sysctl: pass kernel pointers to ->proc_handler

[linux-block.git] / kernel / events / core.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 * Performance events core code:
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2008 Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
 *  Copyright (C) 2008-2011 Red Hat, Inc., Ingo Molnar
 *  Copyright (C) 2008-2011 Red Hat, Inc., Peter Zijlstra
 *  Copyright  ©  2009 Paul Mackerras, IBM Corp. <paulus@au1.ibm.com>
 */

#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/idr.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/tick.h>
#include <linux/sysfs.h>
#include <linux/dcache.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/ptrace.h>
#include <linux/reboot.h>
#include <linux/vmstat.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/rculist.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/anon_inodes.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/cgroup.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/trace_events.h>
#include <linux/hw_breakpoint.h>
#include <linux/mm_types.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/compat.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/parser.h>
#include <linux/sched/clock.h>
#include <linux/sched/mm.h>
#include <linux/proc_ns.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/min_heap.h>

#include "internal.h"

#include <asm/irq_regs.h>

typedef int (*remote_function_f)(void *);

struct remote_function_call {
        struct task_struct      *p;
        remote_function_f       func;
        void                    *info;
        int                     ret;
};

static void remote_function(void *data)
{
        struct remote_function_call *tfc = data;
        struct task_struct *p = tfc->p;

        if (p) {
                /* -EAGAIN */
                if (task_cpu(p) != smp_processor_id())
                        return;

                /*
                 * Now that we're on right CPU with IRQs disabled, we can test
                 * if we hit the right task without races.
                 */

                tfc->ret = -ESRCH; /* No such (running) process */
                if (p != current)
                        return;
        }

        tfc->ret = tfc->func(tfc->info);
}

/**
 * task_function_call - call a function on the cpu on which a task runs
 * @p:          the task to evaluate
 * @func:       the function to be called
 * @info:       the function call argument
 *
 * Calls the function @func when the task is currently running. This might
 * be on the current CPU, which just calls the function directly
 *
 * returns: @func return value, or
 *          -ESRCH  - when the process isn't running
 *          -EAGAIN - when the process moved away
 */
static int
task_function_call(struct task_struct *p, remote_function_f func, void *info)
{
        struct remote_function_call data = {
                .p      = p,
                .func   = func,
                .info   = info,
                .ret    = -EAGAIN,
        };
        int ret;

        do {
                ret = smp_call_function_single(task_cpu(p), remote_function, &data, 1);
                if (!ret)
                        ret = data.ret;
        } while (ret == -EAGAIN);

        return ret;
}

/**
 * cpu_function_call - call a function on the cpu
 * @func:       the function to be called
 * @info:       the function call argument
 *
 * Calls the function @func on the remote cpu.
 *
 * returns: @func return value or -ENXIO when the cpu is offline
 */
static int cpu_function_call(int cpu, remote_function_f func, void *info)
{
        struct remote_function_call data = {
                .p      = NULL,
                .func   = func,
                .info   = info,
                .ret    = -ENXIO, /* No such CPU */
        };

        smp_call_function_single(cpu, remote_function, &data, 1);

        return data.ret;
}

static inline struct perf_cpu_context *
__get_cpu_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        return this_cpu_ptr(ctx->pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
}

static void perf_ctx_lock(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                          struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        raw_spin_lock(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);
        if (ctx)
                raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
}

static void perf_ctx_unlock(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                            struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        if (ctx)
                raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
        raw_spin_unlock(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);
}

#define TASK_TOMBSTONE ((void *)-1L)

static bool is_kernel_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return READ_ONCE(event->owner) == TASK_TOMBSTONE;
}

/*
 * On task ctx scheduling...
 *
 * When !ctx->nr_events a task context will not be scheduled. This means
 * we can disable the scheduler hooks (for performance) without leaving
 * pending task ctx state.
 *
 * This however results in two special cases:
 *
 *  - removing the last event from a task ctx; this is relatively straight
 *    forward and is done in __perf_remove_from_context.
 *
 *  - adding the first event to a task ctx; this is tricky because we cannot
 *    rely on ctx->is_active and therefore cannot use event_function_call().
 *    See perf_install_in_context().
 *
 * If ctx->nr_events, then ctx->is_active and cpuctx->task_ctx are set.
 */

typedef void (*event_f)(struct perf_event *, struct perf_cpu_context *,
                        struct perf_event_context *, void *);

struct event_function_struct {
        struct perf_event *event;
        event_f func;
        void *data;
};

static int event_function(void *info)
{
        struct event_function_struct *efs = info;
        struct perf_event *event = efs->event;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        struct perf_event_context *task_ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;
        int ret = 0;

        lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();

        perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, task_ctx);
        /*
         * Since we do the IPI call without holding ctx->lock things can have
         * changed, double check we hit the task we set out to hit.
         */
        if (ctx->task) {
                if (ctx->task != current) {
                        ret = -ESRCH;
                        goto unlock;
                }

                /*
                 * We only use event_function_call() on established contexts,
                 * and event_function() is only ever called when active (or
                 * rather, we'll have bailed in task_function_call() or the
                 * above ctx->task != current test), therefore we must have
                 * ctx->is_active here.
                 */
                WARN_ON_ONCE(!ctx->is_active);
                /*
                 * And since we have ctx->is_active, cpuctx->task_ctx must
                 * match.
                 */
                WARN_ON_ONCE(task_ctx != ctx);
        } else {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(&cpuctx->ctx != ctx);
        }

        efs->func(event, cpuctx, ctx, efs->data);
unlock:
        perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, task_ctx);

        return ret;
}

static void event_function_call(struct perf_event *event, event_f func, void *data)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct task_struct *task = READ_ONCE(ctx->task); /* verified in event_function */
        struct event_function_struct efs = {
                .event = event,
                .func = func,
                .data = data,
        };

        if (!event->parent) {
                /*
                 * If this is a !child event, we must hold ctx::mutex to
                 * stabilize the the event->ctx relation. See
                 * perf_event_ctx_lock().
                 */
                lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);
        }

        if (!task) {
                cpu_function_call(event->cpu, event_function, &efs);
                return;
        }

        if (task == TASK_TOMBSTONE)
                return;

again:
        if (!task_function_call(task, event_function, &efs))
                return;

        raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        /*
         * Reload the task pointer, it might have been changed by
         * a concurrent perf_event_context_sched_out().
         */
        task = ctx->task;
        if (task == TASK_TOMBSTONE) {
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                return;
        }
        if (ctx->is_active) {
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                goto again;
        }
        func(event, NULL, ctx, data);
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
}

/*
 * Similar to event_function_call() + event_function(), but hard assumes IRQs
 * are already disabled and we're on the right CPU.
 */
static void event_function_local(struct perf_event *event, event_f func, void *data)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        struct task_struct *task = READ_ONCE(ctx->task);
        struct perf_event_context *task_ctx = NULL;

        lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();

        if (task) {
                if (task == TASK_TOMBSTONE)
                        return;

                task_ctx = ctx;
        }

        perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, task_ctx);

        task = ctx->task;
        if (task == TASK_TOMBSTONE)
                goto unlock;

        if (task) {
                /*
                 * We must be either inactive or active and the right task,
                 * otherwise we're screwed, since we cannot IPI to somewhere
                 * else.
                 */
                if (ctx->is_active) {
                        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(task != current))
                                goto unlock;

                        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx))
                                goto unlock;
                }
        } else {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(&cpuctx->ctx != ctx);
        }

        func(event, cpuctx, ctx, data);
unlock:
        perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, task_ctx);
}

#define PERF_FLAG_ALL (PERF_FLAG_FD_NO_GROUP |\
                       PERF_FLAG_FD_OUTPUT  |\
                       PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP |\
                       PERF_FLAG_FD_CLOEXEC)

/*
 * branch priv levels that need permission checks
 */
#define PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PERM_PLM \
        (PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_KERNEL |\
         PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_HV)

enum event_type_t {
        EVENT_FLEXIBLE = 0x1,
        EVENT_PINNED = 0x2,
        EVENT_TIME = 0x4,
        /* see ctx_resched() for details */
        EVENT_CPU = 0x8,
        EVENT_ALL = EVENT_FLEXIBLE | EVENT_PINNED,
};

/*
 * perf_sched_events : >0 events exist
 * perf_cgroup_events: >0 per-cpu cgroup events exist on this cpu
 */

static void perf_sched_delayed(struct work_struct *work);
DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(perf_sched_events);
static DECLARE_DELAYED_WORK(perf_sched_work, perf_sched_delayed);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(perf_sched_mutex);
static atomic_t perf_sched_count;

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(atomic_t, perf_cgroup_events);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, perf_sched_cb_usages);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pmu_event_list, pmu_sb_events);

static atomic_t nr_mmap_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_comm_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_namespaces_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_task_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_freq_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_switch_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_ksymbol_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_bpf_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_cgroup_events __read_mostly;

static LIST_HEAD(pmus);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(pmus_lock);
static struct srcu_struct pmus_srcu;
static cpumask_var_t perf_online_mask;

/*
 * perf event paranoia level:
 *  -1 - not paranoid at all
 *   0 - disallow raw tracepoint access for unpriv
 *   1 - disallow cpu events for unpriv
 *   2 - disallow kernel profiling for unpriv
 */
int sysctl_perf_event_paranoid __read_mostly = 2;

/* Minimum for 512 kiB + 1 user control page */
int sysctl_perf_event_mlock __read_mostly = 512 + (PAGE_SIZE / 1024); /* 'free' kiB per user */

/*
 * max perf event sample rate
 */
#define DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE         100000
#define DEFAULT_SAMPLE_PERIOD_NS        (NSEC_PER_SEC / DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE)
#define DEFAULT_CPU_TIME_MAX_PERCENT    25

int sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate __read_mostly = DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE;

static int max_samples_per_tick __read_mostly   = DIV_ROUND_UP(DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE, HZ);
static int perf_sample_period_ns __read_mostly  = DEFAULT_SAMPLE_PERIOD_NS;

static int perf_sample_allowed_ns __read_mostly =
        DEFAULT_SAMPLE_PERIOD_NS * DEFAULT_CPU_TIME_MAX_PERCENT / 100;

static void update_perf_cpu_limits(void)
{
        u64 tmp = perf_sample_period_ns;

        tmp *= sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent;
        tmp = div_u64(tmp, 100);
        if (!tmp)
                tmp = 1;

        WRITE_ONCE(perf_sample_allowed_ns, tmp);
}

static bool perf_rotate_context(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx);

int perf_proc_update_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                void *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        int ret;
        int perf_cpu = sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent;
        /*
         * If throttling is disabled don't allow the write:
         */
        if (write && (perf_cpu == 100 || perf_cpu == 0))
                return -EINVAL;

        ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
        if (ret || !write)
                return ret;

        max_samples_per_tick = DIV_ROUND_UP(sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate, HZ);
        perf_sample_period_ns = NSEC_PER_SEC / sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate;
        update_perf_cpu_limits();

        return 0;
}

int sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent __read_mostly = DEFAULT_CPU_TIME_MAX_PERCENT;

int perf_cpu_time_max_percent_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
                void *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
{
        int ret = proc_dointvec_minmax(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);

        if (ret || !write)
                return ret;

        if (sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent == 100 ||
            sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent == 0) {
                printk(KERN_WARNING
                       "perf: Dynamic interrupt throttling disabled, can hang your system!\n");
                WRITE_ONCE(perf_sample_allowed_ns, 0);
        } else {
                update_perf_cpu_limits();
        }

        return 0;
}

/*
 * perf samples are done in some very critical code paths (NMIs).
 * If they take too much CPU time, the system can lock up and not
 * get any real work done.  This will drop the sample rate when
 * we detect that events are taking too long.
 */
#define NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES 128
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(u64, running_sample_length);

static u64 __report_avg;
static u64 __report_allowed;

static void perf_duration_warn(struct irq_work *w)
{
        printk_ratelimited(KERN_INFO
                "perf: interrupt took too long (%lld > %lld), lowering "
                "kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to %d\n",
                __report_avg, __report_allowed,
                sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate);
}

static DEFINE_IRQ_WORK(perf_duration_work, perf_duration_warn);

void perf_sample_event_took(u64 sample_len_ns)
{
        u64 max_len = READ_ONCE(perf_sample_allowed_ns);
        u64 running_len;
        u64 avg_len;
        u32 max;

        if (max_len == 0)
                return;

        /* Decay the counter by 1 average sample. */
        running_len = __this_cpu_read(running_sample_length);
        running_len -= running_len/NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES;
        running_len += sample_len_ns;
        __this_cpu_write(running_sample_length, running_len);

        /*
         * Note: this will be biased artifically low until we have
         * seen NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES. Doing it this way keeps us
         * from having to maintain a count.
         */
        avg_len = running_len/NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES;
        if (avg_len <= max_len)
                return;

        __report_avg = avg_len;
        __report_allowed = max_len;

        /*
         * Compute a throttle threshold 25% below the current duration.
         */
        avg_len += avg_len / 4;
        max = (TICK_NSEC / 100) * sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent;
        if (avg_len < max)
                max /= (u32)avg_len;
        else
                max = 1;

        WRITE_ONCE(perf_sample_allowed_ns, avg_len);
        WRITE_ONCE(max_samples_per_tick, max);

        sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate = max * HZ;
        perf_sample_period_ns = NSEC_PER_SEC / sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate;

        if (!irq_work_queue(&perf_duration_work)) {
                early_printk("perf: interrupt took too long (%lld > %lld), lowering "
                             "kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to %d\n",
                             __report_avg, __report_allowed,
                             sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate);
        }
}

static atomic64_t perf_event_id;

static void cpu_ctx_sched_out(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                              enum event_type_t event_type);

static void cpu_ctx_sched_in(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                             enum event_type_t event_type,
                             struct task_struct *task);

static void update_context_time(struct perf_event_context *ctx);
static u64 perf_event_time(struct perf_event *event);

void __weak perf_event_print_debug(void)        { }

extern __weak const char *perf_pmu_name(void)
{
        return "pmu";
}

static inline u64 perf_clock(void)
{
        return local_clock();
}

static inline u64 perf_event_clock(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->clock();
}

/*
 * State based event timekeeping...
 *
 * The basic idea is to use event->state to determine which (if any) time
 * fields to increment with the current delta. This means we only need to
 * update timestamps when we change state or when they are explicitly requested
 * (read).
 *
 * Event groups make things a little more complicated, but not terribly so. The
 * rules for a group are that if the group leader is OFF the entire group is
 * OFF, irrespecive of what the group member states are. This results in
 * __perf_effective_state().
 *
 * A futher ramification is that when a group leader flips between OFF and
 * !OFF, we need to update all group member times.
 *
 *
 * NOTE: perf_event_time() is based on the (cgroup) context time, and thus we
 * need to make sure the relevant context time is updated before we try and
 * update our timestamps.
 */

static __always_inline enum perf_event_state
__perf_effective_state(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event *leader = event->group_leader;

        if (leader->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
                return leader->state;

        return event->state;
}

static __always_inline void
__perf_update_times(struct perf_event *event, u64 now, u64 *enabled, u64 *running)
{
        enum perf_event_state state = __perf_effective_state(event);
        u64 delta = now - event->tstamp;

        *enabled = event->total_time_enabled;
        if (state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
                *enabled += delta;

        *running = event->total_time_running;
        if (state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                *running += delta;
}

static void perf_event_update_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 now = perf_event_time(event);

        __perf_update_times(event, now, &event->total_time_enabled,
                                        &event->total_time_running);
        event->tstamp = now;
}

static void perf_event_update_sibling_time(struct perf_event *leader)
{
        struct perf_event *sibling;

        for_each_sibling_event(sibling, leader)
                perf_event_update_time(sibling);
}

static void
perf_event_set_state(struct perf_event *event, enum perf_event_state state)
{
        if (event->state == state)
                return;

        perf_event_update_time(event);
        /*
         * If a group leader gets enabled/disabled all its siblings
         * are affected too.
         */
        if ((event->state < 0) ^ (state < 0))
                perf_event_update_sibling_time(event);

        WRITE_ONCE(event->state, state);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF

static inline bool
perf_cgroup_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);

        /* @event doesn't care about cgroup */
        if (!event->cgrp)
                return true;

        /* wants specific cgroup scope but @cpuctx isn't associated with any */
        if (!cpuctx->cgrp)
                return false;

        /*
         * Cgroup scoping is recursive.  An event enabled for a cgroup is
         * also enabled for all its descendant cgroups.  If @cpuctx's
         * cgroup is a descendant of @event's (the test covers identity
         * case), it's a match.
         */
        return cgroup_is_descendant(cpuctx->cgrp->css.cgroup,
                                    event->cgrp->css.cgroup);
}

static inline void perf_detach_cgroup(struct perf_event *event)
{
        css_put(&event->cgrp->css);
        event->cgrp = NULL;
}

static inline int is_cgroup_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->cgrp != NULL;
}

static inline u64 perf_cgroup_event_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_cgroup_info *t;

        t = per_cpu_ptr(event->cgrp->info, event->cpu);
        return t->time;
}

static inline void __update_cgrp_time(struct perf_cgroup *cgrp)
{
        struct perf_cgroup_info *info;
        u64 now;

        now = perf_clock();

        info = this_cpu_ptr(cgrp->info);

        info->time += now - info->timestamp;
        info->timestamp = now;
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp = cpuctx->cgrp;
        struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;

        if (cgrp) {
                for (css = &cgrp->css; css; css = css->parent) {
                        cgrp = container_of(css, struct perf_cgroup, css);
                        __update_cgrp_time(cgrp);
                }
        }
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp;

        /*
         * ensure we access cgroup data only when needed and
         * when we know the cgroup is pinned (css_get)
         */
        if (!is_cgroup_event(event))
                return;

        cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(current, event->ctx);
        /*
         * Do not update time when cgroup is not active
         */
        if (cgroup_is_descendant(cgrp->css.cgroup, event->cgrp->css.cgroup))
                __update_cgrp_time(event->cgrp);
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_timestamp(struct task_struct *task,
                          struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp;
        struct perf_cgroup_info *info;
        struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;

        /*
         * ctx->lock held by caller
         * ensure we do not access cgroup data
         * unless we have the cgroup pinned (css_get)
         */
        if (!task || !ctx->nr_cgroups)
                return;

        cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(task, ctx);

        for (css = &cgrp->css; css; css = css->parent) {
                cgrp = container_of(css, struct perf_cgroup, css);
                info = this_cpu_ptr(cgrp->info);
                info->timestamp = ctx->timestamp;
        }
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct list_head, cgrp_cpuctx_list);

#define PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT       0x1 /* cgroup switch out every event */
#define PERF_CGROUP_SWIN        0x2 /* cgroup switch in events based on task */

/*
 * reschedule events based on the cgroup constraint of task.
 *
 * mode SWOUT : schedule out everything
 * mode SWIN : schedule in based on cgroup for next
 */
static void perf_cgroup_switch(struct task_struct *task, int mode)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        struct list_head *list;
        unsigned long flags;

        /*
         * Disable interrupts and preemption to avoid this CPU's
         * cgrp_cpuctx_entry to change under us.
         */
        local_irq_save(flags);

        list = this_cpu_ptr(&cgrp_cpuctx_list);
        list_for_each_entry(cpuctx, list, cgrp_cpuctx_entry) {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->ctx.nr_cgroups == 0);

                perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
                perf_pmu_disable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);

                if (mode & PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT) {
                        cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_ALL);
                        /*
                         * must not be done before ctxswout due
                         * to event_filter_match() in event_sched_out()
                         */
                        cpuctx->cgrp = NULL;
                }

                if (mode & PERF_CGROUP_SWIN) {
                        WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->cgrp);
                        /*
                         * set cgrp before ctxsw in to allow
                         * event_filter_match() to not have to pass
                         * task around
                         * we pass the cpuctx->ctx to perf_cgroup_from_task()
                         * because cgorup events are only per-cpu
                         */
                        cpuctx->cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(task,
                                                             &cpuctx->ctx);
                        cpu_ctx_sched_in(cpuctx, EVENT_ALL, task);
                }
                perf_pmu_enable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);
                perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
        }

        local_irq_restore(flags);
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_out(struct task_struct *task,
                                         struct task_struct *next)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp1;
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp2 = NULL;

        rcu_read_lock();
        /*
         * we come here when we know perf_cgroup_events > 0
         * we do not need to pass the ctx here because we know
         * we are holding the rcu lock
         */
        cgrp1 = perf_cgroup_from_task(task, NULL);
        cgrp2 = perf_cgroup_from_task(next, NULL);

        /*
         * only schedule out current cgroup events if we know
         * that we are switching to a different cgroup. Otherwise,
         * do no touch the cgroup events.
         */
        if (cgrp1 != cgrp2)
                perf_cgroup_switch(task, PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT);

        rcu_read_unlock();
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_in(struct task_struct *prev,
                                        struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp1;
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp2 = NULL;

        rcu_read_lock();
        /*
         * we come here when we know perf_cgroup_events > 0
         * we do not need to pass the ctx here because we know
         * we are holding the rcu lock
         */
        cgrp1 = perf_cgroup_from_task(task, NULL);
        cgrp2 = perf_cgroup_from_task(prev, NULL);

        /*
         * only need to schedule in cgroup events if we are changing
         * cgroup during ctxsw. Cgroup events were not scheduled
         * out of ctxsw out if that was not the case.
         */
        if (cgrp1 != cgrp2)
                perf_cgroup_switch(task, PERF_CGROUP_SWIN);

        rcu_read_unlock();
}

static int perf_cgroup_ensure_storage(struct perf_event *event,
                                struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        struct perf_event **storage;
        int cpu, heap_size, ret = 0;

        /*
         * Allow storage to have sufficent space for an iterator for each
         * possibly nested cgroup plus an iterator for events with no cgroup.
         */
        for (heap_size = 1; css; css = css->parent)
                heap_size++;

        for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
                cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(event->pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
                if (heap_size <= cpuctx->heap_size)
                        continue;

                storage = kmalloc_node(heap_size * sizeof(struct perf_event *),
                                       GFP_KERNEL, cpu_to_node(cpu));
                if (!storage) {
                        ret = -ENOMEM;
                        break;
                }

                raw_spin_lock_irq(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);
                if (cpuctx->heap_size < heap_size) {
                        swap(cpuctx->heap, storage);
                        if (storage == cpuctx->heap_default)
                                storage = NULL;
                        cpuctx->heap_size = heap_size;
                }
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);

                kfree(storage);
        }

        return ret;
}

static inline int perf_cgroup_connect(int fd, struct perf_event *event,
                                      struct perf_event_attr *attr,
                                      struct perf_event *group_leader)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *cgrp;
        struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
        struct fd f = fdget(fd);
        int ret = 0;

        if (!f.file)
                return -EBADF;

        css = css_tryget_online_from_dir(f.file->f_path.dentry,
                                         &perf_event_cgrp_subsys);
        if (IS_ERR(css)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(css);
                goto out;
        }

        ret = perf_cgroup_ensure_storage(event, css);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        cgrp = container_of(css, struct perf_cgroup, css);
        event->cgrp = cgrp;

        /*
         * all events in a group must monitor
         * the same cgroup because a task belongs
         * to only one perf cgroup at a time
         */
        if (group_leader && group_leader->cgrp != cgrp) {
                perf_detach_cgroup(event);
                ret = -EINVAL;
        }
out:
        fdput(f);
        return ret;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_shadow_time(struct perf_event *event, u64 now)
{
        struct perf_cgroup_info *t;
        t = per_cpu_ptr(event->cgrp->info, event->cpu);
        event->shadow_ctx_time = now - t->timestamp;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_event_enable(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;

        if (!is_cgroup_event(event))
                return;

        /*
         * Because cgroup events are always per-cpu events,
         * @ctx == &cpuctx->ctx.
         */
        cpuctx = container_of(ctx, struct perf_cpu_context, ctx);

        /*
         * Since setting cpuctx->cgrp is conditional on the current @cgrp
         * matching the event's cgroup, we must do this for every new event,
         * because if the first would mismatch, the second would not try again
         * and we would leave cpuctx->cgrp unset.
         */
        if (ctx->is_active && !cpuctx->cgrp) {
                struct perf_cgroup *cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(current, ctx);

                if (cgroup_is_descendant(cgrp->css.cgroup, event->cgrp->css.cgroup))
                        cpuctx->cgrp = cgrp;
        }

        if (ctx->nr_cgroups++)
                return;

        list_add(&cpuctx->cgrp_cpuctx_entry,
                        per_cpu_ptr(&cgrp_cpuctx_list, event->cpu));
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_event_disable(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;

        if (!is_cgroup_event(event))
                return;

        /*
         * Because cgroup events are always per-cpu events,
         * @ctx == &cpuctx->ctx.
         */
        cpuctx = container_of(ctx, struct perf_cpu_context, ctx);

        if (--ctx->nr_cgroups)
                return;

        if (ctx->is_active && cpuctx->cgrp)
                cpuctx->cgrp = NULL;

        list_del(&cpuctx->cgrp_cpuctx_entry);
}

#else /* !CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF */

static inline bool
perf_cgroup_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return true;
}

static inline void perf_detach_cgroup(struct perf_event *event)
{}

static inline int is_cgroup_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return 0;
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_out(struct task_struct *task,
                                         struct task_struct *next)
{
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_in(struct task_struct *prev,
                                        struct task_struct *task)
{
}

static inline int perf_cgroup_connect(pid_t pid, struct perf_event *event,
                                      struct perf_event_attr *attr,
                                      struct perf_event *group_leader)
{
        return -EINVAL;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_timestamp(struct task_struct *task,
                          struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_switch(struct task_struct *task, struct task_struct *next)
{
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_shadow_time(struct perf_event *event, u64 now)
{
}

static inline u64 perf_cgroup_event_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return 0;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_event_enable(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_event_disable(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
}
#endif

