use cases.

Backgrounds
===========

A type of tiered memory system exposes the memory tiers as NUMA nodes.  A
straightforward pages placement strategy for such systems is placing
access-hot and cold pages on upper and lower tiers, reespectively,
pursuing higher utilization of upper tiers.  Since access temperature can
be dynamic, periodically finding and migrating hot pages and cold pages to
proper tiers (promoting and demoting) is also required.  Linux kernel
provides several features for such dynamic and transparent pages
placement.

Page Faults and LRU
-------------------

One widely known way is using NUMA balancing in tiering mode (a.k.a
NUMAB-2) and reclaim-based demotion features.  In the setup, NUMAB-2 finds
hot pages using access check-purpose page faults (a.k.a prot_none) and
promote those inside each process' context, until there is no more pages
to promote, or the upper tier is filled up and memory pressure happens.
In the latter case, LRU-based reclaim logic wakes up as a response to the
memory pressure and demotes cold pages to lower tiers in asynchronous
(kswapd) and/or synchronous ways (direct reclaim).

DAMON
-----

Yet another available solution is using DAMOS with migrate_hot and
migrate_cold DAMOS actions for promotions and demotions, respectively.  To
make it optimum, users need to specify aggressiveness and access
temperature thresholds for promotions and demotions in a good balance that
results in high utilization of upper tiers.  The number of parameters is
not small, and optimum parameter values depend on characteristics of the
underlying hardware and the workload.  As a result, it often requires
manual, time consuming and repetitive tuning of the DAMOS schemes for
given workloads and systems combinations.

Self-tuned DAMON-based Memory Tiering
=====================================

To solve such manual tuning problems, DAMOS provides aim-oriented
feedback-driven quotas self-tuning.  Using the feature, we design a
self-tuned DAMON-based memory tiering for general multi-tier memory
systems.

For each memory tier node, if it has a lower tier, run a DAMOS scheme that
demotes cold pages of the node, auto-tuning the aggressiveness aiming an
amount of free space of the node.  The free space is for keeping the
headroom that avoids significant memory pressure during upper tier memory
usage spike, and promoting hot pages from the lower tier.

For each memory tier node, if it has an upper tier, run a DAMOS scheme
that promotes hot pages of the current node to the upper tier, auto-tuning
the aggressiveness aiming a high utilization ratio of the upper tier.  The
target ratio is to ensure higher tiers are utilized as much as possible.
It should match with the headroom for demotion scheme, but have slight
overlap, to ensure promotion and demotion are not entirely stopped.

The aim-oriented aggressiveness auto-tuning of DAMOS is already available.
Hence, to make such tiering solution implementation, only new quota goal
metrics for utilization and free space ratio of specific NUMA node need to
be developed.

Discussions
===========

The design imposes below discussion points.

Expected Behaviors
------------------

The system will let upper tier memory node accommodates as many hot data
as possible.  If total amount of the data is less than the top tier
memory's promotion/demotion target utilization, entire data will be just
placed on the top tier.  Promotion scheme will do nothing since there is
no data to promote.  Demotion scheme will also do nothing since the free
space ratio of the top tier is higher than the goal.

Only if the amount of data is larger than the top tier's utilization
ratio, demotion scheme will demote cold pages and ensure the headroom free
space.  Since the promotion and demotion schemes for a single node has
small overlap at their target utilization and free space goals, promotions
and demotions will continue working with a moderate aggressiveness level.
It will keep all data is placed on access hotness under dynamic access
pattern, while minimizing the migration overhead.

In any case, each node will keep headroom free space and as many upper
tiers are utilized as possible.

Ease of Use
-----------

Users still need to set the target utilization and free space ratio, but
it will be easier to set.  We argue 99.7 % utilization and 0.5 % free
space ratios can be good default values.  It can be easily adjusted based
on desired headroom size of given use case.  Users are also still required
to answer the minimum coldness and hotness thresholds.  Together with
monitoring intervals auto-tuning[2], DAMON will always show meaningful
amount of hot and cold memory.  And DAMOS quota's prioritization mechanism
will make good decision as long as the source information is that
colorful.  Hence, users can very naively set the minimum criterias.  We
believe any access observation and no access observation within last one
aggregation interval is enough for minimum hot and cold regions criterias.

General Tiered Memory Setup Applicability
-----------------------------------------

The design can be applied to any number of tiers having any performance
characteristics, as long as they can be hierarchical.  Hence, applying the
system to different tiered memory system will be straightforward.  Note
that this assumes only single CPU NUMA node case.  Because today's DAMON
is not aware of which CPU made each access, applying this on systems
having multiple CPU NUMA nodes can be complicated.  We are planning to
extend DAMON for the use case, but that's out of the scope of this patch
series.

How To Use
----------

Users can implement the auto-tuned DAMON-based memory tiering using DAMON
sysfs interface.  It can be easily done using DAMON user-space tool like
user-space tool.  Below evaluation results section shows an example DAMON
user-space tool command for that.

For wider and simpler deployment, having a kernel module that sets up and
run the DAMOS schemes via DAMON kernel API can be useful.  The module can
enable the memory tiering at boot time via kernel command line parameter
or at run time with single command.  This patch series implements a sample
DAMON kernel module that shows how such module can be implemented.

Comparison To Page Faults and LRU-based Approaches
--------------------------------------------------

The existing page faults based promotion (NUMAB-2) does hot pages
detection and migration in the process context.  When there are many pages
to promote, it can block the progress of the application's real works.
DAMOS works in asynchronous worker thread, so it doesn't block the real
works.

NUMAB-2 doesn't provide a way to control aggressiveness of promotion other
than the maximum amount of pages to promote per given time widnow.  If hot
pages are found, promotions can happen in the upper-bound speed,
regardless of upper tier's memory pressure.  If the maximum speed is not
well set for the given workload, it can result in slow promotion or
unnecessary memory pressure.  Self-tuned DAMON-based memory tiering
alleviates the problem by adjusting the speed based on current utilization
of the upper tier.

LRU-based demotion can be triggered in both asynchronous (kswapd) and
synchronous (direct reclaim) ways.  Other than the way of finding cold
pages, asynchronous LRU-based demotion and DAMON-based demotion has no big
difference.  DAMON-based demotion can make a better balancing with
DAMON-based promotion, though.  The LRU-based demotion can do better than
DAMON-based demotion when the tier is having significant memory pressure.
It would be wise to use DAMON-based demotion as a proactive and primary
one, but utilizing LRU-based demotions together as a fast backup solution.

Evaluation
==========

In short, under a setup that requires fast and frequent promotions,
self-tuned DAMON-based memory tiering's hot pages promotion improves
performance about 4.42 %.  We believe this shows self-tuned DAMON-based
promotion's effectiveness.  Meanwhile, NUMAB-2's hot pages promotion
degrades the performance about 7.34 %.  We suspect the degradation is
mostly due to NUMAB-2's synchronous nature that can block the
application's progress, which highlights the advantage of DAMON-based
solution's asynchronous nature.

Note that the test was done with the RFC version of this patch series.  We
don't run it again since this patch series got no meaningful change after
the RFC, while the test takes pretty long time.

Setup
-----

Hardware.  Use a machine that equips 250 GiB DRAM memory tier and 50 GiB
CXL memory tier.  The tiers are exposed as NUMA nodes 0 and 1,
respectively.

Kernel.  Use Linux kernel v6.13 that modified as following.  Add all DAMON
patches that available on mm tree of 2025-03-15, and this patch series.
Also modify it to ignore mempolicy() system calls, to avoid bad effects
from application's traditional NUMA systems assumed optimizations.

Workload.  Use a modified version of Taobench benchmark[3] that available
on DCPerf benchmark suite.  It represents an in-memory caching workload.
We set its 'memsize', 'warmup_time', and 'test_time' parameter as 340 GiB,
2,500 seconds and 1,440 seconds.  The parameters are chosen to ensure the
workload uses more than DRAM memory tier.  Its RSS under the parameter
grows to 270 GiB within the warmup time.

It turned out the workload has a very static access pattrn.  Only about 13
% of the RSS is frequently accessed from the beginning to end.  Hence
promotion shows no meaningful performance difference regardless of
different design and implementations.  We therefore modify the kernel to
periodically demote up to 10 GiB hot pages and promote up to 10 GiB cold
pages once per minute.  The intention is to simulate periodic access
pattern changes.  The hotness and coldness threshold is very naively set
so that it is more like random access pattern change rather than strict
hot/cold pages exchange.  This is why we call the workload as "modified".
It is implemented as two DAMOS schemes each running on an asynchronous
thread.  It can be reproduced with DAMON user-space tool like below.

    # ./damo start \
        --ops paddr --numa_node 0 --monitoring_intervals 10s 200s 200s \
            --damos_action migrate_hot 1 \
            --damos_quota_interval 60s --damos_quota_space 10G \
        --ops paddr --numa_node 1 --monitoring_intervals 10s 200s 200s \
            --damos_action migrate_cold 0 \
            --damos_quota_interval 60s --damos_quota_space 10G \
        --nr_schemes 1 1 --nr_targets 1 1 --nr_ctxs 1 1

System configurations.  Use below variant system configurations.

- Baseline.  No memory tiering features are turned on.
- Numab_tiering.  On the baseline, enable NUMAB-2 and relcaim-based
  demotion.  In detail, following command is executed:
  echo 2 > /proc/sys/kernel/numa_balancing;
  echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/numa/demotion_enabled;
  echo 7 > /proc/sys/vm/zone_reclaim_mode
- DAMON_tiering.  On the baseline, utilize self-tuned DAMON-based memory
  tiering implementation via DAMON user-space tool.  It utilizes two
  kernel threads, namely promotion thread and demotion thread.  Demotion
  thread monitors access pattern of DRAM node using DAMON with
  auto-tuned monitoring intervals aiming 4% DAMON-observed access ratio,
  and demote coldest pages up to 200 MiB per second aiming 0.5% free
  space of DRAM node.  Promotion thread monitors CXL node using same
  intervals auto-tuning, and promote hot pages in same way but aiming
  for 99.7% utilization of DRAM node.  Because DAMON provides only
  best-effort accuracy, add young page DAMOS filters to allow only and
  reject all young pages at promoting and demoting, respectively.  It
  can be reproduced with DAMON user-space tool like below.

