This should present your unmodified backing device data in /dev/loop0
If your cache is in writethrough mode, then you can safely discard the
-cache device without loosing data.
+cache device without losing data.
E) Wiping a cache device
see Documentation/block/bfq-iosched.rst.
blkio.bfq.weight_device
- Specifes per cgroup per device weights, overriding the default group
+ Specifies per cgroup per device weights, overriding the default group
weight. For more details, see Documentation/block/bfq-iosched.rst.
Following is the format::
Limits
------
-A child can only consume upto the configured amount of the resource.
+A child can only consume up to the configured amount of the resource.
Limits can be over-committed - the sum of the limits of children can
exceed the amount of resource available to the parent.
Protections
-----------
-A cgroup is protected upto the configured amount of the resource
+A cgroup is protected up to the configured amount of the resource
as long as the usages of all its ancestors are under their
protected levels. Protections can be hard guarantees or best effort
soft boundaries. Protections can also be over-committed in which case
-only upto the amount available to the parent is protected among
+only up to the amount available to the parent is protected among
children.
Protections are in the range [0, max] and defaults to 0, which is
$MAX $PERIOD
- which indicates that the group may consume upto $MAX in each
+ which indicates that the group may consume up to $MAX in each
$PERIOD duration. "max" for $MAX indicates no limit. If only
one number is written, $MAX is updated.
For a valid partition root with the sibling cpu exclusivity
rule enabled, changes made to "cpuset.cpus" that violate the
exclusivity rule will invalidate the partition as well as its
- sibiling partitions with conflicting cpuset.cpus values. So
+ sibling partitions with conflicting cpuset.cpus values. So
care must be taking in changing "cpuset.cpus".
A valid non-root parent partition may distribute out all its CPUs
sep
if first mount option (after the -o), overrides
the comma as the separator between the mount
- parms. e.g.::
+ parameters. e.g.::
-o user=myname,password=mypassword,domain=mydom
Some debugging statements are not compiled into the
cifs kernel unless CONFIG_CIFS_DEBUG2 is enabled in the
kernel configuration. cifsFYI may be set to one or
- nore of the following flags (7 sets them all)::
+ more of the following flags (7 sets them all)::
+-----------------------------------------------+------+
| log cifs informational messages | 0x01 |
cache block).
All this means smq uses ~25bytes per cache block. Still a lot of
-memory, but a substantial improvement nontheless.
+memory, but a substantial improvement nonetheless.
Level balancing
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Optional parameter:
- <underyling sectors>:
+ <underlying sectors>:
Number of sectors defining the logical block size of <dev path>.
2^N supported, e.g. 8 = emulate 8 sectors of 512 bytes = 4KiB.
If not provided, the logical block size of <dev path> will be used.
The zones of the device(s) are separated into 2 types:
1) Metadata zones: these are conventional zones used to store metadata.
-Metadata zones are not reported as useable capacity to the user.
+Metadata zones are not reported as usable capacity to the user.
2) Data zones: all remaining zones, the vast majority of which will be
sequential zones used exclusively to store user data. The conventional
This small bash script will setup 4 loop devices and use the existing
striped target to combine the 4 devices into one. It then will use
-the unstriped target ontop of the striped device to access the
+the unstriped target on top of the striped device to access the
individual backing loop devices. We write data to the newly exposed
unstriped devices and verify the data written matches the correct
underlying device on the striped array::
Example dmsetup usage
=====================
-unstriped ontop of Intel NVMe device that has 2 cores
------------------------------------------------------
+unstriped on top of Intel NVMe device that has 2 cores
+------------------------------------------------------
::
/dev/mapper/nvmset0
/dev/mapper/nvmset1
-unstriped ontop of striped with 4 drives using 128K chunk size
---------------------------------------------------------------
+unstriped on top of striped with 4 drives using 128K chunk size
+---------------------------------------------------------------
::
// boot-args example, with newlines and comments for readability
Kernel command line: ...
- // see whats going on in dyndbg=value processing
+ // see what's going on in dyndbg=value processing
dynamic_debug.verbose=3
// enable pr_debugs in the btrfs module (can be builtin or loadable)
btrfs.dyndbg="+p"
directory for each exposed line
(e.g. ``/sys/devices/platform/gpio-sim.X/gpiochipY/``). The name of each group
is of the form: ``'sim_gpioX'`` where X is the offset of the line. Inside each
-group there are two attibutes:
+group there are two attributes:
``pull`` - allows to read and set the current simulated pull setting for
every line, when writing the value must be one of: ``'pull-up'``,
Attack scenarios
----------------
-Attacks against the MDS vulnerabilities can be mounted from malicious non
-priviledged user space applications running on hosts or guest. Malicious
+Attacks against the MDS vulnerabilities can be mounted from malicious non-
+privileged user space applications running on hosts or guest. Malicious
guest OSes can obviously mount attacks as well.
Contrary to other speculation based vulnerabilities the MDS vulnerability
Sets the size of kernel per-numa memory area for
contiguous memory allocations. A value of 0 disables
per-numa CMA altogether. And If this option is not
- specificed, the default value is 0.
+ specified, the default value is 0.
With per-numa CMA enabled, DMA users on node nid will
first try to allocate buffer from the pernuma area
which is located in node nid, if the allocation fails,
driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
random memory location. Note that there exists a class
of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
- F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
+ F/W or by drivers badly programming DMA (basically when
memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
bypassed) which are not detectable by
CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
boot-time allocation of gigantic hugepages is skipped.
hugetlb_free_vmemmap=
- [KNL] Reguires CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP
+ [KNL] Requires CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE_OPTIMIZE_VMEMMAP
enabled.