/*
 * set default to be dependent on timer tick just
 * like original code
 */
#define PERF_CPU_HRTIMER (1000 / HZ)
/*
 * function must be called with interrupts disabled
 */
static enum hrtimer_restart perf_mux_hrtimer_handler(struct hrtimer *hr)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        bool rotations;

        lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();

        cpuctx = container_of(hr, struct perf_cpu_context, hrtimer);
        rotations = perf_rotate_context(cpuctx);

        raw_spin_lock(&cpuctx->hrtimer_lock);
        if (rotations)
                hrtimer_forward_now(hr, cpuctx->hrtimer_interval);
        else
                cpuctx->hrtimer_active = 0;
        raw_spin_unlock(&cpuctx->hrtimer_lock);

        return rotations ? HRTIMER_RESTART : HRTIMER_NORESTART;
}

static void __perf_mux_hrtimer_init(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx, int cpu)
{
        struct hrtimer *timer = &cpuctx->hrtimer;
        struct pmu *pmu = cpuctx->ctx.pmu;
        u64 interval;

        /* no multiplexing needed for SW PMU */
        if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_sw_context)
                return;

        /*
         * check default is sane, if not set then force to
         * default interval (1/tick)
         */
        interval = pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms;
        if (interval < 1)
                interval = pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms = PERF_CPU_HRTIMER;

        cpuctx->hrtimer_interval = ns_to_ktime(NSEC_PER_MSEC * interval);

        raw_spin_lock_init(&cpuctx->hrtimer_lock);
        hrtimer_init(timer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_ABS_PINNED_HARD);
        timer->function = perf_mux_hrtimer_handler;
}

static int perf_mux_hrtimer_restart(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
        struct hrtimer *timer = &cpuctx->hrtimer;
        struct pmu *pmu = cpuctx->ctx.pmu;
        unsigned long flags;

        /* not for SW PMU */
        if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_sw_context)
                return 0;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&cpuctx->hrtimer_lock, flags);
        if (!cpuctx->hrtimer_active) {
                cpuctx->hrtimer_active = 1;
                hrtimer_forward_now(timer, cpuctx->hrtimer_interval);
                hrtimer_start_expires(timer, HRTIMER_MODE_ABS_PINNED_HARD);
        }
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cpuctx->hrtimer_lock, flags);

        return 0;
}

void perf_pmu_disable(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        int *count = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
        if (!(*count)++)
                pmu->pmu_disable(pmu);
}

void perf_pmu_enable(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        int *count = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
        if (!--(*count))
                pmu->pmu_enable(pmu);
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct list_head, active_ctx_list);

/*
 * perf_event_ctx_activate(), perf_event_ctx_deactivate(), and
 * perf_event_task_tick() are fully serialized because they're strictly cpu
 * affine and perf_event_ctx{activate,deactivate} are called with IRQs
 * disabled, while perf_event_task_tick is called from IRQ context.
 */
static void perf_event_ctx_activate(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct list_head *head = this_cpu_ptr(&active_ctx_list);

        lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();

        WARN_ON(!list_empty(&ctx->active_ctx_list));

        list_add(&ctx->active_ctx_list, head);
}

static void perf_event_ctx_deactivate(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();

        WARN_ON(list_empty(&ctx->active_ctx_list));

        list_del_init(&ctx->active_ctx_list);
}

static void get_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        refcount_inc(&ctx->refcount);
}

static void free_ctx(struct rcu_head *head)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;

        ctx = container_of(head, struct perf_event_context, rcu_head);
        kfree(ctx->task_ctx_data);
        kfree(ctx);
}

static void put_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        if (refcount_dec_and_test(&ctx->refcount)) {
                if (ctx->parent_ctx)
                        put_ctx(ctx->parent_ctx);
                if (ctx->task && ctx->task != TASK_TOMBSTONE)
                        put_task_struct(ctx->task);
                call_rcu(&ctx->rcu_head, free_ctx);
        }
}

/*
 * Because of perf_event::ctx migration in sys_perf_event_open::move_group and
 * perf_pmu_migrate_context() we need some magic.
 *
 * Those places that change perf_event::ctx will hold both
 * perf_event_ctx::mutex of the 'old' and 'new' ctx value.
 *
 * Lock ordering is by mutex address. There are two other sites where
 * perf_event_context::mutex nests and those are:
 *
 *  - perf_event_exit_task_context()    [ child , 0 ]
 *      perf_event_exit_event()
 *        put_event()                   [ parent, 1 ]
 *
 *  - perf_event_init_context()         [ parent, 0 ]
 *      inherit_task_group()
 *        inherit_group()
 *          inherit_event()
 *            perf_event_alloc()
 *              perf_init_event()
 *                perf_try_init_event() [ child , 1 ]
 *
 * While it appears there is an obvious deadlock here -- the parent and child
 * nesting levels are inverted between the two. This is in fact safe because
 * life-time rules separate them. That is an exiting task cannot fork, and a
 * spawning task cannot (yet) exit.
 *
 * But remember that that these are parent<->child context relations, and
 * migration does not affect children, therefore these two orderings should not
 * interact.
 *
 * The change in perf_event::ctx does not affect children (as claimed above)
 * because the sys_perf_event_open() case will install a new event and break
 * the ctx parent<->child relation, and perf_pmu_migrate_context() is only
 * concerned with cpuctx and that doesn't have children.
 *
 * The places that change perf_event::ctx will issue:
 *
 *   perf_remove_from_context();
 *   synchronize_rcu();
 *   perf_install_in_context();
 *
 * to affect the change. The remove_from_context() + synchronize_rcu() should
 * quiesce the event, after which we can install it in the new location. This
 * means that only external vectors (perf_fops, prctl) can perturb the event
 * while in transit. Therefore all such accessors should also acquire
 * perf_event_context::mutex to serialize against this.
 *
 * However; because event->ctx can change while we're waiting to acquire
 * ctx->mutex we must be careful and use the below perf_event_ctx_lock()
 * function.
 *
 * Lock order:
 *    exec_update_mutex
 *      task_struct::perf_event_mutex
 *        perf_event_context::mutex
 *          perf_event::child_mutex;
 *            perf_event_context::lock
 *          perf_event::mmap_mutex
 *          mmap_sem
 *            perf_addr_filters_head::lock
 *
 *    cpu_hotplug_lock
 *      pmus_lock
 *        cpuctx->mutex / perf_event_context::mutex
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
perf_event_ctx_lock_nested(struct perf_event *event, int nesting)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;

again:
        rcu_read_lock();
        ctx = READ_ONCE(event->ctx);
        if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount)) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto again;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        mutex_lock_nested(&ctx->mutex, nesting);
        if (event->ctx != ctx) {
                mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
                put_ctx(ctx);
                goto again;
        }

        return ctx;
}

static inline struct perf_event_context *
perf_event_ctx_lock(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return perf_event_ctx_lock_nested(event, 0);
}

static void perf_event_ctx_unlock(struct perf_event *event,
                                  struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
        put_ctx(ctx);
}

/*
 * This must be done under the ctx->lock, such as to serialize against
 * context_equiv(), therefore we cannot call put_ctx() since that might end up
 * calling scheduler related locks and ctx->lock nests inside those.
 */
static __must_check struct perf_event_context *
unclone_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event_context *parent_ctx = ctx->parent_ctx;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        if (parent_ctx)
                ctx->parent_ctx = NULL;
        ctx->generation++;

        return parent_ctx;
}

static u32 perf_event_pid_type(struct perf_event *event, struct task_struct *p,
                                enum pid_type type)
{
        u32 nr;
        /*
         * only top level events have the pid namespace they were created in
         */
        if (event->parent)
                event = event->parent;

        nr = __task_pid_nr_ns(p, type, event->ns);
        /* avoid -1 if it is idle thread or runs in another ns */
        if (!nr && !pid_alive(p))
                nr = -1;
        return nr;
}

static u32 perf_event_pid(struct perf_event *event, struct task_struct *p)
{
        return perf_event_pid_type(event, p, PIDTYPE_TGID);
}

static u32 perf_event_tid(struct perf_event *event, struct task_struct *p)
{
        return perf_event_pid_type(event, p, PIDTYPE_PID);
}

/*
 * If we inherit events we want to return the parent event id
 * to userspace.
 */
static u64 primary_event_id(struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 id = event->id;

        if (event->parent)
                id = event->parent->id;

        return id;
}

/*
 * Get the perf_event_context for a task and lock it.
 *
 * This has to cope with with the fact that until it is locked,
 * the context could get moved to another task.
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
perf_lock_task_context(struct task_struct *task, int ctxn, unsigned long *flags)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;

retry:
        /*
         * One of the few rules of preemptible RCU is that one cannot do
         * rcu_read_unlock() while holding a scheduler (or nested) lock when
         * part of the read side critical section was irqs-enabled -- see
         * rcu_read_unlock_special().
         *
         * Since ctx->lock nests under rq->lock we must ensure the entire read
         * side critical section has interrupts disabled.
         */
        local_irq_save(*flags);
        rcu_read_lock();
        ctx = rcu_dereference(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);
        if (ctx) {
                /*
                 * If this context is a clone of another, it might
                 * get swapped for another underneath us by
                 * perf_event_task_sched_out, though the
                 * rcu_read_lock() protects us from any context
                 * getting freed.  Lock the context and check if it
                 * got swapped before we could get the lock, and retry
                 * if so.  If we locked the right context, then it
                 * can't get swapped on us any more.
                 */
                raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
                if (ctx != rcu_dereference(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn])) {
                        raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        local_irq_restore(*flags);
                        goto retry;
                }

                if (ctx->task == TASK_TOMBSTONE ||
                    !refcount_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount)) {
                        raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
                        ctx = NULL;
                } else {
                        WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->task != task);
                }
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        if (!ctx)
                local_irq_restore(*flags);
        return ctx;
}

/*
 * Get the context for a task and increment its pin_count so it
 * can't get swapped to another task.  This also increments its
 * reference count so that the context can't get freed.
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
perf_pin_task_context(struct task_struct *task, int ctxn)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        unsigned long flags;

        ctx = perf_lock_task_context(task, ctxn, &flags);
        if (ctx) {
                ++ctx->pin_count;
                raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
        }
        return ctx;
}

static void perf_unpin_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, flags);
        --ctx->pin_count;
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
}

/*
 * Update the record of the current time in a context.
 */
static void update_context_time(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        u64 now = perf_clock();

        ctx->time += now - ctx->timestamp;
        ctx->timestamp = now;
}

static u64 perf_event_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                return perf_cgroup_event_time(event);

        return ctx ? ctx->time : 0;
}

static enum event_type_t get_event_type(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        enum event_type_t event_type;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        /*
         * It's 'group type', really, because if our group leader is
         * pinned, so are we.
         */
        if (event->group_leader != event)
                event = event->group_leader;

        event_type = event->attr.pinned ? EVENT_PINNED : EVENT_FLEXIBLE;
        if (!ctx->task)
                event_type |= EVENT_CPU;

        return event_type;
}

/*
 * Helper function to initialize event group nodes.
 */
static void init_event_group(struct perf_event *event)
{
        RB_CLEAR_NODE(&event->group_node);
        event->group_index = 0;
}

/*
 * Extract pinned or flexible groups from the context
 * based on event attrs bits.
 */
static struct perf_event_groups *
get_event_groups(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        if (event->attr.pinned)
                return &ctx->pinned_groups;
        else
                return &ctx->flexible_groups;
}

/*
 * Helper function to initializes perf_event_group trees.
 */
static void perf_event_groups_init(struct perf_event_groups *groups)
{
        groups->tree = RB_ROOT;
        groups->index = 0;
}

/*
 * Compare function for event groups;
 *
 * Implements complex key that first sorts by CPU and then by virtual index
 * which provides ordering when rotating groups for the same CPU.
 */
static bool
perf_event_groups_less(struct perf_event *left, struct perf_event *right)
{
        if (left->cpu < right->cpu)
                return true;
        if (left->cpu > right->cpu)
                return false;

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        if (left->cgrp != right->cgrp) {
                if (!left->cgrp || !left->cgrp->css.cgroup) {
                        /*
                         * Left has no cgroup but right does, no cgroups come
                         * first.
                         */
                        return true;
                }
                if (!right->cgrp || !right->cgrp->css.cgroup) {
                        /*
                         * Right has no cgroup but left does, no cgroups come
                         * first.
                         */
                        return false;
                }
                /* Two dissimilar cgroups, order by id. */
                if (left->cgrp->css.cgroup->kn->id < right->cgrp->css.cgroup->kn->id)
                        return true;

                return false;
        }
#endif

        if (left->group_index < right->group_index)
                return true;
        if (left->group_index > right->group_index)
                return false;

        return false;
}

/*
 * Insert @event into @groups' tree; using {@event->cpu, ++@groups->index} for
 * key (see perf_event_groups_less). This places it last inside the CPU
 * subtree.
 */
static void
perf_event_groups_insert(struct perf_event_groups *groups,
                         struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event *node_event;
        struct rb_node *parent;
        struct rb_node **node;

        event->group_index = ++groups->index;

        node = &groups->tree.rb_node;
        parent = *node;

        while (*node) {
                parent = *node;
                node_event = container_of(*node, struct perf_event, group_node);

                if (perf_event_groups_less(event, node_event))
                        node = &parent->rb_left;
                else
                        node = &parent->rb_right;
        }

        rb_link_node(&event->group_node, parent, node);
        rb_insert_color(&event->group_node, &groups->tree);
}

/*
 * Helper function to insert event into the pinned or flexible groups.
 */
static void
add_event_to_groups(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event_groups *groups;

        groups = get_event_groups(event, ctx);
        perf_event_groups_insert(groups, event);
}

/*
 * Delete a group from a tree.
 */
static void
perf_event_groups_delete(struct perf_event_groups *groups,
                         struct perf_event *event)
{
        WARN_ON_ONCE(RB_EMPTY_NODE(&event->group_node) ||
                     RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&groups->tree));

        rb_erase(&event->group_node, &groups->tree);
        init_event_group(event);
}

/*
 * Helper function to delete event from its groups.
 */
static void
del_event_from_groups(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event_groups *groups;

        groups = get_event_groups(event, ctx);
        perf_event_groups_delete(groups, event);
}

/*
 * Get the leftmost event in the cpu/cgroup subtree.
 */
static struct perf_event *
perf_event_groups_first(struct perf_event_groups *groups, int cpu,
                        struct cgroup *cgrp)
{
        struct perf_event *node_event = NULL, *match = NULL;
        struct rb_node *node = groups->tree.rb_node;
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        u64 node_cgrp_id, cgrp_id = 0;

        if (cgrp)
                cgrp_id = cgrp->kn->id;
#endif

        while (node) {
                node_event = container_of(node, struct perf_event, group_node);

                if (cpu < node_event->cpu) {
                        node = node->rb_left;
                        continue;
                }
                if (cpu > node_event->cpu) {
                        node = node->rb_right;
                        continue;
                }
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
                node_cgrp_id = 0;
                if (node_event->cgrp && node_event->cgrp->css.cgroup)
                        node_cgrp_id = node_event->cgrp->css.cgroup->kn->id;

                if (cgrp_id < node_cgrp_id) {
                        node = node->rb_left;
                        continue;
                }
                if (cgrp_id > node_cgrp_id) {
                        node = node->rb_right;
                        continue;
                }
#endif
                match = node_event;
                node = node->rb_left;
        }

        return match;
}

/*
 * Like rb_entry_next_safe() for the @cpu subtree.
 */
static struct perf_event *
perf_event_groups_next(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event *next;
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        u64 curr_cgrp_id = 0;
        u64 next_cgrp_id = 0;
#endif

        next = rb_entry_safe(rb_next(&event->group_node), typeof(*event), group_node);
        if (next == NULL || next->cpu != event->cpu)
                return NULL;

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        if (event->cgrp && event->cgrp->css.cgroup)
                curr_cgrp_id = event->cgrp->css.cgroup->kn->id;

        if (next->cgrp && next->cgrp->css.cgroup)
                next_cgrp_id = next->cgrp->css.cgroup->kn->id;

        if (curr_cgrp_id != next_cgrp_id)
                return NULL;
#endif
        return next;
}

/*
 * Iterate through the whole groups tree.
 */
#define perf_event_groups_for_each(event, groups)                       \
        for (event = rb_entry_safe(rb_first(&((groups)->tree)),         \
                                typeof(*event), group_node); event;     \
                event = rb_entry_safe(rb_next(&event->group_node),      \
                                typeof(*event), group_node))

/*
 * Add an event from the lists for its context.
 * Must be called with ctx->mutex and ctx->lock held.
 */
static void
list_add_event(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT);
        event->attach_state |= PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT;

        event->tstamp = perf_event_time(event);

        /*
         * If we're a stand alone event or group leader, we go to the context
         * list, group events are kept attached to the group so that
         * perf_group_detach can, at all times, locate all siblings.
         */
        if (event->group_leader == event) {
                event->group_caps = event->event_caps;
                add_event_to_groups(event, ctx);
        }

        list_add_rcu(&event->event_entry, &ctx->event_list);
        ctx->nr_events++;
        if (event->attr.inherit_stat)
                ctx->nr_stat++;

        if (event->state > PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
                perf_cgroup_event_enable(event, ctx);

        ctx->generation++;
}

/*
 * Initialize event state based on the perf_event_attr::disabled.
 */
static inline void perf_event__state_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        event->state = event->attr.disabled ? PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF :
                                              PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
}

static void __perf_event_read_size(struct perf_event *event, int nr_siblings)
{
        int entry = sizeof(u64); /* value */
        int size = 0;
        int nr = 1;

        if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED)
                size += sizeof(u64);

        if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)
                size += sizeof(u64);

        if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
                entry += sizeof(u64);

        if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_GROUP) {
                nr += nr_siblings;
                size += sizeof(u64);
        }

        size += entry * nr;
        event->read_size = size;
}

static void __perf_event_header_size(struct perf_event *event, u64 sample_type)
{
        struct perf_sample_data *data;
        u16 size = 0;

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP)
                size += sizeof(data->ip);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR)
                size += sizeof(data->addr);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD)
                size += sizeof(data->period);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_WEIGHT)
                size += sizeof(data->weight);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_READ)
                size += event->read_size;

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_DATA_SRC)
                size += sizeof(data->data_src.val);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TRANSACTION)
                size += sizeof(data->txn);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PHYS_ADDR)
                size += sizeof(data->phys_addr);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CGROUP)
                size += sizeof(data->cgroup);

        event->header_size = size;
}

/*
 * Called at perf_event creation and when events are attached/detached from a
 * group.
 */
static void perf_event__header_size(struct perf_event *event)
{
        __perf_event_read_size(event,
                               event->group_leader->nr_siblings);
        __perf_event_header_size(event, event->attr.sample_type);
}

static void perf_event__id_header_size(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_sample_data *data;
        u64 sample_type = event->attr.sample_type;
        u16 size = 0;

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID)
                size += sizeof(data->tid_entry);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
                size += sizeof(data->time);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER)
                size += sizeof(data->id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID)
                size += sizeof(data->id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
                size += sizeof(data->stream_id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU)
                size += sizeof(data->cpu_entry);

        event->id_header_size = size;
}

static bool perf_event_validate_size(struct perf_event *event)
{
        /*
         * The values computed here will be over-written when we actually
         * attach the event.
         */
        __perf_event_read_size(event, event->group_leader->nr_siblings + 1);
        __perf_event_header_size(event, event->attr.sample_type & ~PERF_SAMPLE_READ);
        perf_event__id_header_size(event);

        /*
         * Sum the lot; should not exceed the 64k limit we have on records.
         * Conservative limit to allow for callchains and other variable fields.
         */
        if (event->read_size + event->header_size +
            event->id_header_size + sizeof(struct perf_event_header) >= 16*1024)
                return false;

        return true;
}

static void perf_group_attach(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event *group_leader = event->group_leader, *pos;

        lockdep_assert_held(&event->ctx->lock);

        /*
         * We can have double attach due to group movement in perf_event_open.
         */
        if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_GROUP)
                return;

        event->attach_state |= PERF_ATTACH_GROUP;

        if (group_leader == event)
                return;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(group_leader->ctx != event->ctx);

        group_leader->group_caps &= event->event_caps;

        list_add_tail(&event->sibling_list, &group_leader->sibling_list);
        group_leader->nr_siblings++;

        perf_event__header_size(group_leader);

        for_each_sibling_event(pos, group_leader)
                perf_event__header_size(pos);
}

/*
 * Remove an event from the lists for its context.
 * Must be called with ctx->mutex and ctx->lock held.
 */
static void
list_del_event(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx != ctx);
        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        /*
         * We can have double detach due to exit/hot-unplug + close.
         */
        if (!(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT))
                return;

        event->attach_state &= ~PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT;

        ctx->nr_events--;
        if (event->attr.inherit_stat)
                ctx->nr_stat--;

        list_del_rcu(&event->event_entry);

        if (event->group_leader == event)
                del_event_from_groups(event, ctx);

        /*
         * If event was in error state, then keep it
         * that way, otherwise bogus counts will be
         * returned on read(). The only way to get out
         * of error state is by explicit re-enabling
         * of the event
         */
        if (event->state > PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF) {
                perf_cgroup_event_disable(event, ctx);
                perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF);
        }

        ctx->generation++;
}

static int
perf_aux_output_match(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event *aux_event)
{
        if (!has_aux(aux_event))
                return 0;

        if (!event->pmu->aux_output_match)
                return 0;

        return event->pmu->aux_output_match(aux_event);
}

static void put_event(struct perf_event *event);
static void event_sched_out(struct perf_event *event,
                            struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                            struct perf_event_context *ctx);

static void perf_put_aux_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        struct perf_event *iter;

        /*
         * If event uses aux_event tear down the link
         */
        if (event->aux_event) {
                iter = event->aux_event;
                event->aux_event = NULL;
                put_event(iter);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * If the event is an aux_event, tear down all links to
         * it from other events.
         */
        for_each_sibling_event(iter, event->group_leader) {
                if (iter->aux_event != event)
                        continue;

                iter->aux_event = NULL;
                put_event(event);

                /*
                 * If it's ACTIVE, schedule it out and put it into ERROR
                 * state so that we don't try to schedule it again. Note
                 * that perf_event_enable() will clear the ERROR status.
                 */
                event_sched_out(iter, cpuctx, ctx);
                perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR);
        }
}

static bool perf_need_aux_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return !!event->attr.aux_output || !!event->attr.aux_sample_size;
}

static int perf_get_aux_event(struct perf_event *event,
                              struct perf_event *group_leader)
{
        /*
         * Our group leader must be an aux event if we want to be
         * an aux_output. This way, the aux event will precede its
         * aux_output events in the group, and therefore will always
         * schedule first.
         */
        if (!group_leader)
                return 0;

        /*
         * aux_output and aux_sample_size are mutually exclusive.
         */
        if (event->attr.aux_output && event->attr.aux_sample_size)
                return 0;

        if (event->attr.aux_output &&
            !perf_aux_output_match(event, group_leader))
                return 0;

        if (event->attr.aux_sample_size && !group_leader->pmu->snapshot_aux)
                return 0;

        if (!atomic_long_inc_not_zero(&group_leader->refcount))
                return 0;

        /*
         * Link aux_outputs to their aux event; this is undone in
         * perf_group_detach() by perf_put_aux_event(). When the
         * group in torn down, the aux_output events loose their
         * link to the aux_event and can't schedule any more.
         */
        event->aux_event = group_leader;

        return 1;
}

static inline struct list_head *get_event_list(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        return event->attr.pinned ? &ctx->pinned_active : &ctx->flexible_active;
}

static void perf_group_detach(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event *sibling, *tmp;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        /*
         * We can have double detach due to exit/hot-unplug + close.
         */
        if (!(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_GROUP))
                return;

        event->attach_state &= ~PERF_ATTACH_GROUP;

        perf_put_aux_event(event);

        /*
         * If this is a sibling, remove it from its group.
         */
        if (event->group_leader != event) {
                list_del_init(&event->sibling_list);
                event->group_leader->nr_siblings--;
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * If this was a group event with sibling events then
         * upgrade the siblings to singleton events by adding them
         * to whatever list we are on.
         */
        list_for_each_entry_safe(sibling, tmp, &event->sibling_list, sibling_list) {

                sibling->group_leader = sibling;
                list_del_init(&sibling->sibling_list);

                /* Inherit group flags from the previous leader */
                sibling->group_caps = event->group_caps;

                if (!RB_EMPTY_NODE(&event->group_node)) {
                        add_event_to_groups(sibling, event->ctx);

                        if (sibling->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                                list_add_tail(&sibling->active_list, get_event_list(sibling));
                }

                WARN_ON_ONCE(sibling->ctx != event->ctx);
        }

out:
        perf_event__header_size(event->group_leader);

        for_each_sibling_event(tmp, event->group_leader)
                perf_event__header_size(tmp);
}

static bool is_orphaned_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_DEAD;
}

static inline int __pmu_filter_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct pmu *pmu = event->pmu;
        return pmu->filter_match ? pmu->filter_match(event) : 1;
}

/*
 * Check whether we should attempt to schedule an event group based on
 * PMU-specific filtering. An event group can consist of HW and SW events,
 * potentially with a SW leader, so we must check all the filters, to
 * determine whether a group is schedulable:
 */
static inline int pmu_filter_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event *sibling;

        if (!__pmu_filter_match(event))
                return 0;

        for_each_sibling_event(sibling, event) {
                if (!__pmu_filter_match(sibling))
                        return 0;
        }

        return 1;
}

static inline int
event_filter_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return (event->cpu == -1 || event->cpu == smp_processor_id()) &&
               perf_cgroup_match(event) && pmu_filter_match(event);
}

static void
event_sched_out(struct perf_event *event,
                  struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                  struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        enum perf_event_state state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx != ctx);
        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                return;

        /*
         * Asymmetry; we only schedule events _IN_ through ctx_sched_in(), but
         * we can schedule events _OUT_ individually through things like
         * __perf_remove_from_context().
         */
        list_del_init(&event->active_list);

        perf_pmu_disable(event->pmu);

        event->pmu->del(event, 0);
        event->oncpu = -1;

        if (READ_ONCE(event->pending_disable) >= 0) {
                WRITE_ONCE(event->pending_disable, -1);
                perf_cgroup_event_disable(event, ctx);
                state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;
        }
        perf_event_set_state(event, state);

        if (!is_software_event(event))
                cpuctx->active_oncpu--;
        if (!--ctx->nr_active)
                perf_event_ctx_deactivate(ctx);
        if (event->attr.freq && event->attr.sample_freq)
                ctx->nr_freq--;
        if (event->attr.exclusive || !cpuctx->active_oncpu)
                cpuctx->exclusive = 0;

        perf_pmu_enable(event->pmu);
}

static void
group_sched_out(struct perf_event *group_event,
                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event *event;

        if (group_event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                return;

        perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);

        event_sched_out(group_event, cpuctx, ctx);