    # ./damo start \
        --numa_node 0 --monitoring_intervals_goal 4% 3 5ms 10s \
            --damos_action migrate_cold 1 --damos_access_rate 0% 0% \
            --damos_apply_interval 1s \
            --damos_quota_interval 1s --damos_quota_space 200MB \
            --damos_quota_goal node_mem_free_bp 0.5% 0 \
            --damos_filter reject young \
        --numa_node 1 --monitoring_intervals_goal 4% 3 5ms 10s \
            --damos_action migrate_hot 0 --damos_access_rate 5% max \
            --damos_apply_interval 1s \
            --damos_quota_interval 1s --damos_quota_space 200MB \
            --damos_quota_goal node_mem_used_bp 99.7% 0 \
            --damos_filter allow young \
            --damos_nr_quota_goals 1 1 --damos_nr_filters 1 1 \
        --nr_targets 1 1 --nr_schemes 1 1 --nr_ctxs 1 1

Measurment Results
------------------

On each system configuration, run the modified version of Taobench and
collect 'score'.  'score' is a metric that calculated and provided by
Taobench to represents the performance of the run on the system.  To
handle the measurement errors, repeat the measurement five times.  The
results are as below.

    Config         Score   Stdev   (%)     Normalized
    Baseline       1.6165  0.0319  1.9764  1.0000
    Numab_tiering  1.4976  0.0452  3.0209  0.9264
    DAMON_tiering  1.6881  0.0249  1.4767  1.0443

'Config' column shows the system config of the measurement.  'Score'
column shows the 'score' measurement in average of the five runs on the
system config.  'Stdev' column shows the standsard deviation of the five
measurements of the scores.  '(%)' column shows the 'Stdev' to 'Score'
ratio in percentage.  Finally, 'Normalized' column shows the averaged
score values of the configs that normalized to that of 'Baseline'.

The periodic hot pages demotion and cold pages promotion that was
conducted to simulate dynamic access pattern was started from the
beginning of the workload.  It resulted in the DRAM tier utilization
always under the watermark, and hence no real demotion was happened for
all test runs.  This means the above results show no difference between
LRU-based and DAMON-based demotions.  Only difference between NUMAB-2 and
DAMON-based promotions are represented on the results.

Numab_tiering config degraded the performance about 7.36 %.  We suspect
this happened because NUMAB-2's synchronous promotion was blocking the
Taobench's real work progress.

DAMON_tiering config improved the performance about 4.43 %.  We believe
this shows effectiveness of DAMON-based promotion that didn't block
Taobench's real work progress due to its asynchronous nature.  Also this
means DAMON's monitoring results are accurate enough to provide visible
amount of improvement.

Evaluation Limitations
----------------------

As mentioned above, this evaluation shows only comparison of promotion
mechanisms.  DAMON-based tiering is recommended to be used together with
reclaim-based demotion as a faster backup under significant memory
pressure, though.

From some perspective, the modified version of Taobench may seems making
the picture distorted too much.  It would be better to evaluate with more
realistic workload, or more finely tuned micro benchmarks.

Patch Sequence
==============

The first patch (patch 1) implements two new quota goal metrics on core
layer and expose it to DAMON core kernel API.  The second and third ones
(patches 2 and 3) further link it to DAMON sysfs interface.  Three
following patches (patches 4-6) document the new feature and sysfs file on
design, usage, and ABI documents.  The final one (patch 7) implements a
working version of a self-tuned DAMON-based memory tiering solution in an
incomplete but easy to understand form as a kernel module under
samples/damon/ directory.

References
==========

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/20231112195602.61525-1-sj@kernel.org/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/20250303221726.484227-1-sj@kernel.org
[3] https://github.com/facebookresearch/DCPerf/blob/main/packages/tao_bench/README.md

This patch (of 7):

Used and free space ratios for specific NUMA nodes can be useful inputs
for NUMA-specific DAMOS schemes' aggressiveness self-tuning feedback loop.
Implement DAMOS quota goal metrics for such self-tuned schemes.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-1-sj@kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420194030.75838-2-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/mempolicy: support memory hotplug in weighted interleave
Rakie Kim [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 07:28:37 +0000 (16:28 +0900)]
mm/mempolicy: support memory hotplug in weighted interleave

The weighted interleave policy distributes page allocations across
multiple NUMA nodes based on their performance weight, thereby improving
memory bandwidth utilization.  The weight values for each node are
configured through sysfs.

Previously, sysfs entries for configuring weighted interleave were created
for all possible nodes (N_POSSIBLE) at initialization, including nodes
that might not have memory.  However, not all nodes in N_POSSIBLE are
usable at runtime, as some may remain memoryless or offline.  This led to
sysfs entries being created for unusable nodes, causing potential
misconfiguration issues.

To address this issue, this patch modifies the sysfs creation logic to:
1) Limit sysfs entries to nodes that are online and have memory, avoiding
   the creation of sysfs entries for nodes that cannot be used.
2) Support memory hotplug by dynamically adding and removing sysfs entries
   based on whether a node transitions into or out of the N_MEMORY state.

Additionally, the patch ensures that sysfs attributes are properly managed
when nodes go offline, preventing stale or redundant entries from
persisting in the system.

By making these changes, the weighted interleave policy now manages its
sysfs entries more efficiently, ensuring that only relevant nodes are
considered for interleaving, and dynamically adapting to memory hotplug
events.

[dan.carpenter@linaro.org: fix error code in sysfs_wi_node_add()]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/aBjL7Bwc0QBzgajK@stanley.mountain
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417072839.711-4-rakie.kim@sk.com
Co-developed-by: Honggyu Kim <honggyu.kim@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Honggyu Kim <honggyu.kim@sk.com>
Co-developed-by: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Rakie Kim <rakie.kim@sk.com>
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Joshua Hahn <joshua.hahnjy@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Gregory Price <gourry@gourry.net>
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/mempolicy: prepare weighted interleave sysfs for memory hotplug
Rakie Kim [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 07:28:36 +0000 (16:28 +0900)]
mm/mempolicy: prepare weighted interleave sysfs for memory hotplug

Previously, the weighted interleave sysfs structure was statically managed
during initialization.  This prevented new nodes from being recognized
when memory hotplug events occurred, limiting the ability to update or
extend sysfs entries dynamically at runtime.

To address this, this patch refactors the sysfs infrastructure and
encapsulates it within a new structure, `sysfs_wi_group`, which holds both
the kobject and an array of node attribute pointers.

By allocating this group structure globally, the per-node sysfs attributes
can be managed beyond initialization time, enabling external modules to
insert or remove node entries in response to events such as memory hotplug
or node online/offline transitions.

Instead of allocating all per-node sysfs attributes at once, the
initialization path now uses the existing sysfs_wi_node_add() and
sysfs_wi_node_delete() helpers.  This refactoring makes it possible to
modularly manage per-node sysfs entries and ensures the infrastructure is
ready for runtime extension.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417072839.711-3-rakie.kim@sk.com
Signed-off-by: Rakie Kim <rakie.kim@sk.com>
Reviewed-by: Gregory Price <gourry@gourry.net>
Reviewed-by: Joshua Hahn <joshua.hahnjy@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Honggyu Kim <honggyu.kim@sk.com>
Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com>
Cc: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/mempolicy: fix memory leaks in weighted interleave sysfs
Rakie Kim [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 07:28:35 +0000 (16:28 +0900)]
mm/mempolicy: fix memory leaks in weighted interleave sysfs

Patch series "Enhance sysfs handling for memory hotplug in weighted
interleave", v9.

The following patch series enhances the weighted interleave policy in the
memory management subsystem by improving sysfs handling, fixing memory
leaks, and introducing dynamic sysfs updates for memory hotplug support.

This patch (of 3):

Memory leaks occurred when removing sysfs attributes for weighted
interleave.  Improper kobject deallocation led to unreleased memory when
initialization failed or when nodes were removed.

The risk of leak is low because it only appears to trigger if setup
fails.  Setup only fails due to -ENOMEM which is unlikely to happen
from a late_initcall() when memory pressure is low.

This patch resolves the issue by replacing unnecessary `kfree()` calls
with proper `kobject_del()` and `kobject_put()` sequences, ensuring
correct teardown and preventing memory leaks.

By explicitly calling `kobject_del()` before `kobject_put()`, the release
function is now invoked safely, and internal sysfs state is correctly
cleaned up.  This guarantees that the memory associated with the kobject
is fully released and avoids resource leaks, thereby improving system
stability.

Additionally, sysfs_remove_file() is no longer called from the release
function to avoid accessing invalid sysfs state after kobject_del().  All
attribute removals are now done before kobject_del(), preventing WARN_ON()
in kernfs and ensuring safe and consistent cleanup of sysfs entries.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417072839.711-1-rakie.kim@sk.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417072839.711-2-rakie.kim@sk.com
Fixes: dce41f5ae253 ("mm/mempolicy: implement the sysfs-based weighted_interleave interface")
Signed-off-by: Rakie Kim <rakie.kim@sk.com>
Reviewed-by: Gregory Price <gourry@gourry.net>
Reviewed-by: Joshua Hahn <joshua.hahnjy@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Honggyu Kim <honggyu.kim@sk.com>
Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Yunjeong Mun <yunjeong.mun@sk.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: memcontrol: remove unnecessary NULL check before free_percpu()
Chen Ni [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 08:43:30 +0000 (16:43 +0800)]
mm: memcontrol: remove unnecessary NULL check before free_percpu()

free_percpu() checks for NULL pointers internally.  Remove unneeded NULL
check here.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417084330.937380-1-nichen@iscas.ac.cn
Signed-off-by: Chen Ni <nichen@iscas.ac.cn>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agovmalloc: align nr_vmalloc_pages and vmap_lazy_nr
Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 16:12:16 +0000 (18:12 +0200)]
vmalloc: align nr_vmalloc_pages and vmap_lazy_nr

Currently both atomics share one cache-line:

<snip>
...
ffffffff83eab400 b vmap_lazy_nr
ffffffff83eab408 b nr_vmalloc_pages
...
<snip>

those are global variables and they are only 8 bytes apart.  Since they
are modified by different threads this causes a false sharing.  This can
lead to a performance drop due to unnecessary cache invalidations.