Control if HugeTLB Vmemmap Optimization (HVO) is enabled.
Allows heavy hugetlb users to free up some more
implementation; requires CONFIG_GENERIC_IDLE_POLL_SETUP
to be effective. This is useful on platforms where the
sleep(SH) or wfi(ARM,ARM64) instructions do not work
- correctly or when doing power measurements to evalute
+ correctly or when doing power measurements to evaluate
the impact of the sleep instructions. This is also
useful when using JTAG debugger.
Text corresponding to keyboard layout to be set in sysfs are: be(Belgian),
cz(Czech), da(Danish), de(German), en(English), es(Spain), et(Estonian),
fr(French), fr-ch(French(Switzerland)), hu(Hungarian), it(Italy), jp (Japan),
-nl(Dutch), nn(Norway), pl(Polish), pt(portugese), sl(Slovenian), sv(Sweden),
+nl(Dutch), nn(Norway), pl(Polish), pt(portuguese), sl(Slovenian), sv(Sweden),
tr(Turkey)
WWAN Antenna type
suspended (not supported yet)
All IO requests will block. The array can be reconfigured.
- Writing this, if accepted, will block until array is quiessent
+ Writing this, if accepted, will block until array is quiescent
readonly
no resync can happen. no superblocks get written.
- TVPhone98 (Bt878)
- AVerTV und TVCapture98 w/VCR (Bt 878)
- AVerTVStudio und TVPhone98 w/VCR (Bt878)
- - AVerTV GO Serie (Kein SVideo Input)
+ - AVerTV GO Series (Kein SVideo Input)
- AVerTV98 (BT-878 chip)
- AVerTV98 mit Fernbedienung (BT-878 chip)
- AVerTV/FM98 (BT-878 chip)
from remote controllers.
The ``Support for eBPF programs attached to lirc devices`` option allows
-the usage of special programs (called eBPF) that would allow aplications
+the usage of special programs (called eBPF) that would allow applications
to add extra remote controller decoding functionality to the Linux Kernel.
The ``Remote controller decoders`` option allows selecting the
indicator
0x18 lassi Signed Low side adjacent Channel
Strength indicator
- 0x19 hassi ditto fpr High side
+ 0x19 hassi ditto for High side
0x20 mult Multipath indicator
0x21 dev Frequency deviation
0x24 assi Adjacent channel SSI
----------------
The Metadata capture generates UVC format metadata. The PTS and SCR are
-transmitted based on the values set in vivid contols.
+transmitted based on the values set in vivid controls.
The Metadata device will only work for the Webcam input, it will give
back an error for all other inputs.
Note: When the feature of freeing unused vmemmap pages associated with each
hugetlb page is enabled, we can fail to free the huge pages triggered by
-the user when ths system is under memory pressure. Please try again later.
+the user when the system is under memory pressure. Please try again later.
Pages that are used as huge pages are reserved inside the kernel and cannot
be used for other purposes. Huge pages cannot be swapped out under
interleaved system default policy works in this mode.
MPOL_PREFERRED_MANY
- This mode specifices that the allocation should be preferrably
+ This mode specifies that the allocation should be preferably
satisfied from the nodemask specified in the policy. If there is
a memory pressure on all nodes in the nodemask, the allocation
can fall back to all existing numa nodes. This is effectively
2) examination of the policy to determine the policy mode and associated node
or node lists, if any, for page allocation. This is considered a "hot
path". Note that for MPOL_BIND, the "usage" extends across the entire
- allocation process, which may sleep during page reclaimation, because the
+ allocation process, which may sleep during page reclamation, because the
BIND policy nodemask is used, by reference, to filter ineligible nodes.
We can avoid taking an extra reference during the usages listed above as
event pair. And the bit 16 of config indicates getting counter 0 or
counter 1 of hardware event.
-After getting two values of event pair in usersapce, the formula of
+After getting two values of event pair in userspace, the formula of
computation to calculate real performance data is:::
counter 0 / counter 1
* We can introduce more functional or performance tests to align the result together, it will benefit power and performance scale optimization.
-1. Test case decriptions
+1. Test case descriptions
1). Basic tests
Alternatively, you can add the above line to your file
~/.bashrc or ~/.bash_profile.
-If your system administrator ran himself the script, all the users will be able
-to change from English to the language choosed by root and do directly
+If your system administrator himself ran the script, all the users will be able
+to change from English to the language chosen by root and do directly
speakupconf load (or add this to the ~/.bashrc or
~/.bash_profile file). If there are several languages to handle, the
administrator (or every user) will have to run the first steps until speakupconf
But, these values are not used directly. The kernel calculates # of protection
pages for each zones from them. These are shown as array of protection pages
-in /proc/zoneinfo like followings. (This is an example of x86-64 box).
+in /proc/zoneinfo like the following. (This is an example of x86-64 box).
Each zone has an array of protection pages like this::
Node 0, zone DMA
that cannot be handled by the kernel. In some cases (like the page
still having a valid copy on disk) the kernel will handle the failure
transparently without affecting any applications. But if there is
-no other uptodate copy of the data it will kill to prevent any data
+no other up-to-date copy of the data it will kill to prevent any data
corruptions from propagating.
1: Kill all processes that have the corrupted and not reloadable page mapped
``v`` Forcefully restores framebuffer console
``v`` Causes ETM buffer dump [ARM-specific]
-``w`` Dumps tasks that are in uninterruptable (blocked) state.
+``w`` Dumps tasks that are in uninterruptible (blocked) state.
``x`` Used by xmon interface on ppc/powerpc platforms.
Show global PMU Registers on sparc64.
projects / linux-block.git / commitdiff