        /*
         * Schedule out siblings (if any):
         */
        for_each_sibling_event(event, group_event)
                event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);

        perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);

        if (group_event->attr.exclusive)
                cpuctx->exclusive = 0;
}

#define DETACH_GROUP    0x01UL

/*
 * Cross CPU call to remove a performance event
 *
 * We disable the event on the hardware level first. After that we
 * remove it from the context list.
 */
static void
__perf_remove_from_context(struct perf_event *event,
                           struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                           struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                           void *info)
{
        unsigned long flags = (unsigned long)info;

        if (ctx->is_active & EVENT_TIME) {
                update_context_time(ctx);
                update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx(cpuctx);
        }

        event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
        if (flags & DETACH_GROUP)
                perf_group_detach(event);
        list_del_event(event, ctx);

        if (!ctx->nr_events && ctx->is_active) {
                ctx->is_active = 0;
                ctx->rotate_necessary = 0;
                if (ctx->task) {
                        WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx);
                        cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL;
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Remove the event from a task's (or a CPU's) list of events.
 *
 * If event->ctx is a cloned context, callers must make sure that
 * every task struct that event->ctx->task could possibly point to
 * remains valid.  This is OK when called from perf_release since
 * that only calls us on the top-level context, which can't be a clone.
 * When called from perf_event_exit_task, it's OK because the
 * context has been detached from its task.
 */
static void perf_remove_from_context(struct perf_event *event, unsigned long flags)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);

        event_function_call(event, __perf_remove_from_context, (void *)flags);

        /*
         * The above event_function_call() can NO-OP when it hits
         * TASK_TOMBSTONE. In that case we must already have been detached
         * from the context (by perf_event_exit_event()) but the grouping
         * might still be in-tact.
         */
        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT);
        if ((flags & DETACH_GROUP) &&
            (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_GROUP)) {
                /*
                 * Since in that case we cannot possibly be scheduled, simply
                 * detach now.
                 */
                raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                perf_group_detach(event);
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        }
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to disable a performance event
 */
static void __perf_event_disable(struct perf_event *event,
                                 struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                                 struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                                 void *info)
{
        if (event->state < PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
                return;

        if (ctx->is_active & EVENT_TIME) {
                update_context_time(ctx);
                update_cgrp_time_from_event(event);
        }

        if (event == event->group_leader)
                group_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
        else
                event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);

        perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF);
        perf_cgroup_event_disable(event, ctx);
}

/*
 * Disable an event.
 *
 * If event->ctx is a cloned context, callers must make sure that
 * every task struct that event->ctx->task could possibly point to
 * remains valid.  This condition is satisfied when called through
 * perf_event_for_each_child or perf_event_for_each because they
 * hold the top-level event's child_mutex, so any descendant that
 * goes to exit will block in perf_event_exit_event().
 *
 * When called from perf_pending_event it's OK because event->ctx
 * is the current context on this CPU and preemption is disabled,
 * hence we can't get into perf_event_task_sched_out for this context.
 */
static void _perf_event_disable(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

        raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        if (event->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF) {
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                return;
        }
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);

        event_function_call(event, __perf_event_disable, NULL);
}

void perf_event_disable_local(struct perf_event *event)
{
        event_function_local(event, __perf_event_disable, NULL);
}

/*
 * Strictly speaking kernel users cannot create groups and therefore this
 * interface does not need the perf_event_ctx_lock() magic.
 */
void perf_event_disable(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        _perf_event_disable(event);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_disable);

void perf_event_disable_inatomic(struct perf_event *event)
{
        WRITE_ONCE(event->pending_disable, smp_processor_id());
        /* can fail, see perf_pending_event_disable() */
        irq_work_queue(&event->pending);
}

static void perf_set_shadow_time(struct perf_event *event,
                                 struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        /*
         * use the correct time source for the time snapshot
         *
         * We could get by without this by leveraging the
         * fact that to get to this function, the caller
         * has most likely already called update_context_time()
         * and update_cgrp_time_xx() and thus both timestamp
         * are identical (or very close). Given that tstamp is,
         * already adjusted for cgroup, we could say that:
         *    tstamp - ctx->timestamp
         * is equivalent to
         *    tstamp - cgrp->timestamp.
         *
         * Then, in perf_output_read(), the calculation would
         * work with no changes because:
         * - event is guaranteed scheduled in
         * - no scheduled out in between
         * - thus the timestamp would be the same
         *
         * But this is a bit hairy.
         *
         * So instead, we have an explicit cgroup call to remain
         * within the time time source all along. We believe it
         * is cleaner and simpler to understand.
         */
        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                perf_cgroup_set_shadow_time(event, event->tstamp);
        else
                event->shadow_ctx_time = event->tstamp - ctx->timestamp;
}

#define MAX_INTERRUPTS (~0ULL)

static void perf_log_throttle(struct perf_event *event, int enable);
static void perf_log_itrace_start(struct perf_event *event);

static int
event_sched_in(struct perf_event *event,
                 struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                 struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        int ret = 0;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx != ctx);

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        if (event->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
                return 0;

        WRITE_ONCE(event->oncpu, smp_processor_id());
        /*
         * Order event::oncpu write to happen before the ACTIVE state is
         * visible. This allows perf_event_{stop,read}() to observe the correct
         * ->oncpu if it sees ACTIVE.
         */
        smp_wmb();
        perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE);

        /*
         * Unthrottle events, since we scheduled we might have missed several
         * ticks already, also for a heavily scheduling task there is little
         * guarantee it'll get a tick in a timely manner.
         */
        if (unlikely(event->hw.interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS)) {
                perf_log_throttle(event, 1);
                event->hw.interrupts = 0;
        }

        perf_pmu_disable(event->pmu);

        perf_set_shadow_time(event, ctx);

        perf_log_itrace_start(event);

        if (event->pmu->add(event, PERF_EF_START)) {
                perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE);
                event->oncpu = -1;
                ret = -EAGAIN;
                goto out;
        }

        if (!is_software_event(event))
                cpuctx->active_oncpu++;
        if (!ctx->nr_active++)
                perf_event_ctx_activate(ctx);
        if (event->attr.freq && event->attr.sample_freq)
                ctx->nr_freq++;

        if (event->attr.exclusive)
                cpuctx->exclusive = 1;

out:
        perf_pmu_enable(event->pmu);

        return ret;
}

static int
group_sched_in(struct perf_event *group_event,
               struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
               struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event *event, *partial_group = NULL;
        struct pmu *pmu = ctx->pmu;

        if (group_event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
                return 0;

        pmu->start_txn(pmu, PERF_PMU_TXN_ADD);

        if (event_sched_in(group_event, cpuctx, ctx)) {
                pmu->cancel_txn(pmu);
                perf_mux_hrtimer_restart(cpuctx);
                return -EAGAIN;
        }

        /*
         * Schedule in siblings as one group (if any):
         */
        for_each_sibling_event(event, group_event) {
                if (event_sched_in(event, cpuctx, ctx)) {
                        partial_group = event;
                        goto group_error;
                }
        }

        if (!pmu->commit_txn(pmu))
                return 0;

group_error:
        /*
         * Groups can be scheduled in as one unit only, so undo any
         * partial group before returning:
         * The events up to the failed event are scheduled out normally.
         */
        for_each_sibling_event(event, group_event) {
                if (event == partial_group)
                        break;

                event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
        }
        event_sched_out(group_event, cpuctx, ctx);

        pmu->cancel_txn(pmu);

        perf_mux_hrtimer_restart(cpuctx);

        return -EAGAIN;
}

/*
 * Work out whether we can put this event group on the CPU now.
 */
static int group_can_go_on(struct perf_event *event,
                           struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                           int can_add_hw)
{
        /*
         * Groups consisting entirely of software events can always go on.
         */
        if (event->group_caps & PERF_EV_CAP_SOFTWARE)
                return 1;
        /*
         * If an exclusive group is already on, no other hardware
         * events can go on.
         */
        if (cpuctx->exclusive)
                return 0;
        /*
         * If this group is exclusive and there are already
         * events on the CPU, it can't go on.
         */
        if (event->attr.exclusive && cpuctx->active_oncpu)
                return 0;
        /*
         * Otherwise, try to add it if all previous groups were able
         * to go on.
         */
        return can_add_hw;
}

static void add_event_to_ctx(struct perf_event *event,
                               struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        list_add_event(event, ctx);
        perf_group_attach(event);
}

static void ctx_sched_out(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                          struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                          enum event_type_t event_type);
static void
ctx_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
             struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
             enum event_type_t event_type,
             struct task_struct *task);

static void task_ctx_sched_out(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                               struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                               enum event_type_t event_type)
{
        if (!cpuctx->task_ctx)
                return;

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx != cpuctx->task_ctx))
                return;

        ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, event_type);
}

static void perf_event_sched_in(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                                struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                                struct task_struct *task)
{
        cpu_ctx_sched_in(cpuctx, EVENT_PINNED, task);
        if (ctx)
                ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_PINNED, task);
        cpu_ctx_sched_in(cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE, task);
        if (ctx)
                ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE, task);
}

/*
 * We want to maintain the following priority of scheduling:
 *  - CPU pinned (EVENT_CPU | EVENT_PINNED)
 *  - task pinned (EVENT_PINNED)
 *  - CPU flexible (EVENT_CPU | EVENT_FLEXIBLE)
 *  - task flexible (EVENT_FLEXIBLE).
 *
 * In order to avoid unscheduling and scheduling back in everything every
 * time an event is added, only do it for the groups of equal priority and
 * below.
 *
 * This can be called after a batch operation on task events, in which case
 * event_type is a bit mask of the types of events involved. For CPU events,
 * event_type is only either EVENT_PINNED or EVENT_FLEXIBLE.
 */
static void ctx_resched(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                        struct perf_event_context *task_ctx,
                        enum event_type_t event_type)
{
        enum event_type_t ctx_event_type;
        bool cpu_event = !!(event_type & EVENT_CPU);

        /*
         * If pinned groups are involved, flexible groups also need to be
         * scheduled out.
         */
        if (event_type & EVENT_PINNED)
                event_type |= EVENT_FLEXIBLE;

        ctx_event_type = event_type & EVENT_ALL;

        perf_pmu_disable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);
        if (task_ctx)
                task_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, task_ctx, event_type);

        /*
         * Decide which cpu ctx groups to schedule out based on the types
         * of events that caused rescheduling:
         *  - EVENT_CPU: schedule out corresponding groups;
         *  - EVENT_PINNED task events: schedule out EVENT_FLEXIBLE groups;
         *  - otherwise, do nothing more.
         */
        if (cpu_event)
                cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, ctx_event_type);
        else if (ctx_event_type & EVENT_PINNED)
                cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE);

        perf_event_sched_in(cpuctx, task_ctx, current);
        perf_pmu_enable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);
}

void perf_pmu_resched(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
        struct perf_event_context *task_ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;

        perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, task_ctx);
        ctx_resched(cpuctx, task_ctx, EVENT_ALL|EVENT_CPU);
        perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, task_ctx);
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to install and enable a performance event
 *
 * Very similar to remote_function() + event_function() but cannot assume that
 * things like ctx->is_active and cpuctx->task_ctx are set.
 */
static int  __perf_install_in_context(void *info)
{
        struct perf_event *event = info;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        struct perf_event_context *task_ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;
        bool reprogram = true;
        int ret = 0;

        raw_spin_lock(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);
        if (ctx->task) {
                raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
                task_ctx = ctx;

                reprogram = (ctx->task == current);

                /*
                 * If the task is running, it must be running on this CPU,
                 * otherwise we cannot reprogram things.
                 *
                 * If its not running, we don't care, ctx->lock will
                 * serialize against it becoming runnable.
                 */
                if (task_curr(ctx->task) && !reprogram) {
                        ret = -ESRCH;
                        goto unlock;
                }

                WARN_ON_ONCE(reprogram && cpuctx->task_ctx && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx);
        } else if (task_ctx) {
                raw_spin_lock(&task_ctx->lock);
        }

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        if (event->state > PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF && is_cgroup_event(event)) {
                /*
                 * If the current cgroup doesn't match the event's
                 * cgroup, we should not try to schedule it.
                 */
                struct perf_cgroup *cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(current, ctx);
                reprogram = cgroup_is_descendant(cgrp->css.cgroup,
                                        event->cgrp->css.cgroup);
        }
#endif

        if (reprogram) {
                ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_TIME);
                add_event_to_ctx(event, ctx);
                ctx_resched(cpuctx, task_ctx, get_event_type(event));
        } else {
                add_event_to_ctx(event, ctx);
        }

unlock:
        perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, task_ctx);

        return ret;
}

static bool exclusive_event_installable(struct perf_event *event,
                                        struct perf_event_context *ctx);

/*
 * Attach a performance event to a context.
 *
 * Very similar to event_function_call, see comment there.
 */
static void
perf_install_in_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                        struct perf_event *event,
                        int cpu)
{
        struct task_struct *task = READ_ONCE(ctx->task);

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);

        WARN_ON_ONCE(!exclusive_event_installable(event, ctx));

        if (event->cpu != -1)
                event->cpu = cpu;

        /*
         * Ensures that if we can observe event->ctx, both the event and ctx
         * will be 'complete'. See perf_iterate_sb_cpu().
         */
        smp_store_release(&event->ctx, ctx);

        /*
         * perf_event_attr::disabled events will not run and can be initialized
         * without IPI. Except when this is the first event for the context, in
         * that case we need the magic of the IPI to set ctx->is_active.
         *
         * The IOC_ENABLE that is sure to follow the creation of a disabled
         * event will issue the IPI and reprogram the hardware.
         */
        if (__perf_effective_state(event) == PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF && ctx->nr_events) {
                raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                if (ctx->task == TASK_TOMBSTONE) {
                        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                        return;
                }
                add_event_to_ctx(event, ctx);
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                return;
        }

        if (!task) {
                cpu_function_call(cpu, __perf_install_in_context, event);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Should not happen, we validate the ctx is still alive before calling.
         */
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(task == TASK_TOMBSTONE))
                return;

        /*
         * Installing events is tricky because we cannot rely on ctx->is_active
         * to be set in case this is the nr_events 0 -> 1 transition.
         *
         * Instead we use task_curr(), which tells us if the task is running.
         * However, since we use task_curr() outside of rq::lock, we can race
         * against the actual state. This means the result can be wrong.
         *
         * If we get a false positive, we retry, this is harmless.
         *
         * If we get a false negative, things are complicated. If we are after
         * perf_event_context_sched_in() ctx::lock will serialize us, and the
         * value must be correct. If we're before, it doesn't matter since
         * perf_event_context_sched_in() will program the counter.
         *
         * However, this hinges on the remote context switch having observed
         * our task->perf_event_ctxp[] store, such that it will in fact take
         * ctx::lock in perf_event_context_sched_in().
         *
         * We do this by task_function_call(), if the IPI fails to hit the task
         * we know any future context switch of task must see the
         * perf_event_ctpx[] store.
         */

        /*
         * This smp_mb() orders the task->perf_event_ctxp[] store with the
         * task_cpu() load, such that if the IPI then does not find the task
         * running, a future context switch of that task must observe the
         * store.
         */
        smp_mb();
again:
        if (!task_function_call(task, __perf_install_in_context, event))
                return;

        raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        task = ctx->task;
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(task == TASK_TOMBSTONE)) {
                /*
                 * Cannot happen because we already checked above (which also
                 * cannot happen), and we hold ctx->mutex, which serializes us
                 * against perf_event_exit_task_context().
                 */
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                return;
        }
        /*
         * If the task is not running, ctx->lock will avoid it becoming so,
         * thus we can safely install the event.
         */
        if (task_curr(task)) {
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                goto again;
        }
        add_event_to_ctx(event, ctx);
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to enable a performance event
 */
static void __perf_event_enable(struct perf_event *event,
                                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                                struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                                void *info)
{
        struct perf_event *leader = event->group_leader;
        struct perf_event_context *task_ctx;

        if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE ||
            event->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR)
                return;

        if (ctx->is_active)
                ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_TIME);

        perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE);
        perf_cgroup_event_enable(event, ctx);

        if (!ctx->is_active)
                return;

        if (!event_filter_match(event)) {
                ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_TIME, current);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * If the event is in a group and isn't the group leader,
         * then don't put it on unless the group is on.
         */
        if (leader != event && leader->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE) {
                ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_TIME, current);
                return;
        }

        task_ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;
        if (ctx->task)
                WARN_ON_ONCE(task_ctx != ctx);

        ctx_resched(cpuctx, task_ctx, get_event_type(event));
}

/*
 * Enable an event.
 *
 * If event->ctx is a cloned context, callers must make sure that
 * every task struct that event->ctx->task could possibly point to
 * remains valid.  This condition is satisfied when called through
 * perf_event_for_each_child or perf_event_for_each as described
 * for perf_event_disable.
 */
static void _perf_event_enable(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

        raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE ||
            event->state <  PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR) {
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * If the event is in error state, clear that first.
         *
         * That way, if we see the event in error state below, we know that it
         * has gone back into error state, as distinct from the task having
         * been scheduled away before the cross-call arrived.
         */
        if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR)
                event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);

        event_function_call(event, __perf_event_enable, NULL);
}

/*
 * See perf_event_disable();
 */
void perf_event_enable(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        _perf_event_enable(event);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_enable);

struct stop_event_data {
        struct perf_event       *event;
        unsigned int            restart;
};

static int __perf_event_stop(void *info)
{
        struct stop_event_data *sd = info;
        struct perf_event *event = sd->event;

        /* if it's already INACTIVE, do nothing */
        if (READ_ONCE(event->state) != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                return 0;

        /* matches smp_wmb() in event_sched_in() */
        smp_rmb();

        /*
         * There is a window with interrupts enabled before we get here,
         * so we need to check again lest we try to stop another CPU's event.
         */
        if (READ_ONCE(event->oncpu) != smp_processor_id())
                return -EAGAIN;

        event->pmu->stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);

        /*
         * May race with the actual stop (through perf_pmu_output_stop()),
         * but it is only used for events with AUX ring buffer, and such
         * events will refuse to restart because of rb::aux_mmap_count==0,
         * see comments in perf_aux_output_begin().
         *
         * Since this is happening on an event-local CPU, no trace is lost
         * while restarting.
         */
        if (sd->restart)
                event->pmu->start(event, 0);

        return 0;
}

static int perf_event_stop(struct perf_event *event, int restart)
{
        struct stop_event_data sd = {
                .event          = event,
                .restart        = restart,
        };
        int ret = 0;

        do {
                if (READ_ONCE(event->state) != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                        return 0;

                /* matches smp_wmb() in event_sched_in() */
                smp_rmb();

                /*
                 * We only want to restart ACTIVE events, so if the event goes
                 * inactive here (event->oncpu==-1), there's nothing more to do;
                 * fall through with ret==-ENXIO.
                 */
                ret = cpu_function_call(READ_ONCE(event->oncpu),
                                        __perf_event_stop, &sd);
        } while (ret == -EAGAIN);

        return ret;
}

/*
 * In order to contain the amount of racy and tricky in the address filter
 * configuration management, it is a two part process:
 *
 * (p1) when userspace mappings change as a result of (1) or (2) or (3) below,
 *      we update the addresses of corresponding vmas in
 *      event::addr_filter_ranges array and bump the event::addr_filters_gen;
 * (p2) when an event is scheduled in (pmu::add), it calls
 *      perf_event_addr_filters_sync() which calls pmu::addr_filters_sync()
 *      if the generation has changed since the previous call.
 *
 * If (p1) happens while the event is active, we restart it to force (p2).
 *
 * (1) perf_addr_filters_apply(): adjusting filters' offsets based on
 *     pre-existing mappings, called once when new filters arrive via SET_FILTER
 *     ioctl;
 * (2) perf_addr_filters_adjust(): adjusting filters' offsets based on newly
 *     registered mapping, called for every new mmap(), with mm::mmap_sem down
 *     for reading;
 * (3) perf_event_addr_filters_exec(): clearing filters' offsets in the process
 *     of exec.
 */
void perf_event_addr_filters_sync(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_addr_filters_head *ifh = perf_event_addr_filters(event);

        if (!has_addr_filter(event))
                return;

        raw_spin_lock(&ifh->lock);
        if (event->addr_filters_gen != event->hw.addr_filters_gen) {
                event->pmu->addr_filters_sync(event);
                event->hw.addr_filters_gen = event->addr_filters_gen;
        }
        raw_spin_unlock(&ifh->lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_addr_filters_sync);

static int _perf_event_refresh(struct perf_event *event, int refresh)
{
        /*
         * not supported on inherited events
         */
        if (event->attr.inherit || !is_sampling_event(event))
                return -EINVAL;

        atomic_add(refresh, &event->event_limit);
        _perf_event_enable(event);

        return 0;
}

/*
 * See perf_event_disable()
 */
int perf_event_refresh(struct perf_event *event, int refresh)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        int ret;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        ret = _perf_event_refresh(event, refresh);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_refresh);

static int perf_event_modify_breakpoint(struct perf_event *bp,
                                         struct perf_event_attr *attr)
{
        int err;

        _perf_event_disable(bp);

        err = modify_user_hw_breakpoint_check(bp, attr, true);

        if (!bp->attr.disabled)
                _perf_event_enable(bp);

        return err;
}

static int perf_event_modify_attr(struct perf_event *event,
                                  struct perf_event_attr *attr)
{
        if (event->attr.type != attr->type)
                return -EINVAL;

        switch (event->attr.type) {
        case PERF_TYPE_BREAKPOINT:
                return perf_event_modify_breakpoint(event, attr);
        default:
                /* Place holder for future additions. */
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
        }
}

static void ctx_sched_out(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                          struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                          enum event_type_t event_type)
{
        struct perf_event *event, *tmp;
        int is_active = ctx->is_active;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        if (likely(!ctx->nr_events)) {
                /*
                 * See __perf_remove_from_context().
                 */
                WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->is_active);
                if (ctx->task)
                        WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->task_ctx);
                return;
        }

        ctx->is_active &= ~event_type;
        if (!(ctx->is_active & EVENT_ALL))
                ctx->is_active = 0;

        if (ctx->task) {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx);
                if (!ctx->is_active)
                        cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * Always update time if it was set; not only when it changes.
         * Otherwise we can 'forget' to update time for any but the last
         * context we sched out. For example:
         *
         *   ctx_sched_out(.event_type = EVENT_FLEXIBLE)
         *   ctx_sched_out(.event_type = EVENT_PINNED)
         *
         * would only update time for the pinned events.
         */
        if (is_active & EVENT_TIME) {
                /* update (and stop) ctx time */
                update_context_time(ctx);
                update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx(cpuctx);
        }

        is_active ^= ctx->is_active; /* changed bits */

        if (!ctx->nr_active || !(is_active & EVENT_ALL))
                return;

        perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);
        if (is_active & EVENT_PINNED) {
                list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &ctx->pinned_active, active_list)
                        group_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
        }

        if (is_active & EVENT_FLEXIBLE) {
                list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &ctx->flexible_active, active_list)
                        group_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);

                /*
                 * Since we cleared EVENT_FLEXIBLE, also clear
                 * rotate_necessary, is will be reset by
                 * ctx_flexible_sched_in() when needed.
                 */
                ctx->rotate_necessary = 0;
        }
        perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);
}

/*
 * Test whether two contexts are equivalent, i.e. whether they have both been
 * cloned from the same version of the same context.
 *
 * Equivalence is measured using a generation number in the context that is
 * incremented on each modification to it; see unclone_ctx(), list_add_event()
 * and list_del_event().
 */
static int context_equiv(struct perf_event_context *ctx1,
                         struct perf_event_context *ctx2)
{
        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx1->lock);
        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx2->lock);

        /* Pinning disables the swap optimization */
        if (ctx1->pin_count || ctx2->pin_count)
                return 0;

        /* If ctx1 is the parent of ctx2 */
        if (ctx1 == ctx2->parent_ctx && ctx1->generation == ctx2->parent_gen)
                return 1;

        /* If ctx2 is the parent of ctx1 */
        if (ctx1->parent_ctx == ctx2 && ctx1->parent_gen == ctx2->generation)
                return 1;

        /*
         * If ctx1 and ctx2 have the same parent; we flatten the parent
         * hierarchy, see perf_event_init_context().
         */
        if (ctx1->parent_ctx && ctx1->parent_ctx == ctx2->parent_ctx &&
                        ctx1->parent_gen == ctx2->parent_gen)
                return 1;

        /* Unmatched */
        return 0;
}

static void __perf_event_sync_stat(struct perf_event *event,
                                     struct perf_event *next_event)
{
        u64 value;

        if (!event->attr.inherit_stat)
                return;

        /*
         * Update the event value, we cannot use perf_event_read()
         * because we're in the middle of a context switch and have IRQs
         * disabled, which upsets smp_call_function_single(), however
         * we know the event must be on the current CPU, therefore we
         * don't need to use it.
         */
        if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                event->pmu->read(event);

        perf_event_update_time(event);

        /*
         * In order to keep per-task stats reliable we need to flip the event
         * values when we flip the contexts.
         */
        value = local64_read(&next_event->count);
        value = local64_xchg(&event->count, value);
        local64_set(&next_event->count, value);

        swap(event->total_time_enabled, next_event->total_time_enabled);
        swap(event->total_time_running, next_event->total_time_running);

        /*
         * Since we swizzled the values, update the user visible data too.
         */
        perf_event_update_userpage(event);
        perf_event_update_userpage(next_event);
}

static void perf_event_sync_stat(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                                   struct perf_event_context *next_ctx)
{
        struct perf_event *event, *next_event;

        if (!ctx->nr_stat)
                return;

        update_context_time(ctx);

        event = list_first_entry(&ctx->event_list,
                                   struct perf_event, event_entry);

        next_event = list_first_entry(&next_ctx->event_list,
                                        struct perf_event, event_entry);

        while (&event->event_entry != &ctx->event_list &&
               &next_event->event_entry != &next_ctx->event_list) {