After this patch it is aligned to a cache line boundary:

<snip>
...
ffffffff8260a600 d vmap_lazy_nr
ffffffff8260a640 d nr_vmalloc_pages
...
<snip>

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417161216.88318-4-urezki@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Adrian Huang <ahuang12@lenovo.com>
Tested-by: Adrian Huang <ahuang12@lenovo.com>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Cc: Christop Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoMAINTAINERS: add test_vmalloc.c to VMALLOC section
Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 16:12:15 +0000 (18:12 +0200)]
MAINTAINERS: add test_vmalloc.c to VMALLOC section

A vmalloc subsystem includes "lib/test_vmalloc.c" test suite.  Add an "F:"
entry under VMALLOC section to track this file as part of the subsystem.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417161216.88318-3-urezki@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Christop Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agolib/test_vmalloc.c: allow built-in execution
Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 16:12:14 +0000 (18:12 +0200)]
lib/test_vmalloc.c: allow built-in execution

Remove the dependency on module loading ("m") for the vmalloc test suite,
enabling it to be built directly into the kernel, so both ("=m") and
("=y") are supported.

Motivation:
- Faster debugging/testing of vmalloc code;
- It allows to configure the test via kernel-boot parameters.

Configuration example:
  test_vmalloc.nr_threads=64
  test_vmalloc.run_test_mask=7
  test_vmalloc.sequential_test_order=1

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417161216.88318-2-urezki@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Adrian Huang <ahuang12@lenovo.com>
Tested-by: Adrian Huang <ahuang12@lenovo.com>
Cc: Christop Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agolib/test_vmalloc.c: replace RWSEM to SRCU for setup
Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 16:12:13 +0000 (18:12 +0200)]
lib/test_vmalloc.c: replace RWSEM to SRCU for setup

The test has the initialization step during which threads are created.  To
prevent the workers from starting prematurely a write lock was previously
used by the main setup thread, while each worker would block on a read
lock.

Replace this RWSEM based synchronization with a simpler SRCU based
approach.  Which does two basic steps:

- Main thread wraps the setup phase in an SRCU read-side critical
  section.  Pair of srcu_read_lock()/srcu_read_unlock().
- Each worker calls synchronize_srcu() on entry, ensuring it waits for
  the initialization phase to be completed.

This patch eliminates the need for down_read()/up_read() and
down_write()/up_write() pairs thus simplifying the logic and improving
clarity.

[urezki@gmail.com: fix compile error with CONFIG_TINY_RCU]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250420142029.103169-1-urezki@gmail.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417161216.88318-1-urezki@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Adrian Huang <ahuang12@lenovo.com>
Tested-by: Adrian Huang <ahuang12@lenovo.com>
Cc: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Christop Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoDocumentation: zram: update IDLE pages tracking documentation
Sergey Senozhatsky [Wed, 16 Apr 2025 04:27:59 +0000 (13:27 +0900)]
Documentation: zram: update IDLE pages tracking documentation

Move IDLE pages tracking into a separate chapter because there are
multiple features that use (or depend on) it either in built-in variant
("mark all") or in extended variant (ac-time tracking).

In addition, recompression doesn't require memory tracking to be enabled
in order to be able to perform idle recompression.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250416042833.3858827-1-senozhatsky@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <senozhatsky@chromium.org>
Reported-by: Shin Kawamura <kawasin@google.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomempolicy: optimize queue_folios_pte_range by PTE batching
Dev Jain [Wed, 16 Apr 2025 05:30:48 +0000 (11:00 +0530)]
mempolicy: optimize queue_folios_pte_range by PTE batching

After the check for queue_folio_required(), the code only cares about the
folio in the for loop, i.e the PTEs are redundant.  Therefore, optimize
this loop by skipping over a PTE batch mapping the same folio.

With a test program migrating pages of the calling process, which includes
a mapped VMA of size 4GB with pte-mapped large folios of order-9, and
migrating once back and forth node-0 and node-1, the average execution
time reduces from 7.5 to 4 seconds, giving an approx 47% speedup.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250416053048.96479-1-dev.jain@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Dev Jain <dev.jain@arm.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Vishal Moola (Oracle) <vishal.moola@gmail.com>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: move mmap/vma locking logic into specific files
Lorenzo Stoakes [Wed, 16 Apr 2025 10:38:36 +0000 (11:38 +0100)]
mm: move mmap/vma locking logic into specific files

Currently the VMA and mmap locking logic is entangled in two of the most
overwrought files in mm - include/linux/mm.h and mm/memory.c.  Separate
this logic out so we can more easily make changes and create an
appropriate MAINTAINERS entry that spans only the logic relating to
locking.

This should have no functional change.  Care is taken to avoid dependency
loops, we must regrettably keep release_fault_lock() and
assert_fault_locked() in mm.h as a result due to the dependence on the
vm_fault type.

Additionally we must declare rcuwait_wake_up() manually to avoid a
dependency cycle on linux/rcuwait.h.

Additionally move the nommu implementatino of lock_mm_and_find_vma() to
mmap_lock.c so everything lock-related is in one place.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/bec6c8e29fa8de9267a811a10b1bdae355d67ed4.1744799282.git.lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: "Paul E . McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomemcg: multi-memcg percpu charge cache
Shakeel Butt [Wed, 16 Apr 2025 18:02:29 +0000 (11:02 -0700)]
memcg: multi-memcg percpu charge cache

Memory cgroup accounting is expensive and to reduce the cost, the kernel
maintains per-cpu charge cache for a single memcg.  So, if a charge
request comes for a different memcg, the kernel will flush the old memcg's
charge cache and then charge the newer memcg a fixed amount (64 pages),
subtracts the charge request amount and stores the remaining in the
per-cpu charge cache for the newer memcg.

This mechanism is based on the assumption that the kernel, for locality,
keep a process on a CPU for long period of time and most of the charge
requests from that process will be served by that CPU's local charge
cache.

However this assumption breaks down for incoming network traffic in a
multi-tenant machine.  We are in the process of running multiple workloads
on a single machine and if such workloads are network heavy, we are seeing
very high network memory accounting cost.  We have observed multiple CPUs
spending almost 100% of their time in net_rx_action and almost all of that
time is spent in memcg accounting of the network traffic.

More precisely, net_rx_action is serving packets from multiple workloads
and is observing/serving mix of packets of these workloads.  The memcg
switch of per-cpu cache is very expensive and we are observing a lot of
memcg switches on the machine.  Almost all the time is being spent on
charging new memcg and flushing older memcg cache.  So, definitely we need
per-cpu cache that support multiple memcgs for this scenario.

This patch implements a simple (and dumb) multiple memcg percpu charge
cache.  Actually we started with more sophisticated LRU based approach but
the dumb one was always better than the sophisticated one by 1% to 3%, so
going with the simple approach.

Some of the design choices are:

1. Fit all caches memcgs in a single cacheline.
2. The cache array can be mix of empty slots or memcg charged slots, so
   the kernel has to traverse the full array.
3. The cache drain from the reclaim will drain all cached memcgs to keep
   things simple.

To evaluate the impact of this optimization, on a 72 CPUs machine, we ran
the following workload where each netperf client runs in a different
cgroup.  The next-20250415 kernel is used as base.

 $ netserver -6
 $ netperf -6 -H ::1 -l 60 -t TCP_SENDFILE -- -m 10K

number of clients | Without patch | With patch
  6               | 42584.1 Mbps  | 48603.4 Mbps (14.13% improvement)
  12              | 30617.1 Mbps  | 47919.7 Mbps (56.51% improvement)
  18              | 25305.2 Mbps  | 45497.3 Mbps (79.79% improvement)
  24              | 20104.1 Mbps  | 37907.7 Mbps (88.55% improvement)
  30              | 14702.4 Mbps  | 30746.5 Mbps (109.12% improvement)
  36              | 10801.5 Mbps  | 26476.3 Mbps (145.11% improvement)

The results show drastic improvement for network intensive workloads.

[shakeel.butt@linux.dev: add BUILD_BUG_ON() for MEMCG_CHARGE_BATCH]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/rlsgeosg3j7v5nihhbxxxbv3xfy4ejvigihj7lkkbt3n6imyne@2apxx2jm2e57
[shakeel.butt@linux.dev: simplify refill_stock]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/as5cdsm4lraxupg3t6onep2ixql72za25hvd4x334dsoyo4apr@zyzl4vkuevuv
[hughd@google.com: it's better to stock nr_pages than the uninitialized stock_pages]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/d542d18f-1caa-6fea-e2c3-3555c87bcf64@google.com
[shakeel.butt@linux.dev: add comment per Michal and use DEFINE_PER_CPU_ALIGNED instead of DEFINE_PER_CPU per Vlastimil]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/dieeei3squ2gcnqxdjayvxbvzldr266rhnvtl3vjzsqevxkevf@ckui5vjzl2qg
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250416180229.2902751-1-shakeel.butt@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Eric Dumaze <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Cc: Soheil Hassas Yeganeh <soheil@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: convert free_page_and_swap_cache() to free_folio_and_swap_cache()
Fan Ni [Wed, 16 Apr 2025 20:12:15 +0000 (13:12 -0700)]
mm: convert free_page_and_swap_cache() to free_folio_and_swap_cache()

free_page_and_swap_cache() takes a struct page pointer as input parameter,
but it will immediately convert it to folio and all operations following
within use folio instead of page.  It makes more sense to pass in folio
directly.

Convert free_page_and_swap_cache() to free_folio_and_swap_cache() to
consume folio directly.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250416201720.41678-1-nifan.cxl@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Fan Ni <fan.ni@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Reviewed-by: Vishal Moola (Oracle) <vishal.moola@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Adam Manzanares <a.manzanares@samsung.com>
Cc: "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@kernel.org>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Luis Chamberalin <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Cc: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: add nr_free_highatomic in show_free_areas
gaoxu [Sat, 12 Apr 2025 09:27:24 +0000 (09:27 +0000)]
mm: add nr_free_highatomic in show_free_areas

commit c928807f6f6b6("mm/page_alloc: keep track of free highatomic")
adds a new variable nr_free_highatomic, which is useful for analyzing low
mem issues. add nr_free_highatomic in show_free_areas.

