bcachefs: Optimize eytzinger0_sort() with bottom-up heapsort

bcachefs: Optimize eytzinger0_sort() with bottom-up heapsort

This optimization reduces the average number of comparisons required
from 2*n*log2(n) - 3*n + o(n) to n*log2(n) + 0.37*n + o(n). When n is
sufficiently large, it results in approximately 50% fewer comparisons.

Currently, eytzinger0_sort employs the textbook version of heapsort,
where during the heapify process, each level requires two comparisons
to determine the maximum among three elements. In contrast, the
bottom-up heapsort, during heapify, only compares two children at each
level until reaching a leaf node. Then, it backtracks from the leaf
node to find the correct position. Since heapify typically continues
until very close to the leaf node, the standard heapify requires about
2*log2(n) comparisons, while the bottom-up variant only needs log2(n)
comparisons.

The experimental data presented below is based on an array generated
by get_random_u32().

|   N   | comparisons(old) | comparisons(new) | time(old) | time(new) |
|-------|------------------|------------------|-----------|-----------|
| 10000 |     235381       |     136615       |  25545 us |  20366 us |
| 20000 |     510694       |     293425       |  31336 us |  18312 us |
| 30000 |     800384       |     457412       |  35042 us |  27386 us |
| 40000 |    1101617       |     626831       |  48779 us |  38253 us |
| 50000 |    1409762       |     799637       |  62238 us |  46950 us |
| 60000 |    1721191       |     974521       |  75588 us |  58367 us |
| 70000 |    2038536       |    1152171       |  90823 us |  68778 us |
| 80000 |    2362958       |    1333472       | 104165 us |  78625 us |
| 90000 |    2690900       |    1516065       | 116111 us |  89573 us |
| 100000|    3019413       |    1699879       | 133638 us | 100998 us |

Refs:
  BOTTOM-UP-HEAPSORT, a new variant of HEAPSORT beating, on an average,
  QUICKSORT (if n is not very small)
  Ingo Wegener
  Theoretical Computer Science, 118(1); Pages 81-98, 13 September 1993
  https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(93)90364-Y

Signed-off-by: Kuan-Wei Chiu <visitorckw@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@linux.dev>