                __perf_event_sync_stat(event, next_event);

                event = list_next_entry(event, event_entry);
                next_event = list_next_entry(next_event, event_entry);
        }
}

static void perf_event_context_sched_out(struct task_struct *task, int ctxn,
                                         struct task_struct *next)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
        struct perf_event_context *next_ctx;
        struct perf_event_context *parent, *next_parent;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        int do_switch = 1;

        if (likely(!ctx))
                return;

        cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        if (!cpuctx->task_ctx)
                return;

        rcu_read_lock();
        next_ctx = next->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
        if (!next_ctx)
                goto unlock;

        parent = rcu_dereference(ctx->parent_ctx);
        next_parent = rcu_dereference(next_ctx->parent_ctx);

        /* If neither context have a parent context; they cannot be clones. */
        if (!parent && !next_parent)
                goto unlock;

        if (next_parent == ctx || next_ctx == parent || next_parent == parent) {
                /*
                 * Looks like the two contexts are clones, so we might be
                 * able to optimize the context switch.  We lock both
                 * contexts and check that they are clones under the
                 * lock (including re-checking that neither has been
                 * uncloned in the meantime).  It doesn't matter which
                 * order we take the locks because no other cpu could
                 * be trying to lock both of these tasks.
                 */
                raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
                raw_spin_lock_nested(&next_ctx->lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
                if (context_equiv(ctx, next_ctx)) {
                        struct pmu *pmu = ctx->pmu;

                        WRITE_ONCE(ctx->task, next);
                        WRITE_ONCE(next_ctx->task, task);

                        /*
                         * PMU specific parts of task perf context can require
                         * additional synchronization. As an example of such
                         * synchronization see implementation details of Intel
                         * LBR call stack data profiling;
                         */
                        if (pmu->swap_task_ctx)
                                pmu->swap_task_ctx(ctx, next_ctx);
                        else
                                swap(ctx->task_ctx_data, next_ctx->task_ctx_data);

                        /*
                         * RCU_INIT_POINTER here is safe because we've not
                         * modified the ctx and the above modification of
                         * ctx->task and ctx->task_ctx_data are immaterial
                         * since those values are always verified under
                         * ctx->lock which we're now holding.
                         */
                        RCU_INIT_POINTER(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn], next_ctx);
                        RCU_INIT_POINTER(next->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn], ctx);

                        do_switch = 0;

                        perf_event_sync_stat(ctx, next_ctx);
                }
                raw_spin_unlock(&next_ctx->lock);
                raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
        }
unlock:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        if (do_switch) {
                raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
                task_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, ctx, EVENT_ALL);
                raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
        }
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct list_head, sched_cb_list);

void perf_sched_cb_dec(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);

        this_cpu_dec(perf_sched_cb_usages);

        if (!--cpuctx->sched_cb_usage)
                list_del(&cpuctx->sched_cb_entry);
}


void perf_sched_cb_inc(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);

        if (!cpuctx->sched_cb_usage++)
                list_add(&cpuctx->sched_cb_entry, this_cpu_ptr(&sched_cb_list));

        this_cpu_inc(perf_sched_cb_usages);
}

/*
 * This function provides the context switch callback to the lower code
 * layer. It is invoked ONLY when the context switch callback is enabled.
 *
 * This callback is relevant even to per-cpu events; for example multi event
 * PEBS requires this to provide PID/TID information. This requires we flush
 * all queued PEBS records before we context switch to a new task.
 */
static void perf_pmu_sched_task(struct task_struct *prev,
                                struct task_struct *next,
                                bool sched_in)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        struct pmu *pmu;

        if (prev == next)
                return;

        list_for_each_entry(cpuctx, this_cpu_ptr(&sched_cb_list), sched_cb_entry) {
                pmu = cpuctx->ctx.pmu; /* software PMUs will not have sched_task */

                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!pmu->sched_task))
                        continue;

                perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
                perf_pmu_disable(pmu);

                pmu->sched_task(cpuctx->task_ctx, sched_in);

                perf_pmu_enable(pmu);
                perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
        }
}

static void perf_event_switch(struct task_struct *task,
                              struct task_struct *next_prev, bool sched_in);

#define for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)                                  \
        for ((ctxn) = 0; (ctxn) < perf_nr_task_contexts; (ctxn)++)

/*
 * Called from scheduler to remove the events of the current task,
 * with interrupts disabled.
 *
 * We stop each event and update the event value in event->count.
 *
 * This does not protect us against NMI, but disable()
 * sets the disabled bit in the control field of event _before_
 * accessing the event control register. If a NMI hits, then it will
 * not restart the event.
 */
void __perf_event_task_sched_out(struct task_struct *task,
                                 struct task_struct *next)
{
        int ctxn;

        if (__this_cpu_read(perf_sched_cb_usages))
                perf_pmu_sched_task(task, next, false);

        if (atomic_read(&nr_switch_events))
                perf_event_switch(task, next, false);

        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)
                perf_event_context_sched_out(task, ctxn, next);

        /*
         * if cgroup events exist on this CPU, then we need
         * to check if we have to switch out PMU state.
         * cgroup event are system-wide mode only
         */
        if (atomic_read(this_cpu_ptr(&perf_cgroup_events)))
                perf_cgroup_sched_out(task, next);
}

/*
 * Called with IRQs disabled
 */
static void cpu_ctx_sched_out(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                              enum event_type_t event_type)
{
        ctx_sched_out(&cpuctx->ctx, cpuctx, event_type);
}

static bool perf_less_group_idx(const void *l, const void *r)
{
        const struct perf_event *le = *(const struct perf_event **)l;
        const struct perf_event *re = *(const struct perf_event **)r;

        return le->group_index < re->group_index;
}

static void swap_ptr(void *l, void *r)
{
        void **lp = l, **rp = r;

        swap(*lp, *rp);
}

static const struct min_heap_callbacks perf_min_heap = {
        .elem_size = sizeof(struct perf_event *),
        .less = perf_less_group_idx,
        .swp = swap_ptr,
};

static void __heap_add(struct min_heap *heap, struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event **itrs = heap->data;

        if (event) {
                itrs[heap->nr] = event;
                heap->nr++;
        }
}

static noinline int visit_groups_merge(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                                struct perf_event_groups *groups, int cpu,
                                int (*func)(struct perf_event *, void *),
                                void *data)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        struct cgroup_subsys_state *css = NULL;
#endif
        /* Space for per CPU and/or any CPU event iterators. */
        struct perf_event *itrs[2];
        struct min_heap event_heap;
        struct perf_event **evt;
        int ret;

        if (cpuctx) {
                event_heap = (struct min_heap){
                        .data = cpuctx->heap,
                        .nr = 0,
                        .size = cpuctx->heap_size,
                };

                lockdep_assert_held(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
                if (cpuctx->cgrp)
                        css = &cpuctx->cgrp->css;
#endif
        } else {
                event_heap = (struct min_heap){
                        .data = itrs,
                        .nr = 0,
                        .size = ARRAY_SIZE(itrs),
                };
                /* Events not within a CPU context may be on any CPU. */
                __heap_add(&event_heap, perf_event_groups_first(groups, -1, NULL));
        }
        evt = event_heap.data;

        __heap_add(&event_heap, perf_event_groups_first(groups, cpu, NULL));

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        for (; css; css = css->parent)
                __heap_add(&event_heap, perf_event_groups_first(groups, cpu, css->cgroup));
#endif

        min_heapify_all(&event_heap, &perf_min_heap);

        while (event_heap.nr) {
                ret = func(*evt, data);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;

                *evt = perf_event_groups_next(*evt);
                if (*evt)
                        min_heapify(&event_heap, 0, &perf_min_heap);
                else
                        min_heap_pop(&event_heap, &perf_min_heap);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int merge_sched_in(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        int *can_add_hw = data;

        if (event->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
                return 0;

        if (!event_filter_match(event))
                return 0;

        if (group_can_go_on(event, cpuctx, *can_add_hw)) {
                if (!group_sched_in(event, cpuctx, ctx))
                        list_add_tail(&event->active_list, get_event_list(event));
        }

        if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
                if (event->attr.pinned) {
                        perf_cgroup_event_disable(event, ctx);
                        perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR);
                }

                *can_add_hw = 0;
                ctx->rotate_necessary = 1;
        }

        return 0;
}

static void
ctx_pinned_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                    struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
        int can_add_hw = 1;

        if (ctx != &cpuctx->ctx)
                cpuctx = NULL;

        visit_groups_merge(cpuctx, &ctx->pinned_groups,
                           smp_processor_id(),
                           merge_sched_in, &can_add_hw);
}

static void
ctx_flexible_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                      struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
        int can_add_hw = 1;

        if (ctx != &cpuctx->ctx)
                cpuctx = NULL;

        visit_groups_merge(cpuctx, &ctx->flexible_groups,
                           smp_processor_id(),
                           merge_sched_in, &can_add_hw);
}

static void
ctx_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
             struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
             enum event_type_t event_type,
             struct task_struct *task)
{
        int is_active = ctx->is_active;
        u64 now;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->lock);

        if (likely(!ctx->nr_events))
                return;

        ctx->is_active |= (event_type | EVENT_TIME);
        if (ctx->task) {
                if (!is_active)
                        cpuctx->task_ctx = ctx;
                else
                        WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx);
        }

        is_active ^= ctx->is_active; /* changed bits */

        if (is_active & EVENT_TIME) {
                /* start ctx time */
                now = perf_clock();
                ctx->timestamp = now;
                perf_cgroup_set_timestamp(task, ctx);
        }

        /*
         * First go through the list and put on any pinned groups
         * in order to give them the best chance of going on.
         */
        if (is_active & EVENT_PINNED)
                ctx_pinned_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx);

        /* Then walk through the lower prio flexible groups */
        if (is_active & EVENT_FLEXIBLE)
                ctx_flexible_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx);
}

static void cpu_ctx_sched_in(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                             enum event_type_t event_type,
                             struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = &cpuctx->ctx;

        ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, event_type, task);
}

static void perf_event_context_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                                        struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;

        cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        if (cpuctx->task_ctx == ctx)
                return;

        perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, ctx);
        /*
         * We must check ctx->nr_events while holding ctx->lock, such
         * that we serialize against perf_install_in_context().
         */
        if (!ctx->nr_events)
                goto unlock;

        perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);
        /*
         * We want to keep the following priority order:
         * cpu pinned (that don't need to move), task pinned,
         * cpu flexible, task flexible.
         *
         * However, if task's ctx is not carrying any pinned
         * events, no need to flip the cpuctx's events around.
         */
        if (!RB_EMPTY_ROOT(&ctx->pinned_groups.tree))
                cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE);
        perf_event_sched_in(cpuctx, ctx, task);
        perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);

unlock:
        perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, ctx);
}

/*
 * Called from scheduler to add the events of the current task
 * with interrupts disabled.
 *
 * We restore the event value and then enable it.
 *
 * This does not protect us against NMI, but enable()
 * sets the enabled bit in the control field of event _before_
 * accessing the event control register. If a NMI hits, then it will
 * keep the event running.
 */
void __perf_event_task_sched_in(struct task_struct *prev,
                                struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        int ctxn;

        /*
         * If cgroup events exist on this CPU, then we need to check if we have
         * to switch in PMU state; cgroup event are system-wide mode only.
         *
         * Since cgroup events are CPU events, we must schedule these in before
         * we schedule in the task events.
         */
        if (atomic_read(this_cpu_ptr(&perf_cgroup_events)))
                perf_cgroup_sched_in(prev, task);

        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
                ctx = task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
                if (likely(!ctx))
                        continue;

                perf_event_context_sched_in(ctx, task);
        }

        if (atomic_read(&nr_switch_events))
                perf_event_switch(task, prev, true);

        if (__this_cpu_read(perf_sched_cb_usages))
                perf_pmu_sched_task(prev, task, true);
}

static u64 perf_calculate_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 nsec, u64 count)
{
        u64 frequency = event->attr.sample_freq;
        u64 sec = NSEC_PER_SEC;
        u64 divisor, dividend;

        int count_fls, nsec_fls, frequency_fls, sec_fls;

        count_fls = fls64(count);
        nsec_fls = fls64(nsec);
        frequency_fls = fls64(frequency);
        sec_fls = 30;

        /*
         * We got @count in @nsec, with a target of sample_freq HZ
         * the target period becomes:
         *
         *             @count * 10^9
         * period = -------------------
         *          @nsec * sample_freq
         *
         */

        /*
         * Reduce accuracy by one bit such that @a and @b converge
         * to a similar magnitude.
         */
#define REDUCE_FLS(a, b)                \
do {                                    \
        if (a##_fls > b##_fls) {        \
                a >>= 1;                \
                a##_fls--;              \
        } else {                        \
                b >>= 1;                \
                b##_fls--;              \
        }                               \
} while (0)

        /*
         * Reduce accuracy until either term fits in a u64, then proceed with
         * the other, so that finally we can do a u64/u64 division.
         */
        while (count_fls + sec_fls > 64 && nsec_fls + frequency_fls > 64) {
                REDUCE_FLS(nsec, frequency);
                REDUCE_FLS(sec, count);
        }

        if (count_fls + sec_fls > 64) {
                divisor = nsec * frequency;

                while (count_fls + sec_fls > 64) {
                        REDUCE_FLS(count, sec);
                        divisor >>= 1;
                }

                dividend = count * sec;
        } else {
                dividend = count * sec;

                while (nsec_fls + frequency_fls > 64) {
                        REDUCE_FLS(nsec, frequency);
                        dividend >>= 1;
                }

                divisor = nsec * frequency;
        }

        if (!divisor)
                return dividend;

        return div64_u64(dividend, divisor);
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, perf_throttled_count);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(u64, perf_throttled_seq);

static void perf_adjust_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 nsec, u64 count, bool disable)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
        s64 period, sample_period;
        s64 delta;

        period = perf_calculate_period(event, nsec, count);

        delta = (s64)(period - hwc->sample_period);
        delta = (delta + 7) / 8; /* low pass filter */

        sample_period = hwc->sample_period + delta;

        if (!sample_period)
                sample_period = 1;

        hwc->sample_period = sample_period;

        if (local64_read(&hwc->period_left) > 8*sample_period) {
                if (disable)
                        event->pmu->stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);

                local64_set(&hwc->period_left, 0);

                if (disable)
                        event->pmu->start(event, PERF_EF_RELOAD);
        }
}

/*
 * combine freq adjustment with unthrottling to avoid two passes over the
 * events. At the same time, make sure, having freq events does not change
 * the rate of unthrottling as that would introduce bias.
 */
static void perf_adjust_freq_unthr_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                                           int needs_unthr)
{
        struct perf_event *event;
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc;
        u64 now, period = TICK_NSEC;
        s64 delta;

        /*
         * only need to iterate over all events iff:
         * - context have events in frequency mode (needs freq adjust)
         * - there are events to unthrottle on this cpu
         */
        if (!(ctx->nr_freq || needs_unthr))
                return;

        raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
        perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);

        list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
                if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                        continue;

                if (!event_filter_match(event))
                        continue;

                perf_pmu_disable(event->pmu);

                hwc = &event->hw;

                if (hwc->interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS) {
                        hwc->interrupts = 0;
                        perf_log_throttle(event, 1);
                        event->pmu->start(event, 0);
                }

                if (!event->attr.freq || !event->attr.sample_freq)
                        goto next;

                /*
                 * stop the event and update event->count
                 */
                event->pmu->stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);

                now = local64_read(&event->count);
                delta = now - hwc->freq_count_stamp;
                hwc->freq_count_stamp = now;

                /*
                 * restart the event
                 * reload only if value has changed
                 * we have stopped the event so tell that
                 * to perf_adjust_period() to avoid stopping it
                 * twice.
                 */
                if (delta > 0)
                        perf_adjust_period(event, period, delta, false);

                event->pmu->start(event, delta > 0 ? PERF_EF_RELOAD : 0);
        next:
                perf_pmu_enable(event->pmu);
        }

        perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);
        raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
}

/*
 * Move @event to the tail of the @ctx's elegible events.
 */
static void rotate_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx, struct perf_event *event)
{
        /*
         * Rotate the first entry last of non-pinned groups. Rotation might be
         * disabled by the inheritance code.
         */
        if (ctx->rotate_disable)
                return;

        perf_event_groups_delete(&ctx->flexible_groups, event);
        perf_event_groups_insert(&ctx->flexible_groups, event);
}

/* pick an event from the flexible_groups to rotate */
static inline struct perf_event *
ctx_event_to_rotate(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event *event;

        /* pick the first active flexible event */
        event = list_first_entry_or_null(&ctx->flexible_active,
                                         struct perf_event, active_list);

        /* if no active flexible event, pick the first event */
        if (!event) {
                event = rb_entry_safe(rb_first(&ctx->flexible_groups.tree),
                                      typeof(*event), group_node);
        }

        /*
         * Unconditionally clear rotate_necessary; if ctx_flexible_sched_in()
         * finds there are unschedulable events, it will set it again.
         */
        ctx->rotate_necessary = 0;

        return event;
}

static bool perf_rotate_context(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
        struct perf_event *cpu_event = NULL, *task_event = NULL;
        struct perf_event_context *task_ctx = NULL;
        int cpu_rotate, task_rotate;

        /*
         * Since we run this from IRQ context, nobody can install new
         * events, thus the event count values are stable.
         */

        cpu_rotate = cpuctx->ctx.rotate_necessary;
        task_ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;
        task_rotate = task_ctx ? task_ctx->rotate_necessary : 0;

        if (!(cpu_rotate || task_rotate))
                return false;

        perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
        perf_pmu_disable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);

        if (task_rotate)
                task_event = ctx_event_to_rotate(task_ctx);
        if (cpu_rotate)
                cpu_event = ctx_event_to_rotate(&cpuctx->ctx);

        /*
         * As per the order given at ctx_resched() first 'pop' task flexible
         * and then, if needed CPU flexible.
         */
        if (task_event || (task_ctx && cpu_event))
                ctx_sched_out(task_ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE);
        if (cpu_event)
                cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE);

        if (task_event)
                rotate_ctx(task_ctx, task_event);
        if (cpu_event)
                rotate_ctx(&cpuctx->ctx, cpu_event);

        perf_event_sched_in(cpuctx, task_ctx, current);

        perf_pmu_enable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);
        perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);

        return true;
}

void perf_event_task_tick(void)
{
        struct list_head *head = this_cpu_ptr(&active_ctx_list);
        struct perf_event_context *ctx, *tmp;
        int throttled;

        lockdep_assert_irqs_disabled();

        __this_cpu_inc(perf_throttled_seq);
        throttled = __this_cpu_xchg(perf_throttled_count, 0);
        tick_dep_clear_cpu(smp_processor_id(), TICK_DEP_BIT_PERF_EVENTS);

        list_for_each_entry_safe(ctx, tmp, head, active_ctx_list)
                perf_adjust_freq_unthr_context(ctx, throttled);
}

static int event_enable_on_exec(struct perf_event *event,
                                struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        if (!event->attr.enable_on_exec)
                return 0;

        event->attr.enable_on_exec = 0;
        if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
                return 0;

        perf_event_set_state(event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE);

        return 1;
}

/*
 * Enable all of a task's events that have been marked enable-on-exec.
 * This expects task == current.
 */
static void perf_event_enable_on_exec(int ctxn)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx, *clone_ctx = NULL;
        enum event_type_t event_type = 0;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        struct perf_event *event;
        unsigned long flags;
        int enabled = 0;

        local_irq_save(flags);
        ctx = current->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
        if (!ctx || !ctx->nr_events)
                goto out;

        cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, ctx);
        ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_TIME);
        list_for_each_entry(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
                enabled |= event_enable_on_exec(event, ctx);
                event_type |= get_event_type(event);
        }

        /*
         * Unclone and reschedule this context if we enabled any event.
         */
        if (enabled) {
                clone_ctx = unclone_ctx(ctx);
                ctx_resched(cpuctx, ctx, event_type);
        } else {
                ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_TIME, current);
        }
        perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, ctx);

out:
        local_irq_restore(flags);

        if (clone_ctx)
                put_ctx(clone_ctx);
}

struct perf_read_data {
        struct perf_event *event;
        bool group;
        int ret;
};

static int __perf_event_read_cpu(struct perf_event *event, int event_cpu)
{
        u16 local_pkg, event_pkg;

        if (event->group_caps & PERF_EV_CAP_READ_ACTIVE_PKG) {
                int local_cpu = smp_processor_id();

                event_pkg = topology_physical_package_id(event_cpu);
                local_pkg = topology_physical_package_id(local_cpu);

                if (event_pkg == local_pkg)
                        return local_cpu;
        }

        return event_cpu;
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to read the hardware event
 */
static void __perf_event_read(void *info)
{
        struct perf_read_data *data = info;
        struct perf_event *sub, *event = data->event;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        struct pmu *pmu = event->pmu;

        /*
         * If this is a task context, we need to check whether it is
         * the current task context of this cpu.  If not it has been
         * scheduled out before the smp call arrived.  In that case
         * event->count would have been updated to a recent sample
         * when the event was scheduled out.
         */
        if (ctx->task && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx)
                return;

        raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
        if (ctx->is_active & EVENT_TIME) {
                update_context_time(ctx);
                update_cgrp_time_from_event(event);
        }

        perf_event_update_time(event);
        if (data->group)
                perf_event_update_sibling_time(event);

        if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                goto unlock;

        if (!data->group) {
                pmu->read(event);
                data->ret = 0;
                goto unlock;
        }

        pmu->start_txn(pmu, PERF_PMU_TXN_READ);

        pmu->read(event);

        for_each_sibling_event(sub, event) {
                if (sub->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE) {
                        /*
                         * Use sibling's PMU rather than @event's since
                         * sibling could be on different (eg: software) PMU.
                         */
                        sub->pmu->read(sub);
                }
        }

        data->ret = pmu->commit_txn(pmu);

unlock:
        raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
}

static inline u64 perf_event_count(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return local64_read(&event->count) + atomic64_read(&event->child_count);
}

/*
 * NMI-safe method to read a local event, that is an event that
 * is:
 *   - either for the current task, or for this CPU
 *   - does not have inherit set, for inherited task events
 *     will not be local and we cannot read them atomically
 *   - must not have a pmu::count method
 */
int perf_event_read_local(struct perf_event *event, u64 *value,
                          u64 *enabled, u64 *running)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        int ret = 0;

        /*
         * Disabling interrupts avoids all counter scheduling (context
         * switches, timer based rotation and IPIs).
         */
        local_irq_save(flags);

        /*
         * It must not be an event with inherit set, we cannot read
         * all child counters from atomic context.
         */
        if (event->attr.inherit) {
                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                goto out;
        }

        /* If this is a per-task event, it must be for current */
        if ((event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK) &&
            event->hw.target != current) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto out;
        }

        /* If this is a per-CPU event, it must be for this CPU */
        if (!(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK) &&
            event->cpu != smp_processor_id()) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto out;
        }

        /* If this is a pinned event it must be running on this CPU */
        if (event->attr.pinned && event->oncpu != smp_processor_id()) {
                ret = -EBUSY;
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * If the event is currently on this CPU, its either a per-task event,
         * or local to this CPU. Furthermore it means its ACTIVE (otherwise
         * oncpu == -1).
         */
        if (event->oncpu == smp_processor_id())
                event->pmu->read(event);

        *value = local64_read(&event->count);
        if (enabled || running) {
                u64 now = event->shadow_ctx_time + perf_clock();
                u64 __enabled, __running;

                __perf_update_times(event, now, &__enabled, &__running);
                if (enabled)
                        *enabled = __enabled;
                if (running)
                        *running = __running;
        }
out:
        local_irq_restore(flags);

        return ret;
}

static int perf_event_read(struct perf_event *event, bool group)
{
        enum perf_event_state state = READ_ONCE(event->state);
        int event_cpu, ret = 0;

        /*
         * If event is enabled and currently active on a CPU, update the
         * value in the event structure:
         */
again:
        if (state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE) {
                struct perf_read_data data;

                /*
                 * Orders the ->state and ->oncpu loads such that if we see
                 * ACTIVE we must also see the right ->oncpu.
                 *
                 * Matches the smp_wmb() from event_sched_in().
                 */
                smp_rmb();

                event_cpu = READ_ONCE(event->oncpu);
                if ((unsigned)event_cpu >= nr_cpu_ids)
                        return 0;

                data = (struct perf_read_data){
                        .event = event,
                        .group = group,
                        .ret = 0,
                };

                preempt_disable();
                event_cpu = __perf_event_read_cpu(event, event_cpu);

                /*
                 * Purposely ignore the smp_call_function_single() return
                 * value.
                 *
                 * If event_cpu isn't a valid CPU it means the event got
                 * scheduled out and that will have updated the event count.
                 *
                 * Therefore, either way, we'll have an up-to-date event count
                 * after this.
                 */
                (void)smp_call_function_single(event_cpu, __perf_event_read, &data, 1);
                preempt_enable();
                ret = data.ret;

        } else if (state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
                struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
                unsigned long flags;

                raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, flags);
                state = event->state;
                if (state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
                        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
                        goto again;
                }

                /*
                 * May read while context is not active (e.g., thread is
                 * blocked), in that case we cannot update context time
                 */
                if (ctx->is_active & EVENT_TIME) {
                        update_context_time(ctx);
                        update_cgrp_time_from_event(event);
                }

                perf_event_update_time(event);
                if (group)
                        perf_event_update_sibling_time(event);
                raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
        }

        return ret;
}

/*
 * Initialize the perf_event context in a task_struct:
 */
static void __perf_event_init_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        raw_spin_lock_init(&ctx->lock);
        mutex_init(&ctx->mutex);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->active_ctx_list);
        perf_event_groups_init(&ctx->pinned_groups);
        perf_event_groups_init(&ctx->flexible_groups);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->event_list);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->pinned_active);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->flexible_active);
        refcount_set(&ctx->refcount, 1);
}

static struct perf_event_context *
alloc_perf_context(struct pmu *pmu, struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;

        ctx = kzalloc(sizeof(struct perf_event_context), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!ctx)
                return NULL;