Signed-off-by: gao xu <gaoxu2@honor.com>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/d92eeff74f7a4578a14ac777cfe3603a@honor.com
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/vmscan: modify the assignment logic of the scan and total_scan variables
Hao Ge [Thu, 17 Apr 2025 09:24:22 +0000 (17:24 +0800)]
mm/vmscan: modify the assignment logic of the scan and total_scan variables

The scan and total_scan variables can be initialized to 0 when they are
defined, replacing the separate assignment statements.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250417092422.1333620-1-hao.ge@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Hao Ge <gehao@kylinos.cn>
Acked-by: Dev Jain <dev.jain@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agosamples/damon/prcl: fix a comment typo
Enze Li [Fri, 11 Apr 2025 07:38:00 +0000 (15:38 +0800)]
samples/damon/prcl: fix a comment typo

This patch just fixes a typo in the comment.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250411073800.1444481-1-lienze@kylinos.cn
Signed-off-by: Enze Li <lienze@kylinos.cn>
Reviewed-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/gup: clean up codes in fault_in_xxx() functions
Baoquan He [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 03:57:17 +0000 (11:57 +0800)]
mm/gup: clean up codes in fault_in_xxx() functions

The code style in fault_in_readable() and fault_in_writable() is a little
inconsistent with fault_in_safe_writeable().  In fault_in_readable() and
fault_in_writable(), it uses 'uaddr' passed in as loop cursor.  While in
fault_in_safe_writeable(), local variable 'start' is used as loop cursor.
This may mislead people when reading code or making change in these codes.

Here define explicit loop cursor and use for loop to simplify codes in
these three functions.  These cleanup can make them be consistent in code
style and improve readability.

[bhe@redhat.com: address minor concerns from David]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/Z/sbv3EmLXWgEE7+@MiWiFi-R3L-srv
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410035717.473207-5-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Yanjun.Zhu <yanjun.zhu@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/gup: remove gup_fast_pgd_leaf() and clean up the relevant codes
Baoquan He [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 03:57:16 +0000 (11:57 +0800)]
mm/gup: remove gup_fast_pgd_leaf() and clean up the relevant codes

In the current kernel, only pud huge page is supported in some
architectures.  P4d and pgd huge pages haven't been supported yet.  And in
mm/gup.c, there's no pgd huge page handling in the follow_page_mask() code
path.  Hence it doesn't make sense to only have gup_fast_pgd_leaf() in
gup_fast code path.

Here remove gup_fast_pgd_leaf() and clean up the relevant codes.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410035717.473207-4-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Yanjun.Zhu <yanjun.zhu@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/gup: remove unneeded checking in follow_page_pte()
Baoquan He [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 03:57:15 +0000 (11:57 +0800)]
mm/gup: remove unneeded checking in follow_page_pte()

Patch series "mm/gup: Minor fix, cleanup and improvements", v4.

These were made from code inspection in mm/gup.c.

This patch (of 3):

In __get_user_pages(), it will traverse page table and take a reference to
the page the given user address corresponds to if GUP_GET or GUP_PIN is
set.  However, it's not supported both GUP_GET and GUP_PIN are set.  Even
though this check need be done, it should be done earlier, but not doing
it till entering into follow_page_pte() and failed.

Furthermore, this checking has been done in is_valid_gup_args() and all
external users of __get_user_pages() will call is_valid_gup_args() to
catch the illegal setting.  We don't need to worry about internal users of
__get_user_pages() because the gup_flags are set by MM code correctly.

Here remove the checking in follow_page_pte(), and add VM_WARN_ON_ONCE()
to catch the possible exceptional setting just in case.

And also change the VM_BUG_ON to VM_WARN_ON_ONCE() for checking (!!pages
!= !!(gup_flags & (FOLL_GET | FOLL_PIN))) because the checking has been
done in is_valid_gup_args() for external users of __get_user_pages().

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410035717.473207-1-bhe@redhat.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410035717.473207-3-bhe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Yanjun.Zhu <yanjun.zhu@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm,hugetlb: allocate frozen pages in alloc_buddy_hugetlb_folio
Oscar Salvador [Fri, 11 Apr 2025 13:23:59 +0000 (15:23 +0200)]
mm,hugetlb: allocate frozen pages in alloc_buddy_hugetlb_folio

alloc_buddy_hugetlb_folio() allocates a rmappable folio, then strips the
rmappable part and freezes it.  We can simplify all that by allocating
frozen pages directly.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250411132359.312708-1-osalvador@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agovmalloc: use atomic_long_add_return_relaxed()
Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) [Tue, 15 Apr 2025 11:26:46 +0000 (13:26 +0200)]
vmalloc: use atomic_long_add_return_relaxed()

Switch from the atomic_long_add_return() to its relaxed version.

We do not need a full memory barrier or any memory ordering during
increasing the "vmap_lazy_nr" variable.  What we only need is to do it
atomically.  This is what atomic_long_add_return_relaxed() guarantees.

AARCH64:

<snip>
Default:
    40ec:       d34cfe94        lsr     x20, x20, #12
    40f0:       14000044        b       4200 <free_vmap_area_noflush+0x19c>
    40f4:       94000000        bl      0 <__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc>
    40f8:       90000000        adrp    x0, 0 <__traceiter_alloc_vmap_area>
    40fc:       91000000        add     x0, x0, #0x0
    4100:       f8f40016        ldaddal x20, x22, [x0]
    4104:       8b160296        add     x22, x20, x22

Relaxed:
    40ec:       d34cfe94        lsr     x20, x20, #12
    40f0:       14000044        b       4200 <free_vmap_area_noflush+0x19c>
    40f4:       94000000        bl      0 <__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc>
    40f8:       90000000        adrp    x0, 0 <__traceiter_alloc_vmap_area>
    40fc:       91000000        add     x0, x0, #0x0
    4100:       f8340016        ldadd   x20, x22, [x0]
    4104:       8b160296        add     x22, x20, x22
<snip>

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250415112646.113091-1-urezki@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Christop Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Mateusz Guzik <mjguzik@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm, hugetlb: avoid passing a null nodemask when there is mbind policy
Oscar Salvador [Tue, 15 Apr 2025 12:15:03 +0000 (14:15 +0200)]
mm, hugetlb: avoid passing a null nodemask when there is mbind policy

Before trying to allocate a page, gather_surplus_pages() sets up a
nodemask for the nodes we can allocate from, but instead of passing the
nodemask down the road to the page allocator, it iterates over the nodes
within that nodemask right there, meaning that the page allocator will
receive a preferred_nid and a null nodemask.

This is a problem when using a memory policy, because it might be that the
page allocator ends up using a node as a fallback which is not represented
in the policy.

Avoid that by passing the nodemask directly to the page allocator, so it
can filter out fallback nodes that are not part of the nodemask.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250415121503.376811-1-osalvador@suse.de
Signed-off-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoselftests/damon: remove the remaining test scripts for DAMON debugfs interface
Enze Li [Fri, 11 Apr 2025 02:43:32 +0000 (10:43 +0800)]
selftests/damon: remove the remaining test scripts for DAMON debugfs interface

DAMON has dropped debugfs support; therefore, remove these unused scripts.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250411024332.1373861-1-enze.li@linux.dev
Fixes: 5ec4333b1967 ("mm/damon: remove DAMON debugfs interface")
Signed-off-by: Enze Li <lienze@kylinos.cn>
Reviewed-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomemcg: optimize memcg_rstat_updated
Shakeel Butt [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 02:57:52 +0000 (19:57 -0700)]
memcg: optimize memcg_rstat_updated

Currently the kernel maintains the stats updates per-memcg which is needed
to implement stats flushing threshold.  On the update side, the update is
added to the per-cpu per-memcg update of the given memcg and all of its
ancestors.  However when the given memcg has passed the flushing
threshold, all of its ancestors should have passed the threshold as well.
There is no need to traverse up the memcg tree to maintain the stats
updates.

Perf profile collected from our fleet shows that memcg_rstat_updated is
one of the most expensive memcg function i.e.  a lot of cumulative CPU is
being spent on it.  So, even small micro optimizations matter a lot.  This
patch is microbenchmarked with multiple instances of netperf on a single
machine with locally running netserver and we see couple of percentage of
improvement.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410025752.92159-1-shakeel.butt@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Roman Gushchin <roman.gushchin@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoselftests/mm: restore default nr_hugepages value during cleanup in hugetlb_reparentin...
Donet Tom [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 10:07:48 +0000 (05:07 -0500)]
selftests/mm: restore default nr_hugepages value during cleanup in hugetlb_reparenting_test.sh

During cleanup, the value of /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages is currently being
set to 0.  At the end of the test, if all tests pass, the original
nr_hugepages value is restored.  However, if any test fails, it remains
set to 0.

With this patch, we ensure that the original nr_hugepages value is
restored during cleanup, regardless of whether the test passes or fails.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410100748.2310-1-donettom@linux.ibm.com
Fixes: 29750f71a9b4 ("hugetlb_cgroup: add hugetlb_cgroup reservation tests")
Signed-off-by: Donet Tom <donettom@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Li Wang <liwang@redhat.com>
Cc: "Ritesh Harjani (IBM)" <ritesh.list@gmail.com>
Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>
Cc: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomaple_tree: reorder mas->store_type case statements
Sidhartha Kumar [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 19:14:46 +0000 (19:14 +0000)]
maple_tree: reorder mas->store_type case statements

Move the unlikely case that mas->store_type is invalid to be the last
evaluated case and put liklier cases higher up.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410191446.2474640-7-sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com>
Suggested-by: Liam R. Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomaple_tree: add sufficient height
Sidhartha Kumar [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 19:14:45 +0000 (19:14 +0000)]
maple_tree: add sufficient height

In order to support rebalancing and spanning stores using less than the
worst case number of nodes, we need to track more than just the vacant
height.  Using only vacant height to reduce the worst case maple node
allocation count can lead to a shortcoming of nodes in the following
scenarios.

For rebalancing writes, when a leaf node becomes insufficient, it may be
combined with a sibling into a single node.  This means that the parent
node which has entries for this children will lose one entry.  If this
parent node was just meeting the minimum entries, losing one entry will
now cause this parent node to be insufficient.  This leads to a cascading
operation of rebalancing at different levels and can lead to more node
allocations than simply using vacant height can return.

For spanning writes, a similar situation occurs.  At the location at which
a spanning write is detected, the number of ancestor nodes may similarly
need to rebalanced into a smaller number of nodes and the same cascading
situation could occur.

To use less than the full height of the tree for the number of
allocations, we also need to track the height at which a non-leaf node
cannot become insufficient.  This means even if a rebalance occurs to a
child of this node, it currently has enough entries that it can lose one
without any further action.  This field is stored in the maple write state
as sufficient height.  In mas_prealloc_calc() when figuring out how many
nodes to allocate, we check if the vacant node is lower in the tree than a
sufficient node (has a larger value).  If it is, we cannot use the vacant
height and must use the difference in the height and sufficient height as
the basis for the number of nodes needed.

