\end{tabular}
\newpage
+\subsection{\label{sec:blkparse-actions}Trace actions}
+
+\begin{description}
+ \item[C -- complete] A previously issued request has been completed.
+ The output will detail the sector and size of that request, as well
+ as the success or failure of it.
+
+ \item[D -- issued] A request that previously resided on the block layer
+ queue or in the io scheduler has been sent to the driver.
+
+ \item[I -- inserted] A request is being sent to the io scheduler for
+ addition to the internal queue and later service by the driver. The
+ request is fully formed at this time.
+
+ \item[Q -- queued] This notes intent to queue io at the given location.
+ No real requests exists yet.
+
+ \item[W -- bounced] The data pages attached to this \emph{bio} are
+ not reachable by the hardware and must be bounced to a lower memory
+ location. This causes a big slowdown in io performance, since the data
+ must be copied to/from kernel buffers. Usually this can be fixed with
+ using better hardware - either a better io controller, or a platform
+ with an IOMMU.
+
+ \item[B -- back merge] A previously inserted request exists that ends
+ on the boundary of where this io begins, so the io scheduler can merge
+ them together.
+
+ \item[F -- front merge] Same as the back merge, except this io ends
+ where a previously inserted requests starts.
+
+ \item[M -- front or back merge] One of the above.
+
+ \item[G -- get request] To send any type of request to a block device,
+ a \emph{struct request} container must be allocated first.
+
+ \item[S -- sleep] No available request structures were available, so
+ the issuer has to wait for one to be freed.
+
+ \item[P -- plug] When io is queued to a previously empty block device
+ queue, Linux will plug the queue in anticipation of future ios being
+ added before this data is needed.
+
+ \item[U -- unplug] Some request data already queued in the device,
+ start sending requests to the driver. This may happen automatically
+ if a timeout period has passed (see next entry) or if a number of
+ requests have been added to the queue.
+
+ \item[T -- unplug due to timer] If nobody requests the io that was queued
+ after plugging the queue, Linux will automatically unplug it after a
+ defined period has passed.
+
+ \item[X -- split] On raid or device mapper setups, an incoming io may
+ straddle a device or internal zone and needs to be chopped up into
+ smaller pieces for service. This may indicate a performance problem due
+ to a bad setup of that raid/dm device, but may also just be part of
+ normal boundary conditions. dm is notably bad at this and will clone
+ lots of io.
+
+\end{description}
+
\subsection{\label{sec:blkparse-format}Output Description and Formatting}
The output from blkparse can be tailored for specific use - in particular,