        __perf_event_init_context(ctx);
        if (task)
                ctx->task = get_task_struct(task);
        ctx->pmu = pmu;

        return ctx;
}

static struct task_struct *
find_lively_task_by_vpid(pid_t vpid)
{
        struct task_struct *task;

        rcu_read_lock();
        if (!vpid)
                task = current;
        else
                task = find_task_by_vpid(vpid);
        if (task)
                get_task_struct(task);
        rcu_read_unlock();

        if (!task)
                return ERR_PTR(-ESRCH);

        return task;
}

/*
 * Returns a matching context with refcount and pincount.
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
find_get_context(struct pmu *pmu, struct task_struct *task,
                struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx, *clone_ctx = NULL;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        void *task_ctx_data = NULL;
        unsigned long flags;
        int ctxn, err;
        int cpu = event->cpu;

        if (!task) {
                /* Must be root to operate on a CPU event: */
                err = perf_allow_cpu(&event->attr);
                if (err)
                        return ERR_PTR(err);

                cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
                ctx = &cpuctx->ctx;
                get_ctx(ctx);
                ++ctx->pin_count;

                return ctx;
        }

        err = -EINVAL;
        ctxn = pmu->task_ctx_nr;
        if (ctxn < 0)
                goto errout;

        if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK_DATA) {
                task_ctx_data = kzalloc(pmu->task_ctx_size, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!task_ctx_data) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto errout;
                }
        }

retry:
        ctx = perf_lock_task_context(task, ctxn, &flags);
        if (ctx) {
                clone_ctx = unclone_ctx(ctx);
                ++ctx->pin_count;

                if (task_ctx_data && !ctx->task_ctx_data) {
                        ctx->task_ctx_data = task_ctx_data;
                        task_ctx_data = NULL;
                }
                raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);

                if (clone_ctx)
                        put_ctx(clone_ctx);
        } else {
                ctx = alloc_perf_context(pmu, task);
                err = -ENOMEM;
                if (!ctx)
                        goto errout;

                if (task_ctx_data) {
                        ctx->task_ctx_data = task_ctx_data;
                        task_ctx_data = NULL;
                }

                err = 0;
                mutex_lock(&task->perf_event_mutex);
                /*
                 * If it has already passed perf_event_exit_task().
                 * we must see PF_EXITING, it takes this mutex too.
                 */
                if (task->flags & PF_EXITING)
                        err = -ESRCH;
                else if (task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn])
                        err = -EAGAIN;
                else {
                        get_ctx(ctx);
                        ++ctx->pin_count;
                        rcu_assign_pointer(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn], ctx);
                }
                mutex_unlock(&task->perf_event_mutex);

                if (unlikely(err)) {
                        put_ctx(ctx);

                        if (err == -EAGAIN)
                                goto retry;
                        goto errout;
                }
        }

        kfree(task_ctx_data);
        return ctx;

errout:
        kfree(task_ctx_data);
        return ERR_PTR(err);
}

static void perf_event_free_filter(struct perf_event *event);
static void perf_event_free_bpf_prog(struct perf_event *event);

static void free_event_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
{
        struct perf_event *event;

        event = container_of(head, struct perf_event, rcu_head);
        if (event->ns)
                put_pid_ns(event->ns);
        perf_event_free_filter(event);
        kfree(event);
}

static void ring_buffer_attach(struct perf_event *event,
                               struct perf_buffer *rb);

static void detach_sb_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct pmu_event_list *pel = per_cpu_ptr(&pmu_sb_events, event->cpu);

        raw_spin_lock(&pel->lock);
        list_del_rcu(&event->sb_list);
        raw_spin_unlock(&pel->lock);
}

static bool is_sb_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_attr *attr = &event->attr;

        if (event->parent)
                return false;

        if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK)
                return false;

        if (attr->mmap || attr->mmap_data || attr->mmap2 ||
            attr->comm || attr->comm_exec ||
            attr->task || attr->ksymbol ||
            attr->context_switch ||
            attr->bpf_event)
                return true;
        return false;
}

static void unaccount_pmu_sb_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (is_sb_event(event))
                detach_sb_event(event);
}

static void unaccount_event_cpu(struct perf_event *event, int cpu)
{
        if (event->parent)
                return;

        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                atomic_dec(&per_cpu(perf_cgroup_events, cpu));
}

#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(nr_freq_lock);
#endif

static void unaccount_freq_event_nohz(void)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
        spin_lock(&nr_freq_lock);
        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&nr_freq_events))
                tick_nohz_dep_clear(TICK_DEP_BIT_PERF_EVENTS);
        spin_unlock(&nr_freq_lock);
#endif
}

static void unaccount_freq_event(void)
{
        if (tick_nohz_full_enabled())
                unaccount_freq_event_nohz();
        else
                atomic_dec(&nr_freq_events);
}

static void unaccount_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        bool dec = false;

        if (event->parent)
                return;

        if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK)
                dec = true;
        if (event->attr.mmap || event->attr.mmap_data)
                atomic_dec(&nr_mmap_events);
        if (event->attr.comm)
                atomic_dec(&nr_comm_events);
        if (event->attr.namespaces)
                atomic_dec(&nr_namespaces_events);
        if (event->attr.cgroup)
                atomic_dec(&nr_cgroup_events);
        if (event->attr.task)
                atomic_dec(&nr_task_events);
        if (event->attr.freq)
                unaccount_freq_event();
        if (event->attr.context_switch) {
                dec = true;
                atomic_dec(&nr_switch_events);
        }
        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                dec = true;
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                dec = true;
        if (event->attr.ksymbol)
                atomic_dec(&nr_ksymbol_events);
        if (event->attr.bpf_event)
                atomic_dec(&nr_bpf_events);

        if (dec) {
                if (!atomic_add_unless(&perf_sched_count, -1, 1))
                        schedule_delayed_work(&perf_sched_work, HZ);
        }

        unaccount_event_cpu(event, event->cpu);

        unaccount_pmu_sb_event(event);
}

static void perf_sched_delayed(struct work_struct *work)
{
        mutex_lock(&perf_sched_mutex);
        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&perf_sched_count))
                static_branch_disable(&perf_sched_events);
        mutex_unlock(&perf_sched_mutex);
}

/*
 * The following implement mutual exclusion of events on "exclusive" pmus
 * (PERF_PMU_CAP_EXCLUSIVE). Such pmus can only have one event scheduled
 * at a time, so we disallow creating events that might conflict, namely:
 *
 *  1) cpu-wide events in the presence of per-task events,
 *  2) per-task events in the presence of cpu-wide events,
 *  3) two matching events on the same context.
 *
 * The former two cases are handled in the allocation path (perf_event_alloc(),
 * _free_event()), the latter -- before the first perf_install_in_context().
 */
static int exclusive_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct pmu *pmu = event->pmu;

        if (!is_exclusive_pmu(pmu))
                return 0;

        /*
         * Prevent co-existence of per-task and cpu-wide events on the
         * same exclusive pmu.
         *
         * Negative pmu::exclusive_cnt means there are cpu-wide
         * events on this "exclusive" pmu, positive means there are
         * per-task events.
         *
         * Since this is called in perf_event_alloc() path, event::ctx
         * doesn't exist yet; it is, however, safe to use PERF_ATTACH_TASK
         * to mean "per-task event", because unlike other attach states it
         * never gets cleared.
         */
        if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK) {
                if (!atomic_inc_unless_negative(&pmu->exclusive_cnt))
                        return -EBUSY;
        } else {
                if (!atomic_dec_unless_positive(&pmu->exclusive_cnt))
                        return -EBUSY;
        }

        return 0;
}

static void exclusive_event_destroy(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct pmu *pmu = event->pmu;

        if (!is_exclusive_pmu(pmu))
                return;

        /* see comment in exclusive_event_init() */
        if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK)
                atomic_dec(&pmu->exclusive_cnt);
        else
                atomic_inc(&pmu->exclusive_cnt);
}

static bool exclusive_event_match(struct perf_event *e1, struct perf_event *e2)
{
        if ((e1->pmu == e2->pmu) &&
            (e1->cpu == e2->cpu ||
             e1->cpu == -1 ||
             e2->cpu == -1))
                return true;
        return false;
}

static bool exclusive_event_installable(struct perf_event *event,
                                        struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event *iter_event;
        struct pmu *pmu = event->pmu;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);

        if (!is_exclusive_pmu(pmu))
                return true;

        list_for_each_entry(iter_event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
                if (exclusive_event_match(iter_event, event))
                        return false;
        }

        return true;
}

static void perf_addr_filters_splice(struct perf_event *event,
                                       struct list_head *head);

static void _free_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        irq_work_sync(&event->pending);

        unaccount_event(event);

        security_perf_event_free(event);

        if (event->rb) {
                /*
                 * Can happen when we close an event with re-directed output.
                 *
                 * Since we have a 0 refcount, perf_mmap_close() will skip
                 * over us; possibly making our ring_buffer_put() the last.
                 */
                mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
                ring_buffer_attach(event, NULL);
                mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
        }

        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                perf_detach_cgroup(event);

        if (!event->parent) {
                if (event->attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN)
                        put_callchain_buffers();
        }

        perf_event_free_bpf_prog(event);
        perf_addr_filters_splice(event, NULL);
        kfree(event->addr_filter_ranges);

        if (event->destroy)
                event->destroy(event);

        /*
         * Must be after ->destroy(), due to uprobe_perf_close() using
         * hw.target.
         */
        if (event->hw.target)
                put_task_struct(event->hw.target);

        /*
         * perf_event_free_task() relies on put_ctx() being 'last', in particular
         * all task references must be cleaned up.
         */
        if (event->ctx)
                put_ctx(event->ctx);

        exclusive_event_destroy(event);
        module_put(event->pmu->module);

        call_rcu(&event->rcu_head, free_event_rcu);
}

/*
 * Used to free events which have a known refcount of 1, such as in error paths
 * where the event isn't exposed yet and inherited events.
 */
static void free_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (WARN(atomic_long_cmpxchg(&event->refcount, 1, 0) != 1,
                                "unexpected event refcount: %ld; ptr=%p\n",
                                atomic_long_read(&event->refcount), event)) {
                /* leak to avoid use-after-free */
                return;
        }

        _free_event(event);
}

/*
 * Remove user event from the owner task.
 */
static void perf_remove_from_owner(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct task_struct *owner;

        rcu_read_lock();
        /*
         * Matches the smp_store_release() in perf_event_exit_task(). If we
         * observe !owner it means the list deletion is complete and we can
         * indeed free this event, otherwise we need to serialize on
         * owner->perf_event_mutex.
         */
        owner = READ_ONCE(event->owner);
        if (owner) {
                /*
                 * Since delayed_put_task_struct() also drops the last
                 * task reference we can safely take a new reference
                 * while holding the rcu_read_lock().
                 */
                get_task_struct(owner);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        if (owner) {
                /*
                 * If we're here through perf_event_exit_task() we're already
                 * holding ctx->mutex which would be an inversion wrt. the
                 * normal lock order.
                 *
                 * However we can safely take this lock because its the child
                 * ctx->mutex.
                 */
                mutex_lock_nested(&owner->perf_event_mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);

                /*
                 * We have to re-check the event->owner field, if it is cleared
                 * we raced with perf_event_exit_task(), acquiring the mutex
                 * ensured they're done, and we can proceed with freeing the
                 * event.
                 */
                if (event->owner) {
                        list_del_init(&event->owner_entry);
                        smp_store_release(&event->owner, NULL);
                }
                mutex_unlock(&owner->perf_event_mutex);
                put_task_struct(owner);
        }
}

static void put_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (!atomic_long_dec_and_test(&event->refcount))
                return;

        _free_event(event);
}

/*
 * Kill an event dead; while event:refcount will preserve the event
 * object, it will not preserve its functionality. Once the last 'user'
 * gives up the object, we'll destroy the thing.
 */
int perf_event_release_kernel(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_event *child, *tmp;
        LIST_HEAD(free_list);

        /*
         * If we got here through err_file: fput(event_file); we will not have
         * attached to a context yet.
         */
        if (!ctx) {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(event->attach_state &
                                (PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT|PERF_ATTACH_GROUP));
                goto no_ctx;
        }

        if (!is_kernel_event(event))
                perf_remove_from_owner(event);

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->parent_ctx);
        perf_remove_from_context(event, DETACH_GROUP);

        raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        /*
         * Mark this event as STATE_DEAD, there is no external reference to it
         * anymore.
         *
         * Anybody acquiring event->child_mutex after the below loop _must_
         * also see this, most importantly inherit_event() which will avoid
         * placing more children on the list.
         *
         * Thus this guarantees that we will in fact observe and kill _ALL_
         * child events.
         */
        event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_DEAD;
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);

        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);

again:
        mutex_lock(&event->child_mutex);
        list_for_each_entry(child, &event->child_list, child_list) {

                /*
                 * Cannot change, child events are not migrated, see the
                 * comment with perf_event_ctx_lock_nested().
                 */
                ctx = READ_ONCE(child->ctx);
                /*
                 * Since child_mutex nests inside ctx::mutex, we must jump
                 * through hoops. We start by grabbing a reference on the ctx.
                 *
                 * Since the event cannot get freed while we hold the
                 * child_mutex, the context must also exist and have a !0
                 * reference count.
                 */
                get_ctx(ctx);

                /*
                 * Now that we have a ctx ref, we can drop child_mutex, and
                 * acquire ctx::mutex without fear of it going away. Then we
                 * can re-acquire child_mutex.
                 */
                mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);
                mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
                mutex_lock(&event->child_mutex);

                /*
                 * Now that we hold ctx::mutex and child_mutex, revalidate our
                 * state, if child is still the first entry, it didn't get freed
                 * and we can continue doing so.
                 */
                tmp = list_first_entry_or_null(&event->child_list,
                                               struct perf_event, child_list);
                if (tmp == child) {
                        perf_remove_from_context(child, DETACH_GROUP);
                        list_move(&child->child_list, &free_list);
                        /*
                         * This matches the refcount bump in inherit_event();
                         * this can't be the last reference.
                         */
                        put_event(event);
                }

                mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);
                mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
                put_ctx(ctx);
                goto again;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);

        list_for_each_entry_safe(child, tmp, &free_list, child_list) {
                void *var = &child->ctx->refcount;

                list_del(&child->child_list);
                free_event(child);

                /*
                 * Wake any perf_event_free_task() waiting for this event to be
                 * freed.
                 */
                smp_mb(); /* pairs with wait_var_event() */
                wake_up_var(var);
        }

no_ctx:
        put_event(event); /* Must be the 'last' reference */
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_release_kernel);

/*
 * Called when the last reference to the file is gone.
 */
static int perf_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        perf_event_release_kernel(file->private_data);
        return 0;
}

static u64 __perf_event_read_value(struct perf_event *event, u64 *enabled, u64 *running)
{
        struct perf_event *child;
        u64 total = 0;

        *enabled = 0;
        *running = 0;

        mutex_lock(&event->child_mutex);

        (void)perf_event_read(event, false);
        total += perf_event_count(event);

        *enabled += event->total_time_enabled +
                        atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_enabled);
        *running += event->total_time_running +
                        atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_running);

        list_for_each_entry(child, &event->child_list, child_list) {
                (void)perf_event_read(child, false);
                total += perf_event_count(child);
                *enabled += child->total_time_enabled;
                *running += child->total_time_running;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);

        return total;
}

u64 perf_event_read_value(struct perf_event *event, u64 *enabled, u64 *running)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        u64 count;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        count = __perf_event_read_value(event, enabled, running);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);

        return count;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_read_value);

static int __perf_read_group_add(struct perf_event *leader,
                                        u64 read_format, u64 *values)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = leader->ctx;
        struct perf_event *sub;
        unsigned long flags;
        int n = 1; /* skip @nr */
        int ret;

        ret = perf_event_read(leader, true);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, flags);

        /*
         * Since we co-schedule groups, {enabled,running} times of siblings
         * will be identical to those of the leader, so we only publish one
         * set.
         */
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED) {
                values[n++] += leader->total_time_enabled +
                        atomic64_read(&leader->child_total_time_enabled);
        }

        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING) {
                values[n++] += leader->total_time_running +
                        atomic64_read(&leader->child_total_time_running);
        }

        /*
         * Write {count,id} tuples for every sibling.
         */
        values[n++] += perf_event_count(leader);
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
                values[n++] = primary_event_id(leader);

        for_each_sibling_event(sub, leader) {
                values[n++] += perf_event_count(sub);
                if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
                        values[n++] = primary_event_id(sub);
        }

        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
        return 0;
}

static int perf_read_group(struct perf_event *event,
                                   u64 read_format, char __user *buf)
{
        struct perf_event *leader = event->group_leader, *child;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = leader->ctx;
        int ret;
        u64 *values;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);

        values = kzalloc(event->read_size, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!values)
                return -ENOMEM;

        values[0] = 1 + leader->nr_siblings;

        /*
         * By locking the child_mutex of the leader we effectively
         * lock the child list of all siblings.. XXX explain how.
         */
        mutex_lock(&leader->child_mutex);

        ret = __perf_read_group_add(leader, read_format, values);
        if (ret)
                goto unlock;

        list_for_each_entry(child, &leader->child_list, child_list) {
                ret = __perf_read_group_add(child, read_format, values);
                if (ret)
                        goto unlock;
        }

        mutex_unlock(&leader->child_mutex);

        ret = event->read_size;
        if (copy_to_user(buf, values, event->read_size))
                ret = -EFAULT;
        goto out;

unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&leader->child_mutex);
out:
        kfree(values);
        return ret;
}

static int perf_read_one(struct perf_event *event,
                                 u64 read_format, char __user *buf)
{
        u64 enabled, running;
        u64 values[4];
        int n = 0;

        values[n++] = __perf_event_read_value(event, &enabled, &running);
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED)
                values[n++] = enabled;
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)
                values[n++] = running;
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
                values[n++] = primary_event_id(event);

        if (copy_to_user(buf, values, n * sizeof(u64)))
                return -EFAULT;

        return n * sizeof(u64);
}

static bool is_event_hup(struct perf_event *event)
{
        bool no_children;

        if (event->state > PERF_EVENT_STATE_EXIT)
                return false;

        mutex_lock(&event->child_mutex);
        no_children = list_empty(&event->child_list);
        mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);
        return no_children;
}

/*
 * Read the performance event - simple non blocking version for now
 */
static ssize_t
__perf_read(struct perf_event *event, char __user *buf, size_t count)
{
        u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;
        int ret;

        /*
         * Return end-of-file for a read on an event that is in
         * error state (i.e. because it was pinned but it couldn't be
         * scheduled on to the CPU at some point).
         */
        if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR)
                return 0;

        if (count < event->read_size)
                return -ENOSPC;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx->parent_ctx);
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_GROUP)
                ret = perf_read_group(event, read_format, buf);
        else
                ret = perf_read_one(event, read_format, buf);

        return ret;
}

static ssize_t
perf_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
        struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        int ret;

        ret = security_perf_event_read(event);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        ret = __perf_read(event, buf, count);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);

        return ret;
}

static __poll_t perf_poll(struct file *file, poll_table *wait)
{
        struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;
        struct perf_buffer *rb;
        __poll_t events = EPOLLHUP;

        poll_wait(file, &event->waitq, wait);

        if (is_event_hup(event))
                return events;

        /*
         * Pin the event->rb by taking event->mmap_mutex; otherwise
         * perf_event_set_output() can swizzle our rb and make us miss wakeups.
         */
        mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
        rb = event->rb;
        if (rb)
                events = atomic_xchg(&rb->poll, 0);
        mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
        return events;
}

static void _perf_event_reset(struct perf_event *event)
{
        (void)perf_event_read(event, false);
        local64_set(&event->count, 0);
        perf_event_update_userpage(event);
}

/* Assume it's not an event with inherit set. */
u64 perf_event_pause(struct perf_event *event, bool reset)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        u64 count;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->attr.inherit);
        _perf_event_disable(event);
        count = local64_read(&event->count);
        if (reset)
                local64_set(&event->count, 0);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);

        return count;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_pause);

/*
 * Holding the top-level event's child_mutex means that any
 * descendant process that has inherited this event will block
 * in perf_event_exit_event() if it goes to exit, thus satisfying the
 * task existence requirements of perf_event_enable/disable.
 */
static void perf_event_for_each_child(struct perf_event *event,
                                        void (*func)(struct perf_event *))
{
        struct perf_event *child;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx->parent_ctx);

        mutex_lock(&event->child_mutex);
        func(event);
        list_for_each_entry(child, &event->child_list, child_list)
                func(child);
        mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);
}

static void perf_event_for_each(struct perf_event *event,
                                  void (*func)(struct perf_event *))
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
        struct perf_event *sibling;

        lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);

        event = event->group_leader;

        perf_event_for_each_child(event, func);
        for_each_sibling_event(sibling, event)
                perf_event_for_each_child(sibling, func);
}

static void __perf_event_period(struct perf_event *event,
                                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
                                struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                                void *info)
{
        u64 value = *((u64 *)info);
        bool active;

        if (event->attr.freq) {
                event->attr.sample_freq = value;
        } else {
                event->attr.sample_period = value;
                event->hw.sample_period = value;
        }

        active = (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE);
        if (active) {
                perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);
                /*
                 * We could be throttled; unthrottle now to avoid the tick
                 * trying to unthrottle while we already re-started the event.
                 */
                if (event->hw.interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS) {
                        event->hw.interrupts = 0;
                        perf_log_throttle(event, 1);
                }
                event->pmu->stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);
        }

        local64_set(&event->hw.period_left, 0);

        if (active) {
                event->pmu->start(event, PERF_EF_RELOAD);
                perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);
        }
}

static int perf_event_check_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 value)
{
        return event->pmu->check_period(event, value);
}

static int _perf_event_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 value)
{
        if (!is_sampling_event(event))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!value)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (event->attr.freq && value > sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (perf_event_check_period(event, value))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!event->attr.freq && (value & (1ULL << 63)))
                return -EINVAL;

        event_function_call(event, __perf_event_period, &value);

        return 0;
}

int perf_event_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 value)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        int ret;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        ret = _perf_event_period(event, value);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_period);

static const struct file_operations perf_fops;

static inline int perf_fget_light(int fd, struct fd *p)
{
        struct fd f = fdget(fd);
        if (!f.file)
                return -EBADF;

        if (f.file->f_op != &perf_fops) {
                fdput(f);
                return -EBADF;
        }
        *p = f;
        return 0;
}

static int perf_event_set_output(struct perf_event *event,
                                 struct perf_event *output_event);
static int perf_event_set_filter(struct perf_event *event, void __user *arg);
static int perf_event_set_bpf_prog(struct perf_event *event, u32 prog_fd);
static int perf_copy_attr(struct perf_event_attr __user *uattr,
                          struct perf_event_attr *attr);

static long _perf_ioctl(struct perf_event *event, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
        void (*func)(struct perf_event *);
        u32 flags = arg;

        switch (cmd) {
        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE:
                func = _perf_event_enable;
                break;
        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE:
                func = _perf_event_disable;
                break;
        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET:
                func = _perf_event_reset;
                break;

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_REFRESH:
                return _perf_event_refresh(event, arg);

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_PERIOD:
        {
                u64 value;

                if (copy_from_user(&value, (u64 __user *)arg, sizeof(value)))
                        return -EFAULT;

                return _perf_event_period(event, value);
        }
        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_ID:
        {
                u64 id = primary_event_id(event);

                if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &id, sizeof(id)))
                        return -EFAULT;
                return 0;
        }

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT:
        {
                int ret;
                if (arg != -1) {
                        struct perf_event *output_event;
                        struct fd output;
                        ret = perf_fget_light(arg, &output);
                        if (ret)
                                return ret;
                        output_event = output.file->private_data;
                        ret = perf_event_set_output(event, output_event);
                        fdput(output);
                } else {
                        ret = perf_event_set_output(event, NULL);
                }
                return ret;
        }

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_FILTER:
                return perf_event_set_filter(event, (void __user *)arg);

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF:
                return perf_event_set_bpf_prog(event, arg);

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_PAUSE_OUTPUT: {
                struct perf_buffer *rb;

                rcu_read_lock();
                rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
                if (!rb || !rb->nr_pages) {
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        return -EINVAL;
                }
                rb_toggle_paused(rb, !!arg);
                rcu_read_unlock();
                return 0;
        }

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_QUERY_BPF:
                return perf_event_query_prog_array(event, (void __user *)arg);

        case PERF_EVENT_IOC_MODIFY_ATTRIBUTES: {
                struct perf_event_attr new_attr;
                int err = perf_copy_attr((struct perf_event_attr __user *)arg,
                                         &new_attr);

                if (err)
                        return err;

                return perf_event_modify_attr(event,  &new_attr);
        }
        default:
                return -ENOTTY;
        }

        if (flags & PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP)
                perf_event_for_each(event, func);
        else
                perf_event_for_each_child(event, func);

        return 0;
}

static long perf_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
        struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        long ret;

        /* Treat ioctl like writes as it is likely a mutating operation. */
        ret = security_perf_event_write(event);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
        ret = _perf_ioctl(event, cmd, arg);
        perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);

        return ret;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
static long perf_compat_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd,
                                unsigned long arg)
{
        switch (_IOC_NR(cmd)) {
        case _IOC_NR(PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_FILTER):
        case _IOC_NR(PERF_EVENT_IOC_ID):
        case _IOC_NR(PERF_EVENT_IOC_QUERY_BPF):
        case _IOC_NR(PERF_EVENT_IOC_MODIFY_ATTRIBUTES):
                /* Fix up pointer size (usually 4 -> 8 in 32-on-64-bit case */
                if (_IOC_SIZE(cmd) == sizeof(compat_uptr_t)) {
                        cmd &= ~IOCSIZE_MASK;
                        cmd |= sizeof(void *) << IOCSIZE_SHIFT;
                }
                break;
        }
        return perf_ioctl(file, cmd, arg);
}
#else
# define perf_compat_ioctl NULL
#endif

int perf_event_task_enable(void)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        struct perf_event *event;

        mutex_lock(&current->perf_event_mutex);
        list_for_each_entry(event, &current->perf_event_list, owner_entry) {
                ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
                perf_event_for_each_child(event, _perf_event_enable);
                perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&current->perf_event_mutex);

        return 0;
}

int perf_event_task_disable(void)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        struct perf_event *event;

        mutex_lock(&current->perf_event_mutex);
        list_for_each_entry(event, &current->perf_event_list, owner_entry) {
                ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock(event);
                perf_event_for_each_child(event, _perf_event_disable);
                perf_event_ctx_unlock(event, ctx);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&current->perf_event_mutex);

        return 0;
}

static int perf_event_index(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (event->hw.state & PERF_HES_STOPPED)
                return 0;

        if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                return 0;

        return event->pmu->event_idx(event);
}

static void calc_timer_values(struct perf_event *event,
                                u64 *now,
                                u64 *enabled,
                                u64 *running)
{
        u64 ctx_time;

