+ /*
+ * error_state is set in pci_dev_set_io_state() using xchg/cmpxchg()
+ * and read w/o common lock. READ_ONCE() ensures compiler cannot cache
+ * the value (e.g. inside the loop in pci_dev_wait()).
+ */
+ return READ_ONCE(dev->error_state) == pci_channel_io_perm_failure;