An off by one bug was also discovered in mast_overflow() where it is using
>= rather than >.  This caused extra iterations of the
mas_spanning_rebalance() loop and lead to unneeded allocations.  A test is
also added to check the number of allocations is correct.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410191446.2474640-6-sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomaple_tree: break on convergence in mas_spanning_rebalance()
Sidhartha Kumar [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 19:14:44 +0000 (19:14 +0000)]
maple_tree: break on convergence in mas_spanning_rebalance()

This allows support for using the vacant height to calculate the worst
case number of nodes needed for wr_rebalance operation.
mas_spanning_rebalance() was seen to perform unnecessary node allocations.
We can reduce allocations by breaking early during the rebalancing loop
once we realize that we have ascended to a common ancestor.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410191446.2474640-5-sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com>
Suggested-by: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomaple_tree: use vacant nodes to reduce worst case allocations
Sidhartha Kumar [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 19:14:43 +0000 (19:14 +0000)]
maple_tree: use vacant nodes to reduce worst case allocations

In order to determine the store type for a maple tree operation, a walk of
the tree is done through mas_wr_walk().  This function descends the tree
until a spanning write is detected or we reach a leaf node.  While
descending, keep track of the height at which we encounter a node with
available space.  This is done by checking if mas->end is less than the
number of slots a given node type can fit.

Now that the height of the vacant node is tracked, we can use the
difference between the height of the tree and the height of the vacant
node to know how many levels we will have to propagate creating new nodes.
Update mas_prealloc_calc() to consider the vacant height and reduce the
number of worst-case allocations.

Rebalancing and spanning stores are not supported and fall back to using
the full height of the tree for allocations.

Update preallocation testing assertions to take into account vacant
height.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410191446.2474640-4-sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomaple_tree: use height and depth consistently
Sidhartha Kumar [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 19:14:42 +0000 (19:14 +0000)]
maple_tree: use height and depth consistently

For the maple tree, the root node is defined to have a depth of 0 with a
height of 1.  Each level down from the node, these values are incremented
by 1.  Various code paths define a root with depth 1 which is inconsisent
with the definition.  Modify the code to be consistent with this
definition.

In mas_spanning_rebalance(), l_mas.depth was being used to track the
height based on the number of iterations done in the main loop.  This
information was then used in mas_put_in_tree() to set the height.  Rather
than overload the l_mas.depth field to track height, simply keep track of
height in the local variable new_height and directly pass this to
mas_wmb_replace() which will be passed into mas_put_in_tree().  This
allows up to remove writes to l_mas.depth.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410191446.2474640-3-sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomaple_tree: convert mas_prealloc_calc() to take in a maple write state
Sidhartha Kumar [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 19:14:41 +0000 (19:14 +0000)]
maple_tree: convert mas_prealloc_calc() to take in a maple write state

Patch series "Track node vacancy to reduce worst case allocation counts", v5.

================ overview ========================
Currently, the maple tree preallocates the worst case number of nodes for
given store type by taking into account the whole height of the tree.
This comes from a worst case scenario of every node in the tree being full
and having to propagate node allocation upwards until we reach the root of
the tree.  This can be optimized if there are vacancies in nodes that are
at a lower depth than the root node.  This series implements tracking the
level at which there is a vacant node so we only need to allocate until
this level is reached, rather than always using the full height of the
tree.  The ma_wr_state struct is modified to add a field which keeps track
of the vacant height and is updated during walks of the tree.  This value
is then read in mas_prealloc_calc() when we decide how many nodes to
allocate.

For rebalancing and spanning stores, we also need to track the lowest
height at which a node has 1 more entry than the minimum sufficient number
of entries.  This is because rebalancing can cause a parent node to become
insufficient which results in further node allocations.  In this case, we
need to use the sufficient height as the worst case rather than the vacant
height.

patch 1-2: preparatory patches
patch 3: implement vacant height tracking + update the tests
patch 4: support vacant height tracking for rebalancing writes
patch 5: implement sufficient height tracking
patch 6: reorder switch case statements

================ results =========================
Bpftrace was used to profile the allocation path for requesting new maple
nodes while running stress-ng mmap 120s.  The histograms below represent
requests to kmem_cache_alloc_bulk() and show the count argument.  This
represnts how many maple nodes the caller is requesting in
kmem_cache_alloc_bulk()

command: stress-ng --mmap 4 --timeout 120

mm-unstable

@bulk_alloc_req:
[3, 4)                 4 |                                                    |
[4, 5)             54170 |@                                                   |
[5, 6)                 0 |                                                    |
[6, 7)            893057 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@                                |
[7, 8)                 4 |                                                    |
[8, 9)           2230287 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@|
[9, 10)            55811 |@                                                   |
[10, 11)           77834 |@                                                   |
[11, 12)               0 |                                                    |
[12, 13)         1368684 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@                     |
[13, 14)               0 |                                                    |
[14, 15)               0 |                                                    |
[15, 16)          367197 |@@@@@@@@                                            |

@maple_node_total: 46,630,160
@total_vmas: 46184591

mm-unstable + this series

@bulk_alloc_req:
[2, 3)               198 |                                                    |
[3, 4)                 4 |                                                    |
[4, 5)                43 |                                                    |
[5, 6)                 0 |                                                    |
[6, 7)           1069503 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@                               |
[7, 8)                 4 |                                                    |
[8, 9)           2597268 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@|
[9, 10)           472191 |@@@@@@@@@                                           |
[10, 11)          191904 |@@@                                                 |
[11, 12)               0 |                                                    |
[12, 13)          247316 |@@@@                                                |
[13, 14)               0 |                                                    |
[14, 15)               0 |                                                    |
[15, 16)           98769 |@                                                   |

@maple_node_total: 37,813,856
@total_vmas: 43493287

This represents a ~19% reduction in the number of bulk maple nodes allocated.

For more reproducible results, a historgram of the return value of
mas_prealloc_calc() is displayed while running the maple_tree_tests whcih
have a deterministic store pattern

mas_prealloc_calc() return value mm-unstable
1   :                                                    (12068)
3   :                                                    (11836)
5   : *****                                              (271192)
7   : ************************************************** (2329329)
9   : ***********                                        (534186)
10  :                                                    (435)
11  : ***************                                    (704306)
13  : ********                                           (409781)

mas_prealloc_calc() return value mm-unstable + this series
1   :                                                    (12070)
3   : ************************************************** (3548777)
5   : ********                                           (633458)
7   :                                                    (65081)
9   :                                                    (11224)
10  :                                                    (341)
11  :                                                    (2973)
13  :                                                    (68)

do_mmap latency was also measured for regressions:
command: stress-ng --mmap 4 --timeout 120

mm-unstable:
avg = 7162 nsecs, total: 16101821292 nsecs, count: 2248034

mm-unstable + this series:
avg = 6689 nsecs, total: 15135391764 nsecs, count: 2262726

stress-ng --mmap4 --timeout 120

with vacant_height:
stress-ng: info:  [257]                   21526312 Maple Tree Read                0.176 M/sec
stress-ng: info:  [257]                  339979348 Maple Tree Write               2.774 M/sec

without vacant_height:
stress-ng: info:  [8228]                   20968900 Maple Tree Read                0.171 M/sec
stress-ng: info:  [8228]                  312214648 Maple Tree Write               2.547 M/sec

This represents an increase of ~3% read throughput and ~9% increase in
write throughput.

This patch (of 6):

In a subsequent patch, mas_prealloc_calc() will need to access fields only
in the ma_wr_state.  Convert the function to take in a ma_wr_state and
modify all callers.  There is no functional change.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410191446.2474640-1-sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410191446.2474640-2-sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/madvise: batch tlb flushes for MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED]
SeongJae Park [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 00:00:22 +0000 (17:00 -0700)]
mm/madvise: batch tlb flushes for MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED]

MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED] handling for [process_]madvise() flushes tlb for
each vma of each address range.  Update the logic to do tlb flushes in a
batched way.  Initialize an mmu_gather object from do_madvise() and
vector_madvise(), which are the entry level functions for
[process_]madvise(), respectively.  And pass those objects to the function
for per-vma work, via madvise_behavior struct.  Make the per-vma logic not
flushes tlb on their own but just saves the tlb entries to the received
mmu_gather object.  For this internal logic change, make
zap_page_range_single_batched() non-static and use it directly from
madvise_dontneed_single_vma().  Finally, the entry level functions flush
the tlb entries that gathered for the entire user request, at once.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410000022.1901-5-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/memory: split non-tlb flushing part from zap_page_range_single()
SeongJae Park [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 00:00:21 +0000 (17:00 -0700)]
mm/memory: split non-tlb flushing part from zap_page_range_single()

Some of zap_page_range_single() callers such as [process_]madvise() with
MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED] cannot batch tlb flushes because
zap_page_range_single() flushes tlb for each invocation.  Split out the
body of zap_page_range_single() except mmu_gather object initialization
and gathered tlb entries flushing for such batched tlb flushing usage.

To avoid hugetlb pages allocation failures from concurrent page faults,
the tlb flush should be done before hugetlb faults unlocking, though.  Do
the flush and the unlock inside the split out function in the order for
hugetlb vma case.  Refer to commit 2820b0f09be9 ("hugetlbfs: close race
between MADV_DONTNEED and page fault") for more details about the
concurrent faults' page allocation failure problem.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410000022.1901-4-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/madvise: batch tlb flushes for MADV_FREE
SeongJae Park [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 00:00:20 +0000 (17:00 -0700)]
mm/madvise: batch tlb flushes for MADV_FREE

MADV_FREE handling for [process_]madvise() flushes tlb for each vma of
each address range.  Update the logic to do tlb flushes in a batched way.
Initialize an mmu_gather object from do_madvise() and vector_madvise(),
which are the entry level functions for [process_]madvise(), respectively.
And pass those objects to the function for per-vma work, via
madvise_behavior struct.  Make the per-vma logic not flushes tlb on their
own but just saves the tlb entries to the received mmu_gather object.
Finally, the entry level functions flush the tlb entries that gathered for
the entire user request, at once.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410000022.1901-3-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/madvise: define and use madvise_behavior struct for madvise_do_behavior()
SeongJae Park [Thu, 10 Apr 2025 00:00:19 +0000 (17:00 -0700)]
mm/madvise: define and use madvise_behavior struct for madvise_do_behavior()

Patch series "mm/madvise: batch tlb flushes for MADV_DONTNEED and
MADV_FREE", v3.