        *now = perf_clock();
        ctx_time = event->shadow_ctx_time + *now;
        __perf_update_times(event, ctx_time, enabled, running);
}

static void perf_event_init_userpage(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_mmap_page *userpg;
        struct perf_buffer *rb;

        rcu_read_lock();
        rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
        if (!rb)
                goto unlock;

        userpg = rb->user_page;

        /* Allow new userspace to detect that bit 0 is deprecated */
        userpg->cap_bit0_is_deprecated = 1;
        userpg->size = offsetof(struct perf_event_mmap_page, __reserved);
        userpg->data_offset = PAGE_SIZE;
        userpg->data_size = perf_data_size(rb);

unlock:
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

void __weak arch_perf_update_userpage(
        struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_mmap_page *userpg, u64 now)
{
}

/*
 * Callers need to ensure there can be no nesting of this function, otherwise
 * the seqlock logic goes bad. We can not serialize this because the arch
 * code calls this from NMI context.
 */
void perf_event_update_userpage(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_mmap_page *userpg;
        struct perf_buffer *rb;
        u64 enabled, running, now;

        rcu_read_lock();
        rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
        if (!rb)
                goto unlock;

        /*
         * compute total_time_enabled, total_time_running
         * based on snapshot values taken when the event
         * was last scheduled in.
         *
         * we cannot simply called update_context_time()
         * because of locking issue as we can be called in
         * NMI context
         */
        calc_timer_values(event, &now, &enabled, &running);

        userpg = rb->user_page;
        /*
         * Disable preemption to guarantee consistent time stamps are stored to
         * the user page.
         */
        preempt_disable();
        ++userpg->lock;
        barrier();
        userpg->index = perf_event_index(event);
        userpg->offset = perf_event_count(event);
        if (userpg->index)
                userpg->offset -= local64_read(&event->hw.prev_count);

        userpg->time_enabled = enabled +
                        atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_enabled);

        userpg->time_running = running +
                        atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_running);

        arch_perf_update_userpage(event, userpg, now);

        barrier();
        ++userpg->lock;
        preempt_enable();
unlock:
        rcu_read_unlock();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_update_userpage);

static vm_fault_t perf_mmap_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        struct perf_event *event = vmf->vma->vm_file->private_data;
        struct perf_buffer *rb;
        vm_fault_t ret = VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

        if (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_MKWRITE) {
                if (vmf->pgoff == 0)
                        ret = 0;
                return ret;
        }

        rcu_read_lock();
        rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
        if (!rb)
                goto unlock;

        if (vmf->pgoff && (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE))
                goto unlock;

        vmf->page = perf_mmap_to_page(rb, vmf->pgoff);
        if (!vmf->page)
                goto unlock;

        get_page(vmf->page);
        vmf->page->mapping = vmf->vma->vm_file->f_mapping;
        vmf->page->index   = vmf->pgoff;

        ret = 0;
unlock:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return ret;
}

static void ring_buffer_attach(struct perf_event *event,
                               struct perf_buffer *rb)
{
        struct perf_buffer *old_rb = NULL;
        unsigned long flags;

        if (event->rb) {
                /*
                 * Should be impossible, we set this when removing
                 * event->rb_entry and wait/clear when adding event->rb_entry.
                 */
                WARN_ON_ONCE(event->rcu_pending);

                old_rb = event->rb;
                spin_lock_irqsave(&old_rb->event_lock, flags);
                list_del_rcu(&event->rb_entry);
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&old_rb->event_lock, flags);

                event->rcu_batches = get_state_synchronize_rcu();
                event->rcu_pending = 1;
        }

        if (rb) {
                if (event->rcu_pending) {
                        cond_synchronize_rcu(event->rcu_batches);
                        event->rcu_pending = 0;
                }

                spin_lock_irqsave(&rb->event_lock, flags);
                list_add_rcu(&event->rb_entry, &rb->event_list);
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rb->event_lock, flags);
        }

        /*
         * Avoid racing with perf_mmap_close(AUX): stop the event
         * before swizzling the event::rb pointer; if it's getting
         * unmapped, its aux_mmap_count will be 0 and it won't
         * restart. See the comment in __perf_pmu_output_stop().
         *
         * Data will inevitably be lost when set_output is done in
         * mid-air, but then again, whoever does it like this is
         * not in for the data anyway.
         */
        if (has_aux(event))
                perf_event_stop(event, 0);

        rcu_assign_pointer(event->rb, rb);

        if (old_rb) {
                ring_buffer_put(old_rb);
                /*
                 * Since we detached before setting the new rb, so that we
                 * could attach the new rb, we could have missed a wakeup.
                 * Provide it now.
                 */
                wake_up_all(&event->waitq);
        }
}

static void ring_buffer_wakeup(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_buffer *rb;

        rcu_read_lock();
        rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
        if (rb) {
                list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &rb->event_list, rb_entry)
                        wake_up_all(&event->waitq);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

struct perf_buffer *ring_buffer_get(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_buffer *rb;

        rcu_read_lock();
        rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
        if (rb) {
                if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&rb->refcount))
                        rb = NULL;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return rb;
}

void ring_buffer_put(struct perf_buffer *rb)
{
        if (!refcount_dec_and_test(&rb->refcount))
                return;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&rb->event_list));

        call_rcu(&rb->rcu_head, rb_free_rcu);
}

static void perf_mmap_open(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct perf_event *event = vma->vm_file->private_data;

        atomic_inc(&event->mmap_count);
        atomic_inc(&event->rb->mmap_count);

        if (vma->vm_pgoff)
                atomic_inc(&event->rb->aux_mmap_count);

        if (event->pmu->event_mapped)
                event->pmu->event_mapped(event, vma->vm_mm);
}

static void perf_pmu_output_stop(struct perf_event *event);

/*
 * A buffer can be mmap()ed multiple times; either directly through the same
 * event, or through other events by use of perf_event_set_output().
 *
 * In order to undo the VM accounting done by perf_mmap() we need to destroy
 * the buffer here, where we still have a VM context. This means we need
 * to detach all events redirecting to us.
 */
static void perf_mmap_close(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct perf_event *event = vma->vm_file->private_data;

        struct perf_buffer *rb = ring_buffer_get(event);
        struct user_struct *mmap_user = rb->mmap_user;
        int mmap_locked = rb->mmap_locked;
        unsigned long size = perf_data_size(rb);

        if (event->pmu->event_unmapped)
                event->pmu->event_unmapped(event, vma->vm_mm);

        /*
         * rb->aux_mmap_count will always drop before rb->mmap_count and
         * event->mmap_count, so it is ok to use event->mmap_mutex to
         * serialize with perf_mmap here.
         */
        if (rb_has_aux(rb) && vma->vm_pgoff == rb->aux_pgoff &&
            atomic_dec_and_mutex_lock(&rb->aux_mmap_count, &event->mmap_mutex)) {
                /*
                 * Stop all AUX events that are writing to this buffer,
                 * so that we can free its AUX pages and corresponding PMU
                 * data. Note that after rb::aux_mmap_count dropped to zero,
                 * they won't start any more (see perf_aux_output_begin()).
                 */
                perf_pmu_output_stop(event);

                /* now it's safe to free the pages */
                atomic_long_sub(rb->aux_nr_pages - rb->aux_mmap_locked, &mmap_user->locked_vm);
                atomic64_sub(rb->aux_mmap_locked, &vma->vm_mm->pinned_vm);

                /* this has to be the last one */
                rb_free_aux(rb);
                WARN_ON_ONCE(refcount_read(&rb->aux_refcount));

                mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
        }

        atomic_dec(&rb->mmap_count);

        if (!atomic_dec_and_mutex_lock(&event->mmap_count, &event->mmap_mutex))
                goto out_put;

        ring_buffer_attach(event, NULL);
        mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);

        /* If there's still other mmap()s of this buffer, we're done. */
        if (atomic_read(&rb->mmap_count))
                goto out_put;

        /*
         * No other mmap()s, detach from all other events that might redirect
         * into the now unreachable buffer. Somewhat complicated by the
         * fact that rb::event_lock otherwise nests inside mmap_mutex.
         */
again:
        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &rb->event_list, rb_entry) {
                if (!atomic_long_inc_not_zero(&event->refcount)) {
                        /*
                         * This event is en-route to free_event() which will
                         * detach it and remove it from the list.
                         */
                        continue;
                }
                rcu_read_unlock();

                mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
                /*
                 * Check we didn't race with perf_event_set_output() which can
                 * swizzle the rb from under us while we were waiting to
                 * acquire mmap_mutex.
                 *
                 * If we find a different rb; ignore this event, a next
                 * iteration will no longer find it on the list. We have to
                 * still restart the iteration to make sure we're not now
                 * iterating the wrong list.
                 */
                if (event->rb == rb)
                        ring_buffer_attach(event, NULL);

                mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
                put_event(event);

                /*
                 * Restart the iteration; either we're on the wrong list or
                 * destroyed its integrity by doing a deletion.
                 */
                goto again;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        /*
         * It could be there's still a few 0-ref events on the list; they'll
         * get cleaned up by free_event() -- they'll also still have their
         * ref on the rb and will free it whenever they are done with it.
         *
         * Aside from that, this buffer is 'fully' detached and unmapped,
         * undo the VM accounting.
         */

        atomic_long_sub((size >> PAGE_SHIFT) + 1 - mmap_locked,
                        &mmap_user->locked_vm);
        atomic64_sub(mmap_locked, &vma->vm_mm->pinned_vm);
        free_uid(mmap_user);

out_put:
        ring_buffer_put(rb); /* could be last */
}

static const struct vm_operations_struct perf_mmap_vmops = {
        .open           = perf_mmap_open,
        .close          = perf_mmap_close, /* non mergeable */
        .fault          = perf_mmap_fault,
        .page_mkwrite   = perf_mmap_fault,
};

static int perf_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;
        unsigned long user_locked, user_lock_limit;
        struct user_struct *user = current_user();
        struct perf_buffer *rb = NULL;
        unsigned long locked, lock_limit;
        unsigned long vma_size;
        unsigned long nr_pages;
        long user_extra = 0, extra = 0;
        int ret = 0, flags = 0;

        /*
         * Don't allow mmap() of inherited per-task counters. This would
         * create a performance issue due to all children writing to the
         * same rb.
         */
        if (event->cpu == -1 && event->attr.inherit)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED))
                return -EINVAL;

        ret = security_perf_event_read(event);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        vma_size = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;

        if (vma->vm_pgoff == 0) {
                nr_pages = (vma_size / PAGE_SIZE) - 1;
        } else {
                /*
                 * AUX area mapping: if rb->aux_nr_pages != 0, it's already
                 * mapped, all subsequent mappings should have the same size
                 * and offset. Must be above the normal perf buffer.
                 */
                u64 aux_offset, aux_size;

                if (!event->rb)
                        return -EINVAL;

                nr_pages = vma_size / PAGE_SIZE;

                mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
                ret = -EINVAL;

                rb = event->rb;
                if (!rb)
                        goto aux_unlock;

                aux_offset = READ_ONCE(rb->user_page->aux_offset);
                aux_size = READ_ONCE(rb->user_page->aux_size);

                if (aux_offset < perf_data_size(rb) + PAGE_SIZE)
                        goto aux_unlock;

                if (aux_offset != vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT)
                        goto aux_unlock;

                /* already mapped with a different offset */
                if (rb_has_aux(rb) && rb->aux_pgoff != vma->vm_pgoff)
                        goto aux_unlock;

                if (aux_size != vma_size || aux_size != nr_pages * PAGE_SIZE)
                        goto aux_unlock;

                /* already mapped with a different size */
                if (rb_has_aux(rb) && rb->aux_nr_pages != nr_pages)
                        goto aux_unlock;

                if (!is_power_of_2(nr_pages))
                        goto aux_unlock;

                if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&rb->mmap_count))
                        goto aux_unlock;

                if (rb_has_aux(rb)) {
                        atomic_inc(&rb->aux_mmap_count);
                        ret = 0;
                        goto unlock;
                }

                atomic_set(&rb->aux_mmap_count, 1);
                user_extra = nr_pages;

                goto accounting;
        }

        /*
         * If we have rb pages ensure they're a power-of-two number, so we
         * can do bitmasks instead of modulo.
         */
        if (nr_pages != 0 && !is_power_of_2(nr_pages))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (vma_size != PAGE_SIZE * (1 + nr_pages))
                return -EINVAL;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx->parent_ctx);
again:
        mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
        if (event->rb) {
                if (event->rb->nr_pages != nr_pages) {
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto unlock;
                }

                if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&event->rb->mmap_count)) {
                        /*
                         * Raced against perf_mmap_close() through
                         * perf_event_set_output(). Try again, hope for better
                         * luck.
                         */
                        mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
                        goto again;
                }

                goto unlock;
        }

        user_extra = nr_pages + 1;

accounting:
        user_lock_limit = sysctl_perf_event_mlock >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);

        /*
         * Increase the limit linearly with more CPUs:
         */
        user_lock_limit *= num_online_cpus();

        user_locked = atomic_long_read(&user->locked_vm);

        /*
         * sysctl_perf_event_mlock may have changed, so that
         *     user->locked_vm > user_lock_limit
         */
        if (user_locked > user_lock_limit)
                user_locked = user_lock_limit;
        user_locked += user_extra;

        if (user_locked > user_lock_limit) {
                /*
                 * charge locked_vm until it hits user_lock_limit;
                 * charge the rest from pinned_vm
                 */
                extra = user_locked - user_lock_limit;
                user_extra -= extra;
        }

        lock_limit = rlimit(RLIMIT_MEMLOCK);
        lock_limit >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
        locked = atomic64_read(&vma->vm_mm->pinned_vm) + extra;

        if ((locked > lock_limit) && perf_is_paranoid() &&
                !capable(CAP_IPC_LOCK)) {
                ret = -EPERM;
                goto unlock;
        }

        WARN_ON(!rb && event->rb);

        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE)
                flags |= RING_BUFFER_WRITABLE;

        if (!rb) {
                rb = rb_alloc(nr_pages,
                              event->attr.watermark ? event->attr.wakeup_watermark : 0,
                              event->cpu, flags);

                if (!rb) {
                        ret = -ENOMEM;
                        goto unlock;
                }

                atomic_set(&rb->mmap_count, 1);
                rb->mmap_user = get_current_user();
                rb->mmap_locked = extra;

                ring_buffer_attach(event, rb);

                perf_event_init_userpage(event);
                perf_event_update_userpage(event);
        } else {
                ret = rb_alloc_aux(rb, event, vma->vm_pgoff, nr_pages,
                                   event->attr.aux_watermark, flags);
                if (!ret)
                        rb->aux_mmap_locked = extra;
        }

unlock:
        if (!ret) {
                atomic_long_add(user_extra, &user->locked_vm);
                atomic64_add(extra, &vma->vm_mm->pinned_vm);

                atomic_inc(&event->mmap_count);
        } else if (rb) {
                atomic_dec(&rb->mmap_count);
        }
aux_unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);

        /*
         * Since pinned accounting is per vm we cannot allow fork() to copy our
         * vma.
         */
        vma->vm_flags |= VM_DONTCOPY | VM_DONTEXPAND | VM_DONTDUMP;
        vma->vm_ops = &perf_mmap_vmops;

        if (event->pmu->event_mapped)
                event->pmu->event_mapped(event, vma->vm_mm);

        return ret;
}

static int perf_fasync(int fd, struct file *filp, int on)
{
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(filp);
        struct perf_event *event = filp->private_data;
        int retval;

        inode_lock(inode);
        retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &event->fasync);
        inode_unlock(inode);

        if (retval < 0)
                return retval;

        return 0;
}

static const struct file_operations perf_fops = {
        .llseek                 = no_llseek,
        .release                = perf_release,
        .read                   = perf_read,
        .poll                   = perf_poll,
        .unlocked_ioctl         = perf_ioctl,
        .compat_ioctl           = perf_compat_ioctl,
        .mmap                   = perf_mmap,
        .fasync                 = perf_fasync,
};

/*
 * Perf event wakeup
 *
 * If there's data, ensure we set the poll() state and publish everything
 * to user-space before waking everybody up.
 */

static inline struct fasync_struct **perf_event_fasync(struct perf_event *event)
{
        /* only the parent has fasync state */
        if (event->parent)
                event = event->parent;
        return &event->fasync;
}

void perf_event_wakeup(struct perf_event *event)
{
        ring_buffer_wakeup(event);

        if (event->pending_kill) {
                kill_fasync(perf_event_fasync(event), SIGIO, event->pending_kill);
                event->pending_kill = 0;
        }
}

static void perf_pending_event_disable(struct perf_event *event)
{
        int cpu = READ_ONCE(event->pending_disable);

        if (cpu < 0)
                return;

        if (cpu == smp_processor_id()) {
                WRITE_ONCE(event->pending_disable, -1);
                perf_event_disable_local(event);
                return;
        }

        /*
         *  CPU-A                       CPU-B
         *
         *  perf_event_disable_inatomic()
         *    @pending_disable = CPU-A;
         *    irq_work_queue();
         *
         *  sched-out
         *    @pending_disable = -1;
         *
         *                              sched-in
         *                              perf_event_disable_inatomic()
         *                                @pending_disable = CPU-B;
         *                                irq_work_queue(); // FAILS
         *
         *  irq_work_run()
         *    perf_pending_event()
         *
         * But the event runs on CPU-B and wants disabling there.
         */
        irq_work_queue_on(&event->pending, cpu);
}

static void perf_pending_event(struct irq_work *entry)
{
        struct perf_event *event = container_of(entry, struct perf_event, pending);
        int rctx;

        rctx = perf_swevent_get_recursion_context();
        /*
         * If we 'fail' here, that's OK, it means recursion is already disabled
         * and we won't recurse 'further'.
         */

        perf_pending_event_disable(event);

        if (event->pending_wakeup) {
                event->pending_wakeup = 0;
                perf_event_wakeup(event);
        }

        if (rctx >= 0)
                perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(rctx);
}

/*
 * We assume there is only KVM supporting the callbacks.
 * Later on, we might change it to a list if there is
 * another virtualization implementation supporting the callbacks.
 */
struct perf_guest_info_callbacks *perf_guest_cbs;

int perf_register_guest_info_callbacks(struct perf_guest_info_callbacks *cbs)
{
        perf_guest_cbs = cbs;
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_register_guest_info_callbacks);

int perf_unregister_guest_info_callbacks(struct perf_guest_info_callbacks *cbs)
{
        perf_guest_cbs = NULL;
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_unregister_guest_info_callbacks);

static void
perf_output_sample_regs(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                        struct pt_regs *regs, u64 mask)
{
        int bit;
        DECLARE_BITMAP(_mask, 64);

        bitmap_from_u64(_mask, mask);
        for_each_set_bit(bit, _mask, sizeof(mask) * BITS_PER_BYTE) {
                u64 val;

                val = perf_reg_value(regs, bit);
                perf_output_put(handle, val);
        }
}

static void perf_sample_regs_user(struct perf_regs *regs_user,
                                  struct pt_regs *regs,
                                  struct pt_regs *regs_user_copy)
{
        if (user_mode(regs)) {
                regs_user->abi = perf_reg_abi(current);
                regs_user->regs = regs;
        } else if (!(current->flags & PF_KTHREAD)) {
                perf_get_regs_user(regs_user, regs, regs_user_copy);
        } else {
                regs_user->abi = PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_ABI_NONE;
                regs_user->regs = NULL;
        }
}

static void perf_sample_regs_intr(struct perf_regs *regs_intr,
                                  struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        regs_intr->regs = regs;
        regs_intr->abi  = perf_reg_abi(current);
}


/*
 * Get remaining task size from user stack pointer.
 *
 * It'd be better to take stack vma map and limit this more
 * precisely, but there's no way to get it safely under interrupt,
 * so using TASK_SIZE as limit.
 */
static u64 perf_ustack_task_size(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        unsigned long addr = perf_user_stack_pointer(regs);

        if (!addr || addr >= TASK_SIZE)
                return 0;

        return TASK_SIZE - addr;
}

static u16
perf_sample_ustack_size(u16 stack_size, u16 header_size,
                        struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        u64 task_size;

        /* No regs, no stack pointer, no dump. */
        if (!regs)
                return 0;

        /*
         * Check if we fit in with the requested stack size into the:
         * - TASK_SIZE
         *   If we don't, we limit the size to the TASK_SIZE.
         *
         * - remaining sample size
         *   If we don't, we customize the stack size to
         *   fit in to the remaining sample size.
         */

        task_size  = min((u64) USHRT_MAX, perf_ustack_task_size(regs));
        stack_size = min(stack_size, (u16) task_size);

        /* Current header size plus static size and dynamic size. */
        header_size += 2 * sizeof(u64);

        /* Do we fit in with the current stack dump size? */
        if ((u16) (header_size + stack_size) < header_size) {
                /*
                 * If we overflow the maximum size for the sample,
                 * we customize the stack dump size to fit in.
                 */
                stack_size = USHRT_MAX - header_size - sizeof(u64);
                stack_size = round_up(stack_size, sizeof(u64));
        }

        return stack_size;
}

static void
perf_output_sample_ustack(struct perf_output_handle *handle, u64 dump_size,
                          struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        /* Case of a kernel thread, nothing to dump */
        if (!regs) {
                u64 size = 0;
                perf_output_put(handle, size);
        } else {
                unsigned long sp;
                unsigned int rem;
                u64 dyn_size;
                mm_segment_t fs;

                /*
                 * We dump:
                 * static size
                 *   - the size requested by user or the best one we can fit
                 *     in to the sample max size
                 * data
                 *   - user stack dump data
                 * dynamic size
                 *   - the actual dumped size
                 */

                /* Static size. */
                perf_output_put(handle, dump_size);

                /* Data. */
                sp = perf_user_stack_pointer(regs);
                fs = get_fs();
                set_fs(USER_DS);
                rem = __output_copy_user(handle, (void *) sp, dump_size);
                set_fs(fs);
                dyn_size = dump_size - rem;

                perf_output_skip(handle, rem);

                /* Dynamic size. */
                perf_output_put(handle, dyn_size);
        }
}

static unsigned long perf_prepare_sample_aux(struct perf_event *event,
                                          struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                          size_t size)
{
        struct perf_event *sampler = event->aux_event;
        struct perf_buffer *rb;

        data->aux_size = 0;

        if (!sampler)
                goto out;

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(READ_ONCE(sampler->state) != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE))
                goto out;

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(READ_ONCE(sampler->oncpu) != smp_processor_id()))
                goto out;

        rb = ring_buffer_get(sampler->parent ? sampler->parent : sampler);
        if (!rb)
                goto out;

        /*
         * If this is an NMI hit inside sampling code, don't take
         * the sample. See also perf_aux_sample_output().
         */
        if (READ_ONCE(rb->aux_in_sampling)) {
                data->aux_size = 0;
        } else {
                size = min_t(size_t, size, perf_aux_size(rb));
                data->aux_size = ALIGN(size, sizeof(u64));
        }
        ring_buffer_put(rb);

out:
        return data->aux_size;
}

long perf_pmu_snapshot_aux(struct perf_buffer *rb,
                           struct perf_event *event,
                           struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                           unsigned long size)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        long ret;

        /*
         * Normal ->start()/->stop() callbacks run in IRQ mode in scheduler
         * paths. If we start calling them in NMI context, they may race with
         * the IRQ ones, that is, for example, re-starting an event that's just
         * been stopped, which is why we're using a separate callback that
         * doesn't change the event state.
         *
         * IRQs need to be disabled to prevent IPIs from racing with us.
         */
        local_irq_save(flags);
        /*
         * Guard against NMI hits inside the critical section;
         * see also perf_prepare_sample_aux().
         */
        WRITE_ONCE(rb->aux_in_sampling, 1);
        barrier();

        ret = event->pmu->snapshot_aux(event, handle, size);

        barrier();
        WRITE_ONCE(rb->aux_in_sampling, 0);
        local_irq_restore(flags);

        return ret;
}

static void perf_aux_sample_output(struct perf_event *event,
                                   struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                                   struct perf_sample_data *data)
{
        struct perf_event *sampler = event->aux_event;
        struct perf_buffer *rb;
        unsigned long pad;
        long size;

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!sampler || !data->aux_size))
                return;

        rb = ring_buffer_get(sampler->parent ? sampler->parent : sampler);
        if (!rb)
                return;

        size = perf_pmu_snapshot_aux(rb, sampler, handle, data->aux_size);

        /*
         * An error here means that perf_output_copy() failed (returned a
         * non-zero surplus that it didn't copy), which in its current
         * enlightened implementation is not possible. If that changes, we'd
         * like to know.
         */
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(size < 0))
                goto out_put;

        /*
         * The pad comes from ALIGN()ing data->aux_size up to u64 in
         * perf_prepare_sample_aux(), so should not be more than that.
         */
        pad = data->aux_size - size;
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(pad >= sizeof(u64)))
                pad = 8;

        if (pad) {
                u64 zero = 0;
                perf_output_copy(handle, &zero, pad);
        }

out_put:
        ring_buffer_put(rb);
}

static void __perf_event_header__init_id(struct perf_event_header *header,
                                         struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                         struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 sample_type = event->attr.sample_type;

        data->type = sample_type;
        header->size += event->id_header_size;

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID) {
                /* namespace issues */
                data->tid_entry.pid = perf_event_pid(event, current);
                data->tid_entry.tid = perf_event_tid(event, current);
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
                data->time = perf_event_clock(event);

        if (sample_type & (PERF_SAMPLE_ID | PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER))
                data->id = primary_event_id(event);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
                data->stream_id = event->id;

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU) {
                data->cpu_entry.cpu      = raw_smp_processor_id();
                data->cpu_entry.reserved = 0;
        }
}

void perf_event_header__init_id(struct perf_event_header *header,
                                struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (event->attr.sample_id_all)
                __perf_event_header__init_id(header, data, event);
}

static void __perf_event__output_id_sample(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                                           struct perf_sample_data *data)
{
        u64 sample_type = data->type;

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->tid_entry);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->time);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->stream_id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->cpu_entry);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->id);
}

void perf_event__output_id_sample(struct perf_event *event,
                                  struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                                  struct perf_sample_data *sample)
{
        if (event->attr.sample_id_all)
                __perf_event__output_id_sample(handle, sample);
}

static void perf_output_read_one(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                                 struct perf_event *event,
                                 u64 enabled, u64 running)
{
        u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;
        u64 values[4];
        int n = 0;

        values[n++] = perf_event_count(event);
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED) {
                values[n++] = enabled +
                        atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_enabled);
        }
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING) {
                values[n++] = running +
                        atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_running);
        }
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
                values[n++] = primary_event_id(event);

        __output_copy(handle, values, n * sizeof(u64));
}

static void perf_output_read_group(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                            struct perf_event *event,
                            u64 enabled, u64 running)
{
        struct perf_event *leader = event->group_leader, *sub;
        u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;
        u64 values[5];
        int n = 0;

        values[n++] = 1 + leader->nr_siblings;

        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED)
                values[n++] = enabled;

        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)
                values[n++] = running;

        if ((leader != event) &&
            (leader->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE))
                leader->pmu->read(leader);

        values[n++] = perf_event_count(leader);
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
                values[n++] = primary_event_id(leader);

        __output_copy(handle, values, n * sizeof(u64));

        for_each_sibling_event(sub, leader) {
                n = 0;

                if ((sub != event) &&
                    (sub->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE))
                        sub->pmu->read(sub);

                values[n++] = perf_event_count(sub);
                if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
                        values[n++] = primary_event_id(sub);

                __output_copy(handle, values, n * sizeof(u64));
        }
}

#define PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIMES (PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED|\
                                 PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)

/*
 * XXX PERF_SAMPLE_READ vs inherited events seems difficult.
 *
 * The problem is that its both hard and excessively expensive to iterate the
 * child list, not to mention that its impossible to IPI the children running
 * on another CPU, from interrupt/NMI context.
 */
static void perf_output_read(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                             struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 enabled = 0, running = 0, now;
        u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;

        /*
         * compute total_time_enabled, total_time_running
         * based on snapshot values taken when the event
         * was last scheduled in.
         *
         * we cannot simply called update_context_time()
         * because of locking issue as we are called in
         * NMI context
         */
        if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIMES)
                calc_timer_values(event, &now, &enabled, &running);

        if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_GROUP)
                perf_output_read_group(handle, event, enabled, running);
        else
                perf_output_read_one(handle, event, enabled, running);
}

static inline bool perf_sample_save_hw_index(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.branch_sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_HW_INDEX;
}

void perf_output_sample(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
                        struct perf_event_header *header,
                        struct perf_sample_data *data,
                        struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 sample_type = data->type;

        perf_output_put(handle, *header);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->ip);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->tid_entry);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->time);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->addr);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->stream_id);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->cpu_entry);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->period);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_READ)
                perf_output_read(handle, event);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) {
                int size = 1;

                size += data->callchain->nr;
                size *= sizeof(u64);
                __output_copy(handle, data->callchain, size);
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_RAW) {
                struct perf_raw_record *raw = data->raw;

                if (raw) {
                        struct perf_raw_frag *frag = &raw->frag;

                        perf_output_put(handle, raw->size);
                        do {
                                if (frag->copy) {
                                        __output_custom(handle, frag->copy,
                                                        frag->data, frag->size);
                                } else {
                                        __output_copy(handle, frag->data,
                                                      frag->size);
                                }
                                if (perf_raw_frag_last(frag))
                                        break;
                                frag = frag->next;
                        } while (1);
                        if (frag->pad)
                                __output_skip(handle, NULL, frag->pad);
                } else {
                        struct {
                                u32     size;
                                u32     data;
                        } raw = {
                                .size = sizeof(u32),
                                .data = 0,
                        };
                        perf_output_put(handle, raw);
                }
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK) {
                if (data->br_stack) {
                        size_t size;

                        size = data->br_stack->nr
                             * sizeof(struct perf_branch_entry);

                        perf_output_put(handle, data->br_stack->nr);
                        if (perf_sample_save_hw_index(event))
                                perf_output_put(handle, data->br_stack->hw_idx);
                        perf_output_copy(handle, data->br_stack->entries, size);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * we always store at least the value of nr
                         */
                        u64 nr = 0;
                        perf_output_put(handle, nr);
                }
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER) {
                u64 abi = data->regs_user.abi;

                /*
                 * If there are no regs to dump, notice it through
                 * first u64 being zero (PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_ABI_NONE).
                 */
                perf_output_put(handle, abi);

                if (abi) {
                        u64 mask = event->attr.sample_regs_user;
                        perf_output_sample_regs(handle,
                                                data->regs_user.regs,
                                                mask);
                }
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER) {
                perf_output_sample_ustack(handle,
                                          data->stack_user_size,
                                          data->regs_user.regs);
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_WEIGHT)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->weight);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_DATA_SRC)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->data_src.val);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TRANSACTION)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->txn);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_INTR) {
                u64 abi = data->regs_intr.abi;
                /*
                 * If there are no regs to dump, notice it through
                 * first u64 being zero (PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_ABI_NONE).
                 */
                perf_output_put(handle, abi);

                if (abi) {
                        u64 mask = event->attr.sample_regs_intr;

                        perf_output_sample_regs(handle,
                                                data->regs_intr.regs,
                                                mask);
                }
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PHYS_ADDR)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->phys_addr);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CGROUP)
                perf_output_put(handle, data->cgroup);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_AUX) {
                perf_output_put(handle, data->aux_size);

                if (data->aux_size)
                        perf_aux_sample_output(event, handle, data);
        }

        if (!event->attr.watermark) {
                int wakeup_events = event->attr.wakeup_events;

                if (wakeup_events) {
                        struct perf_buffer *rb = handle->rb;
                        int events = local_inc_return(&rb->events);

                        if (events >= wakeup_events) {
                                local_sub(wakeup_events, &rb->events);
                                local_inc(&rb->wakeup);
                        }
                }
        }
}

static u64 perf_virt_to_phys(u64 virt)
{
        u64 phys_addr = 0;
        struct page *p = NULL;

        if (!virt)
                return 0;

        if (virt >= TASK_SIZE) {
                /* If it's vmalloc()d memory, leave phys_addr as 0 */
                if (virt_addr_valid((void *)(uintptr_t)virt) &&
                    !(virt >= VMALLOC_START && virt < VMALLOC_END))
                        phys_addr = (u64)virt_to_phys((void *)(uintptr_t)virt);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Walking the pages tables for user address.
                 * Interrupts are disabled, so it prevents any tear down
                 * of the page tables.
                 * Try IRQ-safe __get_user_pages_fast first.
                 * If failed, leave phys_addr as 0.
                 */
                if (current->mm != NULL) {
                        pagefault_disable();
                        if (__get_user_pages_fast(virt, 1, 0, &p) == 1)
                                phys_addr = page_to_phys(p) + virt % PAGE_SIZE;
                        pagefault_enable();
                }

                if (p)
                        put_page(p);
        }

        return phys_addr;
}

static struct perf_callchain_entry __empty_callchain = { .nr = 0, };

struct perf_callchain_entry *
perf_callchain(struct perf_event *event, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        bool kernel = !event->attr.exclude_callchain_kernel;
        bool user   = !event->attr.exclude_callchain_user;
        /* Disallow cross-task user callchains. */
        bool crosstask = event->ctx->task && event->ctx->task != current;
        const u32 max_stack = event->attr.sample_max_stack;
        struct perf_callchain_entry *callchain;

        if (!kernel && !user)
                return &__empty_callchain;

        callchain = get_perf_callchain(regs, 0, kernel, user,
                                       max_stack, crosstask, true);
        return callchain ?: &__empty_callchain;
}

void perf_prepare_sample(struct perf_event_header *header,
                         struct perf_sample_data *data,
                         struct perf_event *event,
                         struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        u64 sample_type = event->attr.sample_type;

        header->type = PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE;
        header->size = sizeof(*header) + event->header_size;

        header->misc = 0;
        header->misc |= perf_misc_flags(regs);

        __perf_event_header__init_id(header, data, event);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP)
                data->ip = perf_instruction_pointer(regs);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) {
                int size = 1;

                if (!(sample_type & __PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN_EARLY))
                        data->callchain = perf_callchain(event, regs);

                size += data->callchain->nr;

                header->size += size * sizeof(u64);
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_RAW) {
                struct perf_raw_record *raw = data->raw;
                int size;

                if (raw) {
                        struct perf_raw_frag *frag = &raw->frag;
                        u32 sum = 0;

                        do {
                                sum += frag->size;
                                if (perf_raw_frag_last(frag))
                                        break;
                                frag = frag->next;
                        } while (1);

                        size = round_up(sum + sizeof(u32), sizeof(u64));
                        raw->size = size - sizeof(u32);
                        frag->pad = raw->size - sum;
                } else {
                        size = sizeof(u64);
                }

                header->size += size;
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK) {
                int size = sizeof(u64); /* nr */
                if (data->br_stack) {
                        if (perf_sample_save_hw_index(event))
                                size += sizeof(u64);

                        size += data->br_stack->nr
                              * sizeof(struct perf_branch_entry);
                }
                header->size += size;
        }

        if (sample_type & (PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER | PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER))
                perf_sample_regs_user(&data->regs_user, regs,
                                      &data->regs_user_copy);

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER) {
                /* regs dump ABI info */
                int size = sizeof(u64);

                if (data->regs_user.regs) {
                        u64 mask = event->attr.sample_regs_user;
                        size += hweight64(mask) * sizeof(u64);
                }

                header->size += size;
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER) {
                /*
                 * Either we need PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER bit to be always
                 * processed as the last one or have additional check added
                 * in case new sample type is added, because we could eat
                 * up the rest of the sample size.
                 */
                u16 stack_size = event->attr.sample_stack_user;
                u16 size = sizeof(u64);

                stack_size = perf_sample_ustack_size(stack_size, header->size,
                                                     data->regs_user.regs);

                /*
                 * If there is something to dump, add space for the dump
                 * itself and for the field that tells the dynamic size,
                 * which is how many have been actually dumped.
                 */
                if (stack_size)
                        size += sizeof(u64) + stack_size;

                data->stack_user_size = stack_size;
                header->size += size;
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_INTR) {
                /* regs dump ABI info */
                int size = sizeof(u64);

                perf_sample_regs_intr(&data->regs_intr, regs);

                if (data->regs_intr.regs) {
                        u64 mask = event->attr.sample_regs_intr;

                        size += hweight64(mask) * sizeof(u64);
                }

                header->size += size;
        }

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PHYS_ADDR)
                data->phys_addr = perf_virt_to_phys(data->addr);

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CGROUP) {
                struct cgroup *cgrp;

                /* protected by RCU */
                cgrp = task_css_check(current, perf_event_cgrp_id, 1)->cgroup;
                data->cgroup = cgroup_id(cgrp);
        }
#endif

        if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_AUX) {
                u64 size;

                header->size += sizeof(u64); /* size */

                /*
                 * Given the 16bit nature of header::size, an AUX sample can
                 * easily overflow it, what with all the preceding sample bits.
                 * Make sure this doesn't happen by using up to U16_MAX bytes
                 * per sample in total (rounded down to 8 byte boundary).
                 */
                size = min_t(size_t, U16_MAX - header->size,
                             event->attr.aux_sample_size);
                size = rounddown(size, 8);
                size = perf_prepare_sample_aux(event, data, size);

                WARN_ON_ONCE(size + header->size > U16_MAX);
                header->size += size;
        }
        /*
         * If you're adding more sample types here, you likely need to do
         * something about the overflowing header::size, like repurpose the
         * lowest 3 bits of size, which should be always zero at the moment.
         * This raises a more important question, do we really need 512k sized
         * samples and why, so good argumentation is in order for whatever you
         * do here next.
         */
        WARN_ON_ONCE(header->size & 7);
}

static __always_inline int
__perf_event_output(struct perf_event *event,
                    struct perf_sample_data *data,
                    struct pt_regs *regs,
                    int (*output_begin)(struct perf_output_handle *,
                                        struct perf_event *,
                                        unsigned int))
{
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_event_header header;
        int err;

        /* protect the callchain buffers */
        rcu_read_lock();

        perf_prepare_sample(&header, data, event, regs);

        err = output_begin(&handle, event, header.size);
        if (err)
                goto exit;

        perf_output_sample(&handle, &header, data, event);

        perf_output_end(&handle);

exit:
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return err;
}

void
perf_event_output_forward(struct perf_event *event,
                         struct perf_sample_data *data,
                         struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        __perf_event_output(event, data, regs, perf_output_begin_forward);
}

void
perf_event_output_backward(struct perf_event *event,
                           struct perf_sample_data *data,
                           struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        __perf_event_output(event, data, regs, perf_output_begin_backward);
}

int
perf_event_output(struct perf_event *event,
                  struct perf_sample_data *data,
                  struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        return __perf_event_output(event, data, regs, perf_output_begin);
}

/*
 * read event_id
 */

struct perf_read_event {
        struct perf_event_header        header;

        u32                             pid;
        u32                             tid;
};

static void
perf_event_read_event(struct perf_event *event,
                        struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        struct perf_read_event read_event = {
                .header = {
                        .type = PERF_RECORD_READ,
                        .misc = 0,
                        .size = sizeof(read_event) + event->read_size,
                },
                .pid = perf_event_pid(event, task),
                .tid = perf_event_tid(event, task),
        };
        int ret;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&read_event.header, &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event, read_event.header.size);
        if (ret)
                return;

        perf_output_put(&handle, read_event);
        perf_output_read(&handle, event);
        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

typedef void (perf_iterate_f)(struct perf_event *event, void *data);

static void
perf_iterate_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
                   perf_iterate_f output,
                   void *data, bool all)
{
        struct perf_event *event;

        list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
                if (!all) {
                        if (event->state < PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
                                continue;
                        if (!event_filter_match(event))
                                continue;
                }

                output(event, data);
        }
}

static void perf_iterate_sb_cpu(perf_iterate_f output, void *data)
{
        struct pmu_event_list *pel = this_cpu_ptr(&pmu_sb_events);
        struct perf_event *event;

        list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &pel->list, sb_list) {
                /*
                 * Skip events that are not fully formed yet; ensure that
                 * if we observe event->ctx, both event and ctx will be
                 * complete enough. See perf_install_in_context().
                 */
                if (!smp_load_acquire(&event->ctx))
                        continue;

                if (event->state < PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
                        continue;
                if (!event_filter_match(event))
                        continue;
                output(event, data);
        }
}

/*
 * Iterate all events that need to receive side-band events.
 *
 * For new callers; ensure that account_pmu_sb_event() includes
 * your event, otherwise it might not get delivered.
 */
static void
perf_iterate_sb(perf_iterate_f output, void *data,
               struct perf_event_context *task_ctx)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        int ctxn;

        rcu_read_lock();
        preempt_disable();

        /*
         * If we have task_ctx != NULL we only notify the task context itself.
         * The task_ctx is set only for EXIT events before releasing task
         * context.
         */
        if (task_ctx) {
                perf_iterate_ctx(task_ctx, output, data, false);
                goto done;
        }

        perf_iterate_sb_cpu(output, data);

        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
                ctx = rcu_dereference(current->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);
                if (ctx)
                        perf_iterate_ctx(ctx, output, data, false);
        }
done:
        preempt_enable();
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * Clear all file-based filters at exec, they'll have to be
 * re-instated when/if these objects are mmapped again.
 */
static void perf_event_addr_filters_exec(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_addr_filters_head *ifh = perf_event_addr_filters(event);
        struct perf_addr_filter *filter;
        unsigned int restart = 0, count = 0;
        unsigned long flags;

        if (!has_addr_filter(event))
                return;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ifh->lock, flags);
        list_for_each_entry(filter, &ifh->list, entry) {
                if (filter->path.dentry) {
                        event->addr_filter_ranges[count].start = 0;
                        event->addr_filter_ranges[count].size = 0;
                        restart++;
                }

                count++;
        }

        if (restart)
                event->addr_filters_gen++;
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ifh->lock, flags);

        if (restart)
                perf_event_stop(event, 1);
}

void perf_event_exec(void)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        int ctxn;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
                ctx = current->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
                if (!ctx)
                        continue;

                perf_event_enable_on_exec(ctxn);

                perf_iterate_ctx(ctx, perf_event_addr_filters_exec, NULL,
                                   true);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

struct remote_output {
        struct perf_buffer      *rb;
        int                     err;
};

static void __perf_event_output_stop(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_event *parent = event->parent;
        struct remote_output *ro = data;
        struct perf_buffer *rb = ro->rb;
        struct stop_event_data sd = {
                .event  = event,
        };

        if (!has_aux(event))
                return;

        if (!parent)
                parent = event;

        /*
         * In case of inheritance, it will be the parent that links to the
         * ring-buffer, but it will be the child that's actually using it.
         *
         * We are using event::rb to determine if the event should be stopped,
         * however this may race with ring_buffer_attach() (through set_output),
         * which will make us skip the event that actually needs to be stopped.
         * So ring_buffer_attach() has to stop an aux event before re-assigning
         * its rb pointer.
         */
        if (rcu_dereference(parent->rb) == rb)
                ro->err = __perf_event_stop(&sd);
}

static int __perf_pmu_output_stop(void *info)
{
        struct perf_event *event = info;
        struct pmu *pmu = event->ctx->pmu;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
        struct remote_output ro = {
                .rb     = event->rb,
        };

        rcu_read_lock();
        perf_iterate_ctx(&cpuctx->ctx, __perf_event_output_stop, &ro, false);
        if (cpuctx->task_ctx)
                perf_iterate_ctx(cpuctx->task_ctx, __perf_event_output_stop,
                                   &ro, false);
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return ro.err;
}

static void perf_pmu_output_stop(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event *iter;
        int err, cpu;

restart:
        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(iter, &event->rb->event_list, rb_entry) {
                /*
                 * For per-CPU events, we need to make sure that neither they
                 * nor their children are running; for cpu==-1 events it's
                 * sufficient to stop the event itself if it's active, since
                 * it can't have children.
                 */
                cpu = iter->cpu;
                if (cpu == -1)
                        cpu = READ_ONCE(iter->oncpu);

                if (cpu == -1)
                        continue;

                err = cpu_function_call(cpu, __perf_pmu_output_stop, event);
                if (err == -EAGAIN) {
                        rcu_read_unlock();
                        goto restart;
                }
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * task tracking -- fork/exit
 *
 * enabled by: attr.comm | attr.mmap | attr.mmap2 | attr.mmap_data | attr.task
 */

struct perf_task_event {
        struct task_struct              *task;
        struct perf_event_context       *task_ctx;

        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;

                u32                             pid;
                u32                             ppid;
                u32                             tid;
                u32                             ptid;
                u64                             time;
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_task_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.comm  || event->attr.mmap ||
               event->attr.mmap2 || event->attr.mmap_data ||
               event->attr.task;
}

static void perf_event_task_output(struct perf_event *event,
                                   void *data)
{
        struct perf_task_event *task_event = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        struct task_struct *task = task_event->task;
        int ret, size = task_event->event_id.header.size;

        if (!perf_event_task_match(event))
                return;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&task_event->event_id.header, &sample, event);

        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                task_event->event_id.header.size);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        task_event->event_id.pid = perf_event_pid(event, task);
        task_event->event_id.ppid = perf_event_pid(event, current);

        task_event->event_id.tid = perf_event_tid(event, task);
        task_event->event_id.ptid = perf_event_tid(event, current);

        task_event->event_id.time = perf_event_clock(event);

        perf_output_put(&handle, task_event->event_id);

        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
        task_event->event_id.header.size = size;
}

static void perf_event_task(struct task_struct *task,
                              struct perf_event_context *task_ctx,
                              int new)
{
        struct perf_task_event task_event;

        if (!atomic_read(&nr_comm_events) &&
            !atomic_read(&nr_mmap_events) &&
            !atomic_read(&nr_task_events))
                return;

        task_event = (struct perf_task_event){
                .task     = task,
                .task_ctx = task_ctx,
                .event_id    = {
                        .header = {
                                .type = new ? PERF_RECORD_FORK : PERF_RECORD_EXIT,
                                .misc = 0,
                                .size = sizeof(task_event.event_id),
                        },
                        /* .pid  */
                        /* .ppid */
                        /* .tid  */
                        /* .ptid */
                        /* .time */
                },
        };

        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_task_output,
                       &task_event,
                       task_ctx);
}

void perf_event_fork(struct task_struct *task)
{
        perf_event_task(task, NULL, 1);
        perf_event_namespaces(task);
}

/*
 * comm tracking
 */

struct perf_comm_event {
        struct task_struct      *task;
        char                    *comm;
        int                     comm_size;

        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;

                u32                             pid;
                u32                             tid;
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_comm_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.comm;
}

static void perf_event_comm_output(struct perf_event *event,
                                   void *data)
{
        struct perf_comm_event *comm_event = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        int size = comm_event->event_id.header.size;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_comm_match(event))
                return;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&comm_event->event_id.header, &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                comm_event->event_id.header.size);

        if (ret)
                goto out;

        comm_event->event_id.pid = perf_event_pid(event, comm_event->task);
        comm_event->event_id.tid = perf_event_tid(event, comm_event->task);

        perf_output_put(&handle, comm_event->event_id);
        __output_copy(&handle, comm_event->comm,
                                   comm_event->comm_size);

        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
        comm_event->event_id.header.size = size;
}

static void perf_event_comm_event(struct perf_comm_event *comm_event)
{
        char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
        unsigned int size;

        memset(comm, 0, sizeof(comm));
        strlcpy(comm, comm_event->task->comm, sizeof(comm));
        size = ALIGN(strlen(comm)+1, sizeof(u64));

        comm_event->comm = comm;
        comm_event->comm_size = size;

        comm_event->event_id.header.size = sizeof(comm_event->event_id) + size;

        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_comm_output,
                       comm_event,
                       NULL);
}

void perf_event_comm(struct task_struct *task, bool exec)
{
        struct perf_comm_event comm_event;

        if (!atomic_read(&nr_comm_events))
                return;

        comm_event = (struct perf_comm_event){
                .task   = task,
                /* .comm      */
                /* .comm_size */
                .event_id  = {
                        .header = {
                                .type = PERF_RECORD_COMM,
                                .misc = exec ? PERF_RECORD_MISC_COMM_EXEC : 0,
                                /* .size */
                        },
                        /* .pid */
                        /* .tid */
                },
        };

        perf_event_comm_event(&comm_event);
}

/*
 * namespaces tracking
 */

struct perf_namespaces_event {
        struct task_struct              *task;

        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;

                u32                             pid;
                u32                             tid;
                u64                             nr_namespaces;
                struct perf_ns_link_info        link_info[NR_NAMESPACES];
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_namespaces_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.namespaces;
}

static void perf_event_namespaces_output(struct perf_event *event,
                                         void *data)
{
        struct perf_namespaces_event *namespaces_event = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        u16 header_size = namespaces_event->event_id.header.size;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_namespaces_match(event))
                return;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&namespaces_event->event_id.header,
                                   &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                namespaces_event->event_id.header.size);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        namespaces_event->event_id.pid = perf_event_pid(event,
                                                        namespaces_event->task);
        namespaces_event->event_id.tid = perf_event_tid(event,
                                                        namespaces_event->task);

        perf_output_put(&handle, namespaces_event->event_id);

        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
        namespaces_event->event_id.header.size = header_size;
}

static void perf_fill_ns_link_info(struct perf_ns_link_info *ns_link_info,
                                   struct task_struct *task,
                                   const struct proc_ns_operations *ns_ops)
{
        struct path ns_path;
        struct inode *ns_inode;
        int error;

        error = ns_get_path(&ns_path, task, ns_ops);
        if (!error) {
                ns_inode = ns_path.dentry->d_inode;
                ns_link_info->dev = new_encode_dev(ns_inode->i_sb->s_dev);
                ns_link_info->ino = ns_inode->i_ino;
                path_put(&ns_path);
        }
}

void perf_event_namespaces(struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_namespaces_event namespaces_event;
        struct perf_ns_link_info *ns_link_info;

        if (!atomic_read(&nr_namespaces_events))
                return;

        namespaces_event = (struct perf_namespaces_event){
                .task   = task,
                .event_id  = {
                        .header = {
                                .type = PERF_RECORD_NAMESPACES,
                                .misc = 0,
                                .size = sizeof(namespaces_event.event_id),
                        },
                        /* .pid */
                        /* .tid */
                        .nr_namespaces = NR_NAMESPACES,
                        /* .link_info[NR_NAMESPACES] */
                },
        };

        ns_link_info = namespaces_event.event_id.link_info;

        perf_fill_ns_link_info(&ns_link_info[MNT_NS_INDEX],
                               task, &mntns_operations);

#ifdef CONFIG_USER_NS
        perf_fill_ns_link_info(&ns_link_info[USER_NS_INDEX],
                               task, &userns_operations);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NET_NS
        perf_fill_ns_link_info(&ns_link_info[NET_NS_INDEX],
                               task, &netns_operations);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UTS_NS
        perf_fill_ns_link_info(&ns_link_info[UTS_NS_INDEX],
                               task, &utsns_operations);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_IPC_NS
        perf_fill_ns_link_info(&ns_link_info[IPC_NS_INDEX],
                               task, &ipcns_operations);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PID_NS
        perf_fill_ns_link_info(&ns_link_info[PID_NS_INDEX],
                               task, &pidns_operations);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
        perf_fill_ns_link_info(&ns_link_info[CGROUP_NS_INDEX],
                               task, &cgroupns_operations);
#endif