When process_madvise() is called to do MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED] or MADV_FREE
with multiple address ranges, tlb flushes happen for each of the given
address ranges.  Because such tlb flushes are for the same process, doing
those in a batch is more efficient while still being safe.  Modify
process_madvise() entry level code path to do such batched tlb flushes,
while the internal unmap logic do only gathering of the tlb entries to
flush.

In more detail, modify the entry functions to initialize an mmu_gather
object and pass it to the internal logic.  And make the internal logic do
only gathering of the tlb entries to flush into the received mmu_gather
object.  After all internal function calls are done, the entry functions
flush the gathered tlb entries at once.

Because process_madvise() and madvise() share the internal unmap logic,
make same change to madvise() entry code together, to make code consistent
and cleaner.  It is only for keeping the code clean, and shouldn't degrade
madvise().  It could rather provide a potential tlb flushes reduction
benefit for a case that there are multiple vmas for the given address
range.  It is only a side effect from an effort to keep code clean, so we
don't measure it separately.

Similar optimizations might be applicable to other madvise behavior such
as MADV_COLD and MADV_PAGEOUT.  Those are simply out of the scope of this
patch series, though.

Patches Sequence
================

The first patch defines a new data structure for managing information that
is required for batched tlb flushes (mmu_gather and behavior), and update
code paths for MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED] and MADV_FREE handling internal
logic to receive it.

The second patch batches tlb flushes for MADV_FREE handling for both
madvise() and process_madvise().

Remaining two patches are for MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED] tlb flushes batching.
The third patch splits zap_page_range_single() for batching of
MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED] handling.  The fourth patch batches tlb flushes for
the hint using the sub-logic that the third patch split out, and the
helpers for batched tlb flushes that introduced for the MADV_FREE case, by
the second patch.

Test Results
============

I measured the latency to apply MADV_DONTNEED advice to 256 MiB memory
using multiple process_madvise() calls.  I apply the advice in 4 KiB sized
regions granularity, but with varying batch size per process_madvise()
call (vlen) from 1 to 1024.  The source code for the measurement is
available at GitHub[1].  To reduce measurement errors, I did the
measurement five times.

The measurement results are as below.  'sz_batch' column shows the batch
size of process_madvise() calls.  'Before' and 'After' columns show the
average of latencies in nanoseconds that measured five times on kernels
that built without and with the tlb flushes batching of this series
(patches 3 and 4), respectively.  For the baseline, mm-new tree of
2025-04-09[2] has been used, after reverting the second version of this
patch series and adding a temporal fix for !CONFIG_DEBUG_VM build
failure[3].  'B-stdev' and 'A-stdev' columns show ratios of latency
measurements standard deviation to average in percent for 'Before' and
'After', respectively.  'Latency_reduction' shows the reduction of the
latency that the 'After' has achieved compared to 'Before', in percent.
Higher 'Latency_reduction' values mean more efficiency improvements.

    sz_batch  Before      B-stdev  After        A-stdev  Latency_reduction
    1         146386348   2.78     111327360.6  3.13     23.95
    2         108222130   1.54     72131173.6   2.39     33.35
    4         93617846.8  2.76     51859294.4   2.50     44.61
    8         80555150.4  2.38     44328790     1.58     44.97
    16        77272777    1.62     37489433.2   1.16     51.48
    32        76478465.2  2.75     33570506     3.48     56.10
    64        75810266.6  1.15     27037652.6   1.61     64.34
    128       73222748    3.86     25517629.4   3.30     65.15
    256       72534970.8  2.31     25002180.4   0.94     65.53
    512       71809392    5.12     24152285.4   2.41     66.37
    1024      73281170.2  4.53     24183615     2.09     67.00

Unexpectedly the latency has reduced (improved) even with batch size one.
I think some of compiler optimizations have affected that, like also
observed with the first version of this patch series.

So, please focus on the proportion between the improvement and the batch
size.  As expected, tlb flushes batching provides latency reduction that
proportional to the batch size.  The efficiency gain ranges from about 33
percent with batch size 2, and up to 67 percent with batch size 1,024.

Please note that this is a very simple microbenchmark, so real efficiency
gain on real workload could be very different.

This patch (of 4):

To implement batched tlb flushes for MADV_DONTNEED[_LOCKED] and MADV_FREE,
an mmu_gather object in addition to the behavior integer need to be passed
to the internal logics.  Using a struct can make it easy without
increasing the number of parameters of all code paths towards the internal
logic.  Define a struct for the purpose and use it on the code path that
starts from madvise_do_behavior() and ends on madvise_dontneed_free().
Note that this changes madvise_walk_vmas() visitor type signature, too.
Specifically, it changes its 'arg' type from 'unsigned long' to the new
struct pointer.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410000022.1901-1-sj@kernel.org
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250410000022.1901-2-sj@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Liam R. Howlett <howlett@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeel.butt@linux.dev>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: huge_memory: add folio_mark_accessed() when zapping file THP
Baolin Wang [Wed, 9 Apr 2025 09:38:58 +0000 (17:38 +0800)]
mm: huge_memory: add folio_mark_accessed() when zapping file THP

When investigating performance issues during file folio unmap, I noticed
some behavioral differences in handling non-PMD-sized folios and PMD-sized
folios.  For non-PMD-sized file folios, it will call folio_mark_accessed()
to mark the folio as having seen activity, but this is not done for
PMD-sized folios.

This might not cause obvious issues, but a potential problem could be
that, it might lead to reclaim of hot file folios under memory pressure,
as quoted from Johannes:

: Sometimes file contents are only accessed through relatively short-lived
: mappings. But they can nevertheless be accessed a lot and be hot. It's
: important to not lose that information on unmap, and end up kicking out a
: frequently used cache page.

Therefore, we should also add folio_mark_accessed() for PMD-sized file
folios when unmapping.

[baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com: add comment]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/23fdc11d-e983-4627-89a8-79e9ecf9a45a@linux.alibaba.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/fc117f60d7b686f87067f36a0ef7cdbc3a78109c.1744190345.git.baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com
Signed-off-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Barry Song <21cnbao@gmail.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agotools/testing/selftests: assert that anon merge cases behave as expected
Lorenzo Stoakes [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:29:33 +0000 (10:29 +0100)]
tools/testing/selftests: assert that anon merge cases behave as expected

Prior to the recently applied commit that permits this merge,
mprotect()'ing a faulted VMA, adjacent to an unfaulted VMA, such that the
two share characteristics would fail to merge due to what appear to be
unintended consequences of commit 965f55dea0e3 ("mmap: avoid merging
cloned VMAs").

Now we have fixed this bug, assert that we can indeed merge anonymous VMAs
this way.

Also assert that forked source/target VMAs are equally rejected.
Previously, all empty target anon merges with one VMA faulted and the
other unfaulted would be rejected incorrectly, now we ensure that unforked
merge, but forked do not.

Additionally, add the new test file to the MEMORY MAPPING section in
MAINTAINERS, as these tests are explicitly memory mapping related.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/2b69330274a3b71721f7042c5eabe91143934415.1744104124.git.lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Yeoreum Yun <yeoreum.yun@arm.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agotools/testing: add PROCMAP_QUERY helper functions in mm self tests
Lorenzo Stoakes [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:29:32 +0000 (10:29 +0100)]
tools/testing: add PROCMAP_QUERY helper functions in mm self tests

The PROCMAP_QUERY ioctl() is very useful - it allows for binary access to
/proc/$pid/[s]maps data and thus convenient lookup of data contained
there.

This patch exposes this for convenient use by mm self tests so the state
of VMAs can easily be queried.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/ce83d877093d1fc594762cf4b82f0c27963030ee.1744104124.git.lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Yeoreum Yun <yeoreum.yun@arm.com>
Reviewed-by: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm/vma: fix incorrectly disallowed anonymous VMA merges
Lorenzo Stoakes [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:29:31 +0000 (10:29 +0100)]
mm/vma: fix incorrectly disallowed anonymous VMA merges

Patch series "fix incorrectly disallowed anonymous VMA merges", v2.

It appears that we have been incorrectly rejecting merge cases for 15
years, apparently by mistake.

Imagine a range of anonymous mapped momemory divided into two VMAs like
this, with incompatible protection bits:

              RW         RWX
  unfaulted    faulted
|-----------|-----------|
|    prev   |    vma    |
|-----------|-----------|
             mprotect(RW)

Now imagine mprotect()'ing vma so it is RW. This appears as if it should
merge, it does not.

Neither does this case, again mprotect()'ing vma RW:

              RWX        RW
   faulted    unfaulted
|-----------|-----------|
|    vma    |   next    |
|-----------|-----------|
 mprotect(RW)

Nor:

              RW         RWX          RW
  unfaulted    faulted    unfaulted
|-----------|-----------|-----------|
|    prev   |    vma    |    next   |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|
             mprotect(RW)

What's going on here?

In commit 5beb49305251 ("mm: change anon_vma linking to fix multi-process
server scalability issue"), from 2010, Rik von Riel took careful care to
account for these cases - commenting that '[this is] easily overlooked:
when mprotect shifts the boundary, make sure the expanding vma has
anon_vma set if the shrinking vma had, to cover any anon pages imported.'

However, commit 965f55dea0e3 ("mmap: avoid merging cloned VMAs")
introduced a little over a year later, appears to have accidentally
disallowed this.

By adjusting the is_mergeable_anon_vma() function to avoid lock contention
across large trees of forked anon_vma's, this commit wrongly assumed the
VMA being checked (the ostensible merge 'target') should be faulted, that
is, have an anon_vma, and thus an anon_vma_chain list established, but
only of length 1.

This appears to have been unintentional, as disallowing empty target VMAs
like this across the board makes no sense.

We already have logic that accounts for this case, the same logic Rik
introduced in 2010, now via dup_anon_vma() (and ultimately
anon_vma_clone()), so there is no problem permitting this.

This series fixes this mistake and also ensures that scalability concerns
remain addressed by explicitly checking that whatever VMA is being merged
has not been forked.

A full set of self tests which reproduce the issue are provided, as well
as updating userland VMA tests to assert this behaviour.

The self tests additionally assert scalability concerns are addressed.

This patch (of 3):

anon_vma_chain's were introduced by Rik von Riel in commit 5beb49305251
("mm: change anon_vma linking to fix multi-process server scalability
issue").

This patch was introduced in March 2010.  As part of this change, careful
attention was made to the instance of mprotect() causing a VMA merge, with
one faulted (i.e.  having anon_vma set) and another not:

/*
 * Easily overlooked: when mprotect shifts the boundary,
 * make sure the expanding vma has anon_vma set if the
 * shrinking vma had, to cover any anon pages imported.
 */

In the modern VMA code, this is handled in dup_anon_vma() (and ultimately
anon_vma_clone()).

This case is one of the three configurations of adjacent VMA anon_vma
state that we might encounter on merge (where dst is the VMA which will be
merged into and src the one being merged into dst):

1.  dst->anon_vma,  src->anon_vma - These must be equal, no-op.
2.  dst->anon_vma, !src->anon_vma - We simply use dst->anon_vma, no-op.
3. !dst->anon_vma,  src->anon_vma - The case in question here.

In case 3, the instance addressed here - we duplicate the AVC connections
from src and place into dst.

However, in practice, we very often do NOT do this.

This appears to be due to an inadvertent consequence of the change
introduced by commit 965f55dea0e3 ("mmap: avoid merging cloned VMAs"),
introduced in May 2011.

This implies that this merge case was functional only for a little over a
year, and has since been broken for ~15 years.

Here, lock scalability concerns lead to us restricting anonymous merges
only to those VMAs with 1 entry in their vma->anon_vma_chain, that is, a
VMA that is not connected to any parent process's anon_vma.

The mergeability test looks like this:

static inline bool is_mergeable_anon_vma(struct anon_vma *anon_vma1,
 struct anon_vma *anon_vma2, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
if ((!anon_vma1 || !anon_vma2) && (!vma ||
!vma->anon_vma || list_is_singular(&vma->anon_vma_chain)))
return true;
return anon_vma1 == anon_vma2;
}

However, we have a problem here - typically the vma passed here is the
destination VMA.

For instance in vma_merge_existing_range() we invoke:

can_vma_merge_left()
-> [ check that there is an immediately adjacent prior VMA ]
-> can_vma_merge_after()
  -> is_mergeable_vma() for general attribute check
-> is_mergeable_anon_vma([ proposed anon_vma ], prev->anon_vma, prev)

So if we were considering a target unfaulted 'prev':

  unfaulted    faulted
|-----------|-----------|
|    prev   |    vma    |
|-----------|-----------|

This would call is_mergeable_anon_vma(NULL, vma->anon_vma, prev).

The list_is_singular() check for vma->anon_vma_chain, an empty list on
fault, would cause this merge to _fail_ even though all else indicates a
merge.

Equally a simple merge into a next VMA would hit the same problem:

   faulted    unfaulted
|-----------|-----------|
|    vma    |    next   |
|-----------|-----------|

can_vma_merge_right()
-> [ check that there is an immediately adjacent succeeding VMA ]
-> can_vma_merge_before()
  -> is_mergeable_vma() for general attribute check
-> is_mergeable_anon_vma([ proposed anon_vma ], next->anon_vma, next)

For a 3-way merge, we'd also hit the same problem if it was configured like
this for instance:

  unfaulted    faulted    unfaulted
|-----------|-----------|-----------|
|    prev   |    vma    |    next   |
|-----------|-----------|-----------|

As we'd call can_vma_merge_left() for prev, and can_vma_merge_right() for
next, both of which would fail.

vma_merge_new_range() (and relatedly, vma_expand()) are not impacted, as
the new VMA would never already be faulted (it is a proposed new range).

Because we already handle each of the aforementioned merge cases, and can
absolutely therefore deal with an existing VMA merge with !dst->anon_vma,
src->anon_vma, there is absolutely no reason to disallow this kind of
merge.

It seems that the intention of this patch is to ensure that, in the
instance of merging unfaulted VMAs with faulted ones, we never wish to do
so with those with multiple AVCs due to the fact that anon_vma lock's are
held across both parent and child anon_vma's (actually, the 'root' parent
anon_vma's lock is used).

In fact, the original commit alludes to this - "find_mergeable_anon_vma()
already considers this case".

In find_mergeable_anon_vma() however, we check the anon_vma which will be
merged from, if it is set, then we check
list_is_singular(vma->anon_vma_chain).

So to match this logic, update is_mergeable_anon_vma() to perform this
scalability check on the VMA whose anon_vma we ultimately merge into.

This matches existing behaviour with forked VMAs, only we no longer
wrongly disallow ALL empty target merges.

So we both allow merge cases and ensure the scalability check is correctly
applied.

We may wish to revisit these lock scalability concerns at a later date and
ensure they are still valid.

Additionally, correct userland VMA tests which were mistakenly not
asserting these cases correctly previously to now correctly assert this,
and to ensure vmg->anon_vma state is always consistent to account for
newly introduced asserts.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/cover.1744104124.git.lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/18c756fc9eaf7ad082a710c91133b8346f8cd9a8.1744104124.git.lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com
Fixes: 965f55dea0e3 ("mmap: avoid merging cloned VMAs")
Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Yeoreum Yun <yeoreum.yun@arm.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: Liam Howlett <liam.howlett@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: rust: add MEMORY MANAGEMENT [RUST]
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:46 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
mm: rust: add MEMORY MANAGEMENT [RUST]

We have introduced Rust bindings for core mm abstractions as part of this
series, so add an entry in MAINTAINERS to be explicit about who maintains
this.

Patches are anticipated to be taken through the mm tree as usual with
other mm code.

Link: https://rust-for-linux.com/rust-kernel-policy#how-is-rust-introduced-in-a-subsystem
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/33e64b12-aa07-4e78-933a-b07c37ff1d84@lucifer.local/
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-9-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agotask: rust: rework how current is accessed
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:45 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
task: rust: rework how current is accessed

Introduce a new type called `CurrentTask` that lets you perform various
operations that are only safe on the `current` task.  Use the new type to
provide a way to access the current mm without incrementing its refcount.

With this change, you can write stuff such as

let vma = current!().mm().lock_vma_under_rcu(addr);

without incrementing any refcounts.

This replaces the existing abstractions for accessing the current pid
namespace.  With the old approach, every field access to current involves
both a macro and a unsafe helper function.  The new approach simplifies
that to a single safe function on the `CurrentTask` type.  This makes it
less heavy-weight to add additional current accessors in the future.

That said, creating a `CurrentTask` type like the one in this patch
requires that we are careful to ensure that it cannot escape the current
task or otherwise access things after they are freed.  To do this, I
declared that it cannot escape the current "task context" where I defined
a "task context" as essentially the region in which `current` remains
unchanged.  So e.g., release_task() or begin_new_exec() would leave the
task context.

If a userspace thread returns to userspace and later makes another
syscall, then I consider the two syscalls to be different task contexts.
This allows values stored in that task to be modified between syscalls,
even if they're guaranteed to be immutable during a syscall.

Ensuring correctness of `CurrentTask` is slightly tricky if we also want
the ability to have a safe `kthread_use_mm()` implementation in Rust.  To
support that safely, there are two patterns we need to ensure are safe:

// Case 1: current!() called inside the scope.
let mm;
kthread_use_mm(some_mm, || {
    mm = current!().mm();
});
drop(some_mm);
mm.do_something(); // UAF

and:

// Case 2: current!() called before the scope.
let mm;
let task = current!();
kthread_use_mm(some_mm, || {
    mm = task.mm();
});
drop(some_mm);
mm.do_something(); // UAF

The existing `current!()` abstraction already natively prevents the first
case: The `&CurrentTask` would be tied to the inner scope, so the
borrow-checker ensures that no reference derived from it can escape the
scope.

Fixing the second case is a bit more tricky.  The solution is to
essentially pretend that the contents of the scope execute on an different
thread, which means that only thread-safe types can cross the boundary.
Since `CurrentTask` is marked `NotThreadSafe`, attempts to move it to
another thread will fail, and this includes our fake pretend thread
boundary.

This has the disadvantage that other types that aren't thread-safe for
reasons unrelated to `current` also cannot be moved across the
`kthread_use_mm()` boundary.  I consider this an acceptable tradeoff.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-8-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agorust: miscdevice: add mmap support
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:44 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
rust: miscdevice: add mmap support

Add the ability to write a file_operations->mmap hook in Rust when using
the miscdevice abstraction.  The `vma` argument to the `mmap` hook uses
the `VmaNew` type from the previous commit; this type provides the correct
set of operations for a file_operations->mmap hook.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-7-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: rust: add VmaNew for f_ops->mmap()
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:43 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
mm: rust: add VmaNew for f_ops->mmap()

This type will be used when setting up a new vma in an f_ops->mmap() hook.
Using a separate type from VmaRef allows us to have a separate set of
operations that you are only able to use during the mmap() hook.  For
example, the VM_MIXEDMAP flag must not be changed after the initial setup
that happens during the f_ops->mmap() hook.

To avoid setting invalid flag values, the methods for clearing VM_MAYWRITE
and similar involve a check of VM_WRITE, and return an error if VM_WRITE
is set.  Trying to use `try_clear_maywrite` without checking the return
value results in a compilation error because the `Result` type is marked
#[must_use].

For now, there's only a method for VM_MIXEDMAP and not VM_PFNMAP.  When we
add a VM_PFNMAP method, we will need some way to prevent you from setting
both VM_MIXEDMAP and VM_PFNMAP on the same vma.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-6-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: rust: add mmput_async support
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:42 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
mm: rust: add mmput_async support

Adds an MmWithUserAsync type that uses mmput_async when dropped but is
otherwise identical to MmWithUser.  This has to be done using a separate
type because the thing we are changing is the destructor.

Rust Binder needs this to avoid a certain deadlock.  See commit
9a9ab0d96362 ("binder: fix race between mmput() and do_exit()") for
details.  It's also needed in the shrinker to avoid cleaning up the mm in
the shrinker's context.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-5-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: rust: add lock_vma_under_rcu
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:41 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
mm: rust: add lock_vma_under_rcu

Currently, the binder driver always uses the mmap lock to make changes to
its vma.  Because the mmap lock is global to the process, this can involve
significant contention.  However, the kernel has a feature called per-vma
locks, which can significantly reduce contention.  For example, you can
take a vma lock in parallel with an mmap write lock.  This is important
because contention on the mmap lock has been a long-term recurring
challenge for the Binder driver.

This patch introduces support for using `lock_vma_under_rcu` from Rust.
The Rust Binder driver will be able to use this to reduce contention on
the mmap lock.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-4-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: rust: add vm_insert_page
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:40 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
mm: rust: add vm_insert_page

The vm_insert_page method is only usable on vmas with the VM_MIXEDMAP
flag, so we introduce a new type to keep track of such vmas.

The approach used in this patch assumes that we will not need to encode
many flag combinations in the type.  I don't think we need to encode more
than VM_MIXEDMAP and VM_PFNMAP as things are now.  However, if that
becomes necessary, using generic parameters in a single type would scale
better as the number of flags increases.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-3-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: rust: add vm_area_struct methods that require read access
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:39 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
mm: rust: add vm_area_struct methods that require read access

This adds a type called VmaRef which is used when referencing a vma that
you have read access to.  Here, read access means that you hold either the
mmap read lock or the vma read lock (or stronger).

Additionally, a vma_lookup method is added to the mmap read guard, which
enables you to obtain a &VmaRef in safe Rust code.

This patch only provides a way to lock the mmap read lock, but a follow-up
patch also provides a way to just lock the vma read lock.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-2-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: rust: add abstraction for struct mm_struct
Alice Ryhl [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:22:38 +0000 (09:22 +0000)]
mm: rust: add abstraction for struct mm_struct

Patch series "Rust support for mm_struct, vm_area_struct, and mmap", v16.

This updates the vm_area_struct support to use the approach we discussed
at LPC where there are several different Rust wrappers for vm_area_struct
depending on the kind of access you have to the vma.  Each case allows a
different set of operations on the vma.

This includes an MM MAINTAINERS entry as proposed by Lorenzo:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/33e64b12-aa07-4e78-933a-b07c37ff1d84@lucifer.local/

This patch (of 9):

These abstractions allow you to reference a `struct mm_struct` using both
mmgrab and mmget refcounts.  This is done using two Rust types:

* Mm - represents an mm_struct where you don't know anything about the
  value of mm_users.
* MmWithUser - represents an mm_struct where you know at compile time
  that mm_users is non-zero.

This allows us to encode in the type system whether a method requires that
mm_users is non-zero or not.  For instance, you can always call
`mmget_not_zero` but you can only call `mmap_read_lock` when mm_users is
non-zero.

The struct is called Mm to keep consistency with the C side.

The ability to obtain `current->mm` is added later in this series.

The mm module is defined to only exist when CONFIG_MMU is set.  This
avoids various errors due to missing types and functions when CONFIG_MMU
is disabled.  More fine-grained cfgs can be considered in the future.  See
the thread at [1] for more info.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-9-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408-vma-v16-1-d8b446e885d9@google.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/202503091916.QousmtcY-lkp@intel.com/
Signed-off-by: Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@google.com>
Acked-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com>
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbirs@nvidia.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Cc: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@proton.me>
Cc: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
Cc: Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@google.com>
Cc: Trevor Gross <tmgross@umich.edu>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoriscv: mm: call PUD/P4D ctor in special kernel pgtable alloc
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:22 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
riscv: mm: call PUD/P4D ctor in special kernel pgtable alloc

Constructors for PUD/P4D-level pgtables were recently introduced.  They
should be called for all pgtables; make sure they are called for special
kernel mappings created by create_pgd_mapping() too.

While at it also switch to using pagetable_alloc() like in
alloc_{pte,pmd}_late().

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-13-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoarm64: mm: call PUD/P4D ctor in __create_pgd_mapping()
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:21 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
arm64: mm: call PUD/P4D ctor in __create_pgd_mapping()

Constructors for PUD/P4D-level pgtables were recently introduced.  They
should be called for all pgtables; make sure they are called for special
kernel mappings created by __create_pgd_mapping() too.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-12-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoriscv: mm: clarify ctor mm argument in alloc_{pte,pmd}_late
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:20 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
riscv: mm: clarify ctor mm argument in alloc_{pte,pmd}_late

pagetable_{pte,pmd}_ctor(mm, ptdesc) skip the ptlock initialisation if mm
is &init_mm.  To avoid unnecessary overhead, it is therefore preferable to
pass the actual mm associated to the PTE/PMD.

Unfortunately, this proves challenging for alloc_{pte,pmd}_late() as the
associated mm is not available at the point where they are called - in
fact not even top-level functions like create_pgd_mapping() are passed the
mm.  As a result they both call the ctor with NULL as mm; this is safe but
potentially wasteful.

This is not a new situation, but let's add a couple of comments to clarify
it.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-11-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoarm64: mm: always call PTE/PMD ctor in __create_pgd_mapping()
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:19 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
arm64: mm: always call PTE/PMD ctor in __create_pgd_mapping()

TL;DR: always call the PTE/PMD ctor, passing the appropriate mm to skip
ptlock_init() if unneeded.

__create_pgd_mapping() is used for creating different kinds of mappings,
and may allocate page table pages if passed an allocator callback.  There
are currently three such cases:

1. create_pgd_mapping(), which is used to create the EFI mapping
2. arch_add_memory()
3. map_entry_trampoline()

1. uses pgd_pgtable_alloc() as allocator callback, which calls the
PTE/PMD ctor, while 2.  and 3.  use __pgd_pgtable_alloc(), which does not.
The rationale is most likely that pgtables associated with init_mm do not
make use of split page table locks, and it is therefore unnecessary to
initialise them by calling the ctor.  2.  operates on swapper_pg_dir so
the allocated pgtables are clearly associated with init_mm, this is
arguably the case for 3.  too (the trampoline mapping is never modified so
ptlocks are anyway irrelevant).  1.  corresponds to efi_mm so ptlocks need
to be initialised in that case.

We are now moving towards calling the ctor for all page tables, even those
associated with init_mm.  pagetable_{pte,pmd}_ctor() have become aware of
the associated mm so that the ptlock initialisation can be skipped for
init_mm.  This patch therefore amends the allocator callbacks so that the
PTE/PMD ctor are always called, with an appropriate mm pointer to avoid
unnecessary ptlock overhead.

Modifying the prototype of the allocator callbacks to take the mm and
propagating that pointer all the way down would be pretty invasive.
Instead:

* __pgd_pgtable_alloc() (cases 2.  and 3.  above) is replaced with
  pgd_pgtable_alloc_init_mm(), resulting in the ctors being called with
  &init_mm.  This is the main functional change in this patch; the ptlock
  still isn't initialised, but other ctor actions (e.g.
  accounting-related) are now carried out for those allocated pgtables.

* pgd_pgtable_alloc() (case 1.  above) is replaced with
  pgd_pgtable_alloc_special_mm(), resulting in the ctors being called with
  NULL as mm.  No functional change here; NULL essentially means "not
  init_mm", and the ptlock is still initialised.

__pgd_pgtable_alloc() is now the common implementation of those two
helpers.  While at it we switch it to using pagetable_alloc() like
standard pgtable allocator functions and remove the comment regarding ctor
calls (ctors are now always expected to be called).

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-10-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agoarm64: mm: use enum to identify pgtable level instead of *_SHIFT
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:18 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
arm64: mm: use enum to identify pgtable level instead of *_SHIFT

Commit 90292aca9854 ("arm64: mm: use appropriate ctors for page tables")
introduced pgtable ctor calls in pgd_pgtable_alloc().  To identify the
pgtable level and call the appropriate ctor, the *_SHIFT value associated
with the pgtable level is used.  However, those values do not
unambiguously identify a level, because if a given level is folded, the
*_SHIFT value will be equal to that of the upper level (e.g.  PMD_SHIFT ==
PUD_SHIFT if PMD is folded).

As things stand, there is probably not much damaged done by calling the
ctor for a different level, and ARCH_ENABLE_SPLIT_PMD_PTLOCK is only
selected if PMD isn't folded (so we don't needlessly initialise
pmd_ptlock).  Still, this is pretty confusing, and it would get even more
confusing when adding ctor calls for the remaining levels.

Let's simplify all this by using an enum to identify the pgtable level
instead; this way folding becomes irrelevant.  This is inspired by one of
the m68k pgtable allocators (arch/m68k/include/asm/motorola_pgalloc.h).

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-9-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agomm: skip ptlock_init() for kernel PMDs
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:17 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
mm: skip ptlock_init() for kernel PMDs

Split page table locks are not used for pgtables associated to init_mm, at
any level.  pte_alloc_kernel() does not call ptlock_init() as a result.
There is however no separate alloc/free functions for kernel PMDs, and
pmd_ptlock_init() is called unconditionally.  When ALLOC_SPLIT_PTLOCKS is
true (e.g.  32-bit architectures or if CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT is selected),
this results in unnecessary dynamic memory allocation every time a kernel
PMD is allocated.

Now that pagetable_pmd_ctor() is passed the associated mm, we can easily
remove this overhead by skipping pmd_ptlock_init() if the pgtable is
associated to init_mm.  No special-casing is needed on the dtor path, as
ptlock_free() is already called unconditionally for all levels.
(ptlock_free() is a no-op unless a ptlock was allocated for the given
PTP.)

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-8-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agosparc64: mm: call ctor/dtor for kernel PTEs
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:16 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
sparc64: mm: call ctor/dtor for kernel PTEs

The generic implementation of pte_{alloc_one,free}_kernel now calls the
[cd]tor, without initialising the ptlock needlessly as
pagetable_pte_ctor() skips it for init_mm.

Align sparc64 with the generic implementation by ensuring
pagetable_pte_[cd]tor() are called for kernel PTEs.  As a result the
kernel and user alloc/free functions have the same implementation, and
since pgtable_t is defined as pte_t *, we can have both call a common
helper.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-7-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
5 weeks agopowerpc: mm: call ctor/dtor for kernel PTEs
Kevin Brodsky [Tue, 8 Apr 2025 09:52:15 +0000 (10:52 +0100)]
powerpc: mm: call ctor/dtor for kernel PTEs

The generic implementation of pte_{alloc_one,free}_kernel now calls the
[cd]tor, without initialising the ptlock needlessly as
pagetable_pte_ctor() skips it for init_mm.

On powerpc, all functions related to PTE allocation are implemented by
common helpers, which are passed a boolean to differentiate user from
kernel pgtables.  This patch aligns the powerpc implementation with the
generic one by calling pagetable_pte_[cd]tor() unconditionally in those
helpers.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250408095222.860601-6-kevin.brodsky@arm.com
Signed-off-by: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Cc: Albert Ou <aou@eecs.berkeley.edu>
Cc: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Linus Waleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Cc: Madhavan Srinivasan <maddy@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@bytedance.com>
Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: <x86@kernel.org>
Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>