        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_namespaces_output,
                        &namespaces_event,
                        NULL);
}

/*
 * cgroup tracking
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF

struct perf_cgroup_event {
        char                            *path;
        int                             path_size;
        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u64                             id;
                char                            path[];
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_cgroup_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.cgroup;
}

static void perf_event_cgroup_output(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_cgroup_event *cgroup_event = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        u16 header_size = cgroup_event->event_id.header.size;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_cgroup_match(event))
                return;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&cgroup_event->event_id.header,
                                   &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                cgroup_event->event_id.header.size);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        perf_output_put(&handle, cgroup_event->event_id);
        __output_copy(&handle, cgroup_event->path, cgroup_event->path_size);

        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
        cgroup_event->event_id.header.size = header_size;
}

static void perf_event_cgroup(struct cgroup *cgrp)
{
        struct perf_cgroup_event cgroup_event;
        char path_enomem[16] = "//enomem";
        char *pathname;
        size_t size;

        if (!atomic_read(&nr_cgroup_events))
                return;

        cgroup_event = (struct perf_cgroup_event){
                .event_id  = {
                        .header = {
                                .type = PERF_RECORD_CGROUP,
                                .misc = 0,
                                .size = sizeof(cgroup_event.event_id),
                        },
                        .id = cgroup_id(cgrp),
                },
        };

        pathname = kmalloc(PATH_MAX, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (pathname == NULL) {
                cgroup_event.path = path_enomem;
        } else {
                /* just to be sure to have enough space for alignment */
                cgroup_path(cgrp, pathname, PATH_MAX - sizeof(u64));
                cgroup_event.path = pathname;
        }

        /*
         * Since our buffer works in 8 byte units we need to align our string
         * size to a multiple of 8. However, we must guarantee the tail end is
         * zero'd out to avoid leaking random bits to userspace.
         */
        size = strlen(cgroup_event.path) + 1;
        while (!IS_ALIGNED(size, sizeof(u64)))
                cgroup_event.path[size++] = '\0';

        cgroup_event.event_id.header.size += size;
        cgroup_event.path_size = size;

        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_cgroup_output,
                        &cgroup_event,
                        NULL);

        kfree(pathname);
}

#endif

/*
 * mmap tracking
 */

struct perf_mmap_event {
        struct vm_area_struct   *vma;

        const char              *file_name;
        int                     file_size;
        int                     maj, min;
        u64                     ino;
        u64                     ino_generation;
        u32                     prot, flags;

        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;

                u32                             pid;
                u32                             tid;
                u64                             start;
                u64                             len;
                u64                             pgoff;
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_mmap_match(struct perf_event *event,
                                 void *data)
{
        struct perf_mmap_event *mmap_event = data;
        struct vm_area_struct *vma = mmap_event->vma;
        int executable = vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC;

        return (!executable && event->attr.mmap_data) ||
               (executable && (event->attr.mmap || event->attr.mmap2));
}

static void perf_event_mmap_output(struct perf_event *event,
                                   void *data)
{
        struct perf_mmap_event *mmap_event = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        int size = mmap_event->event_id.header.size;
        u32 type = mmap_event->event_id.header.type;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_mmap_match(event, data))
                return;

        if (event->attr.mmap2) {
                mmap_event->event_id.header.type = PERF_RECORD_MMAP2;
                mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->maj);
                mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->min);
                mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->ino);
                mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->ino_generation);
                mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->prot);
                mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->flags);
        }

        perf_event_header__init_id(&mmap_event->event_id.header, &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                mmap_event->event_id.header.size);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        mmap_event->event_id.pid = perf_event_pid(event, current);
        mmap_event->event_id.tid = perf_event_tid(event, current);

        perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->event_id);

        if (event->attr.mmap2) {
                perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->maj);
                perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->min);
                perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->ino);
                perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->ino_generation);
                perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->prot);
                perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->flags);
        }

        __output_copy(&handle, mmap_event->file_name,
                                   mmap_event->file_size);

        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
        mmap_event->event_id.header.size = size;
        mmap_event->event_id.header.type = type;
}

static void perf_event_mmap_event(struct perf_mmap_event *mmap_event)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma = mmap_event->vma;
        struct file *file = vma->vm_file;
        int maj = 0, min = 0;
        u64 ino = 0, gen = 0;
        u32 prot = 0, flags = 0;
        unsigned int size;
        char tmp[16];
        char *buf = NULL;
        char *name;

        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_READ)
                prot |= PROT_READ;
        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE)
                prot |= PROT_WRITE;
        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC)
                prot |= PROT_EXEC;

        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_MAYSHARE)
                flags = MAP_SHARED;
        else
                flags = MAP_PRIVATE;

        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_DENYWRITE)
                flags |= MAP_DENYWRITE;
        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_MAYEXEC)
                flags |= MAP_EXECUTABLE;
        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
                flags |= MAP_LOCKED;
        if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma))
                flags |= MAP_HUGETLB;

        if (file) {
                struct inode *inode;
                dev_t dev;

                buf = kmalloc(PATH_MAX, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!buf) {
                        name = "//enomem";
                        goto cpy_name;
                }
                /*
                 * d_path() works from the end of the rb backwards, so we
                 * need to add enough zero bytes after the string to handle
                 * the 64bit alignment we do later.
                 */
                name = file_path(file, buf, PATH_MAX - sizeof(u64));
                if (IS_ERR(name)) {
                        name = "//toolong";
                        goto cpy_name;
                }
                inode = file_inode(vma->vm_file);
                dev = inode->i_sb->s_dev;
                ino = inode->i_ino;
                gen = inode->i_generation;
                maj = MAJOR(dev);
                min = MINOR(dev);

                goto got_name;
        } else {
                if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->name) {
                        name = (char *) vma->vm_ops->name(vma);
                        if (name)
                                goto cpy_name;
                }

                name = (char *)arch_vma_name(vma);
                if (name)
                        goto cpy_name;

                if (vma->vm_start <= vma->vm_mm->start_brk &&
                                vma->vm_end >= vma->vm_mm->brk) {
                        name = "[heap]";
                        goto cpy_name;
                }
                if (vma->vm_start <= vma->vm_mm->start_stack &&
                                vma->vm_end >= vma->vm_mm->start_stack) {
                        name = "[stack]";
                        goto cpy_name;
                }

                name = "//anon";
                goto cpy_name;
        }

cpy_name:
        strlcpy(tmp, name, sizeof(tmp));
        name = tmp;
got_name:
        /*
         * Since our buffer works in 8 byte units we need to align our string
         * size to a multiple of 8. However, we must guarantee the tail end is
         * zero'd out to avoid leaking random bits to userspace.
         */
        size = strlen(name)+1;
        while (!IS_ALIGNED(size, sizeof(u64)))
                name[size++] = '\0';

        mmap_event->file_name = name;
        mmap_event->file_size = size;
        mmap_event->maj = maj;
        mmap_event->min = min;
        mmap_event->ino = ino;
        mmap_event->ino_generation = gen;
        mmap_event->prot = prot;
        mmap_event->flags = flags;

        if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC))
                mmap_event->event_id.header.misc |= PERF_RECORD_MISC_MMAP_DATA;

        mmap_event->event_id.header.size = sizeof(mmap_event->event_id) + size;

        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_mmap_output,
                       mmap_event,
                       NULL);

        kfree(buf);
}

/*
 * Check whether inode and address range match filter criteria.
 */
static bool perf_addr_filter_match(struct perf_addr_filter *filter,
                                     struct file *file, unsigned long offset,
                                     unsigned long size)
{
        /* d_inode(NULL) won't be equal to any mapped user-space file */
        if (!filter->path.dentry)
                return false;

        if (d_inode(filter->path.dentry) != file_inode(file))
                return false;

        if (filter->offset > offset + size)
                return false;

        if (filter->offset + filter->size < offset)
                return false;

        return true;
}

static bool perf_addr_filter_vma_adjust(struct perf_addr_filter *filter,
                                        struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                                        struct perf_addr_filter_range *fr)
{
        unsigned long vma_size = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;
        unsigned long off = vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT;
        struct file *file = vma->vm_file;

        if (!perf_addr_filter_match(filter, file, off, vma_size))
                return false;

        if (filter->offset < off) {
                fr->start = vma->vm_start;
                fr->size = min(vma_size, filter->size - (off - filter->offset));
        } else {
                fr->start = vma->vm_start + filter->offset - off;
                fr->size = min(vma->vm_end - fr->start, filter->size);
        }

        return true;
}

static void __perf_addr_filters_adjust(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_addr_filters_head *ifh = perf_event_addr_filters(event);
        struct vm_area_struct *vma = data;
        struct perf_addr_filter *filter;
        unsigned int restart = 0, count = 0;
        unsigned long flags;

        if (!has_addr_filter(event))
                return;

        if (!vma->vm_file)
                return;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ifh->lock, flags);
        list_for_each_entry(filter, &ifh->list, entry) {
                if (perf_addr_filter_vma_adjust(filter, vma,
                                                &event->addr_filter_ranges[count]))
                        restart++;

                count++;
        }

        if (restart)
                event->addr_filters_gen++;
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ifh->lock, flags);

        if (restart)
                perf_event_stop(event, 1);
}

/*
 * Adjust all task's events' filters to the new vma
 */
static void perf_addr_filters_adjust(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        int ctxn;

        /*
         * Data tracing isn't supported yet and as such there is no need
         * to keep track of anything that isn't related to executable code:
         */
        if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC))
                return;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
                ctx = rcu_dereference(current->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);
                if (!ctx)
                        continue;

                perf_iterate_ctx(ctx, __perf_addr_filters_adjust, vma, true);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

void perf_event_mmap(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct perf_mmap_event mmap_event;

        if (!atomic_read(&nr_mmap_events))
                return;

        mmap_event = (struct perf_mmap_event){
                .vma    = vma,
                /* .file_name */
                /* .file_size */
                .event_id  = {
                        .header = {
                                .type = PERF_RECORD_MMAP,
                                .misc = PERF_RECORD_MISC_USER,
                                /* .size */
                        },
                        /* .pid */
                        /* .tid */
                        .start  = vma->vm_start,
                        .len    = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start,
                        .pgoff  = (u64)vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT,
                },
                /* .maj (attr_mmap2 only) */
                /* .min (attr_mmap2 only) */
                /* .ino (attr_mmap2 only) */
                /* .ino_generation (attr_mmap2 only) */
                /* .prot (attr_mmap2 only) */
                /* .flags (attr_mmap2 only) */
        };

        perf_addr_filters_adjust(vma);
        perf_event_mmap_event(&mmap_event);
}

void perf_event_aux_event(struct perf_event *event, unsigned long head,
                          unsigned long size, u64 flags)
{
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        struct perf_aux_event {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u64                             offset;
                u64                             size;
                u64                             flags;
        } rec = {
                .header = {
                        .type = PERF_RECORD_AUX,
                        .misc = 0,
                        .size = sizeof(rec),
                },
                .offset         = head,
                .size           = size,
                .flags          = flags,
        };
        int ret;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&rec.header, &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event, rec.header.size);

        if (ret)
                return;

        perf_output_put(&handle, rec);
        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

/*
 * Lost/dropped samples logging
 */
void perf_log_lost_samples(struct perf_event *event, u64 lost)
{
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        int ret;

        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u64                             lost;
        } lost_samples_event = {
                .header = {
                        .type = PERF_RECORD_LOST_SAMPLES,
                        .misc = 0,
                        .size = sizeof(lost_samples_event),
                },
                .lost           = lost,
        };

        perf_event_header__init_id(&lost_samples_event.header, &sample, event);

        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                lost_samples_event.header.size);
        if (ret)
                return;

        perf_output_put(&handle, lost_samples_event);
        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);
        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

/*
 * context_switch tracking
 */

struct perf_switch_event {
        struct task_struct      *task;
        struct task_struct      *next_prev;

        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u32                             next_prev_pid;
                u32                             next_prev_tid;
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_switch_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.context_switch;
}

static void perf_event_switch_output(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_switch_event *se = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_switch_match(event))
                return;

        /* Only CPU-wide events are allowed to see next/prev pid/tid */
        if (event->ctx->task) {
                se->event_id.header.type = PERF_RECORD_SWITCH;
                se->event_id.header.size = sizeof(se->event_id.header);
        } else {
                se->event_id.header.type = PERF_RECORD_SWITCH_CPU_WIDE;
                se->event_id.header.size = sizeof(se->event_id);
                se->event_id.next_prev_pid =
                                        perf_event_pid(event, se->next_prev);
                se->event_id.next_prev_tid =
                                        perf_event_tid(event, se->next_prev);
        }

        perf_event_header__init_id(&se->event_id.header, &sample, event);

        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event, se->event_id.header.size);
        if (ret)
                return;

        if (event->ctx->task)
                perf_output_put(&handle, se->event_id.header);
        else
                perf_output_put(&handle, se->event_id);

        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

static void perf_event_switch(struct task_struct *task,
                              struct task_struct *next_prev, bool sched_in)
{
        struct perf_switch_event switch_event;

        /* N.B. caller checks nr_switch_events != 0 */

        switch_event = (struct perf_switch_event){
                .task           = task,
                .next_prev      = next_prev,
                .event_id       = {
                        .header = {
                                /* .type */
                                .misc = sched_in ? 0 : PERF_RECORD_MISC_SWITCH_OUT,
                                /* .size */
                        },
                        /* .next_prev_pid */
                        /* .next_prev_tid */
                },
        };

        if (!sched_in && task->state == TASK_RUNNING)
                switch_event.event_id.header.misc |=
                                PERF_RECORD_MISC_SWITCH_OUT_PREEMPT;

        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_switch_output,
                       &switch_event,
                       NULL);
}

/*
 * IRQ throttle logging
 */

static void perf_log_throttle(struct perf_event *event, int enable)
{
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        int ret;

        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u64                             time;
                u64                             id;
                u64                             stream_id;
        } throttle_event = {
                .header = {
                        .type = PERF_RECORD_THROTTLE,
                        .misc = 0,
                        .size = sizeof(throttle_event),
                },
                .time           = perf_event_clock(event),
                .id             = primary_event_id(event),
                .stream_id      = event->id,
        };

        if (enable)
                throttle_event.header.type = PERF_RECORD_UNTHROTTLE;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&throttle_event.header, &sample, event);

        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                throttle_event.header.size);
        if (ret)
                return;

        perf_output_put(&handle, throttle_event);
        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);
        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

/*
 * ksymbol register/unregister tracking
 */

struct perf_ksymbol_event {
        const char      *name;
        int             name_len;
        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u64                             addr;
                u32                             len;
                u16                             ksym_type;
                u16                             flags;
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_ksymbol_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.ksymbol;
}

static void perf_event_ksymbol_output(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_ksymbol_event *ksymbol_event = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_ksymbol_match(event))
                return;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&ksymbol_event->event_id.header,
                                   &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                ksymbol_event->event_id.header.size);
        if (ret)
                return;

        perf_output_put(&handle, ksymbol_event->event_id);
        __output_copy(&handle, ksymbol_event->name, ksymbol_event->name_len);
        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

void perf_event_ksymbol(u16 ksym_type, u64 addr, u32 len, bool unregister,
                        const char *sym)
{
        struct perf_ksymbol_event ksymbol_event;
        char name[KSYM_NAME_LEN];
        u16 flags = 0;
        int name_len;

        if (!atomic_read(&nr_ksymbol_events))
                return;

        if (ksym_type >= PERF_RECORD_KSYMBOL_TYPE_MAX ||
            ksym_type == PERF_RECORD_KSYMBOL_TYPE_UNKNOWN)
                goto err;

        strlcpy(name, sym, KSYM_NAME_LEN);
        name_len = strlen(name) + 1;
        while (!IS_ALIGNED(name_len, sizeof(u64)))
                name[name_len++] = '\0';
        BUILD_BUG_ON(KSYM_NAME_LEN % sizeof(u64));

        if (unregister)
                flags |= PERF_RECORD_KSYMBOL_FLAGS_UNREGISTER;

        ksymbol_event = (struct perf_ksymbol_event){
                .name = name,
                .name_len = name_len,
                .event_id = {
                        .header = {
                                .type = PERF_RECORD_KSYMBOL,
                                .size = sizeof(ksymbol_event.event_id) +
                                        name_len,
                        },
                        .addr = addr,
                        .len = len,
                        .ksym_type = ksym_type,
                        .flags = flags,
                },
        };

        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_ksymbol_output, &ksymbol_event, NULL);
        return;
err:
        WARN_ONCE(1, "%s: Invalid KSYMBOL type 0x%x\n", __func__, ksym_type);
}

/*
 * bpf program load/unload tracking
 */

struct perf_bpf_event {
        struct bpf_prog *prog;
        struct {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u16                             type;
                u16                             flags;
                u32                             id;
                u8                              tag[BPF_TAG_SIZE];
        } event_id;
};

static int perf_event_bpf_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return event->attr.bpf_event;
}

static void perf_event_bpf_output(struct perf_event *event, void *data)
{
        struct perf_bpf_event *bpf_event = data;
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_bpf_match(event))
                return;

        perf_event_header__init_id(&bpf_event->event_id.header,
                                   &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
                                bpf_event->event_id.header.size);
        if (ret)
                return;

        perf_output_put(&handle, bpf_event->event_id);
        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

static void perf_event_bpf_emit_ksymbols(struct bpf_prog *prog,
                                         enum perf_bpf_event_type type)
{
        bool unregister = type == PERF_BPF_EVENT_PROG_UNLOAD;
        int i;

        if (prog->aux->func_cnt == 0) {
                perf_event_ksymbol(PERF_RECORD_KSYMBOL_TYPE_BPF,
                                   (u64)(unsigned long)prog->bpf_func,
                                   prog->jited_len, unregister,
                                   prog->aux->ksym.name);
        } else {
                for (i = 0; i < prog->aux->func_cnt; i++) {
                        struct bpf_prog *subprog = prog->aux->func[i];

                        perf_event_ksymbol(
                                PERF_RECORD_KSYMBOL_TYPE_BPF,
                                (u64)(unsigned long)subprog->bpf_func,
                                subprog->jited_len, unregister,
                                prog->aux->ksym.name);
                }
        }
}

void perf_event_bpf_event(struct bpf_prog *prog,
                          enum perf_bpf_event_type type,
                          u16 flags)
{
        struct perf_bpf_event bpf_event;

        if (type <= PERF_BPF_EVENT_UNKNOWN ||
            type >= PERF_BPF_EVENT_MAX)
                return;

        switch (type) {
        case PERF_BPF_EVENT_PROG_LOAD:
        case PERF_BPF_EVENT_PROG_UNLOAD:
                if (atomic_read(&nr_ksymbol_events))
                        perf_event_bpf_emit_ksymbols(prog, type);
                break;
        default:
                break;
        }

        if (!atomic_read(&nr_bpf_events))
                return;

        bpf_event = (struct perf_bpf_event){
                .prog = prog,
                .event_id = {
                        .header = {
                                .type = PERF_RECORD_BPF_EVENT,
                                .size = sizeof(bpf_event.event_id),
                        },
                        .type = type,
                        .flags = flags,
                        .id = prog->aux->id,
                },
        };

        BUILD_BUG_ON(BPF_TAG_SIZE % sizeof(u64));

        memcpy(bpf_event.event_id.tag, prog->tag, BPF_TAG_SIZE);
        perf_iterate_sb(perf_event_bpf_output, &bpf_event, NULL);
}

void perf_event_itrace_started(struct perf_event *event)
{
        event->attach_state |= PERF_ATTACH_ITRACE;
}

static void perf_log_itrace_start(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_output_handle handle;
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        struct perf_aux_event {
                struct perf_event_header        header;
                u32                             pid;
                u32                             tid;
        } rec;
        int ret;

        if (event->parent)
                event = event->parent;

        if (!(event->pmu->capabilities & PERF_PMU_CAP_ITRACE) ||
            event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_ITRACE)
                return;

        rec.header.type = PERF_RECORD_ITRACE_START;
        rec.header.misc = 0;
        rec.header.size = sizeof(rec);
        rec.pid = perf_event_pid(event, current);
        rec.tid = perf_event_tid(event, current);

        perf_event_header__init_id(&rec.header, &sample, event);
        ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event, rec.header.size);

        if (ret)
                return;

        perf_output_put(&handle, rec);
        perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

        perf_output_end(&handle);
}

static int
__perf_event_account_interrupt(struct perf_event *event, int throttle)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
        int ret = 0;
        u64 seq;

        seq = __this_cpu_read(perf_throttled_seq);
        if (seq != hwc->interrupts_seq) {
                hwc->interrupts_seq = seq;
                hwc->interrupts = 1;
        } else {
                hwc->interrupts++;
                if (unlikely(throttle
                             && hwc->interrupts >= max_samples_per_tick)) {
                        __this_cpu_inc(perf_throttled_count);
                        tick_dep_set_cpu(smp_processor_id(), TICK_DEP_BIT_PERF_EVENTS);
                        hwc->interrupts = MAX_INTERRUPTS;
                        perf_log_throttle(event, 0);
                        ret = 1;
                }
        }

        if (event->attr.freq) {
                u64 now = perf_clock();
                s64 delta = now - hwc->freq_time_stamp;

                hwc->freq_time_stamp = now;

                if (delta > 0 && delta < 2*TICK_NSEC)
                        perf_adjust_period(event, delta, hwc->last_period, true);
        }

        return ret;
}

int perf_event_account_interrupt(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return __perf_event_account_interrupt(event, 1);
}

/*
 * Generic event overflow handling, sampling.
 */

static int __perf_event_overflow(struct perf_event *event,
                                   int throttle, struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                   struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        int events = atomic_read(&event->event_limit);
        int ret = 0;

        /*
         * Non-sampling counters might still use the PMI to fold short
         * hardware counters, ignore those.
         */
        if (unlikely(!is_sampling_event(event)))
                return 0;

        ret = __perf_event_account_interrupt(event, throttle);

        /*
         * XXX event_limit might not quite work as expected on inherited
         * events
         */

        event->pending_kill = POLL_IN;
        if (events && atomic_dec_and_test(&event->event_limit)) {
                ret = 1;
                event->pending_kill = POLL_HUP;

                perf_event_disable_inatomic(event);
        }

        READ_ONCE(event->overflow_handler)(event, data, regs);

        if (*perf_event_fasync(event) && event->pending_kill) {
                event->pending_wakeup = 1;
                irq_work_queue(&event->pending);
        }

        return ret;
}

int perf_event_overflow(struct perf_event *event,
                          struct perf_sample_data *data,
                          struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        return __perf_event_overflow(event, 1, data, regs);
}

/*
 * Generic software event infrastructure
 */

struct swevent_htable {
        struct swevent_hlist            *swevent_hlist;
        struct mutex                    hlist_mutex;
        int                             hlist_refcount;

        /* Recursion avoidance in each contexts */
        int                             recursion[PERF_NR_CONTEXTS];
};

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct swevent_htable, swevent_htable);

/*
 * We directly increment event->count and keep a second value in
 * event->hw.period_left to count intervals. This period event
 * is kept in the range [-sample_period, 0] so that we can use the
 * sign as trigger.
 */

u64 perf_swevent_set_period(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
        u64 period = hwc->last_period;
        u64 nr, offset;
        s64 old, val;

        hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;

again:
        old = val = local64_read(&hwc->period_left);
        if (val < 0)
                return 0;

        nr = div64_u64(period + val, period);
        offset = nr * period;
        val -= offset;
        if (local64_cmpxchg(&hwc->period_left, old, val) != old)
                goto again;

        return nr;
}

static void perf_swevent_overflow(struct perf_event *event, u64 overflow,
                                    struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                    struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
        int throttle = 0;

        if (!overflow)
                overflow = perf_swevent_set_period(event);

        if (hwc->interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS)
                return;

        for (; overflow; overflow--) {
                if (__perf_event_overflow(event, throttle,
                                            data, regs)) {
                        /*
                         * We inhibit the overflow from happening when
                         * hwc->interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS.
                         */
                        break;
                }
                throttle = 1;
        }
}

static void perf_swevent_event(struct perf_event *event, u64 nr,
                               struct perf_sample_data *data,
                               struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;

        local64_add(nr, &event->count);

        if (!regs)
                return;

        if (!is_sampling_event(event))
                return;

        if ((event->attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD) && !event->attr.freq) {
                data->period = nr;
                return perf_swevent_overflow(event, 1, data, regs);
        } else
                data->period = event->hw.last_period;

        if (nr == 1 && hwc->sample_period == 1 && !event->attr.freq)
                return perf_swevent_overflow(event, 1, data, regs);

        if (local64_add_negative(nr, &hwc->period_left))
                return;

        perf_swevent_overflow(event, 0, data, regs);
}

static int perf_exclude_event(struct perf_event *event,
                              struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        if (event->hw.state & PERF_HES_STOPPED)
                return 1;

        if (regs) {
                if (event->attr.exclude_user && user_mode(regs))
                        return 1;

                if (event->attr.exclude_kernel && !user_mode(regs))
                        return 1;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int perf_swevent_match(struct perf_event *event,
                                enum perf_type_id type,
                                u32 event_id,
                                struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        if (event->attr.type != type)
                return 0;

        if (event->attr.config != event_id)
                return 0;

        if (perf_exclude_event(event, regs))
                return 0;

        return 1;
}

static inline u64 swevent_hash(u64 type, u32 event_id)
{
        u64 val = event_id | (type << 32);

        return hash_64(val, SWEVENT_HLIST_BITS);
}

static inline struct hlist_head *
__find_swevent_head(struct swevent_hlist *hlist, u64 type, u32 event_id)
{
        u64 hash = swevent_hash(type, event_id);

        return &hlist->heads[hash];
}

/* For the read side: events when they trigger */
static inline struct hlist_head *
find_swevent_head_rcu(struct swevent_htable *swhash, u64 type, u32 event_id)
{
        struct swevent_hlist *hlist;

        hlist = rcu_dereference(swhash->swevent_hlist);
        if (!hlist)
                return NULL;

        return __find_swevent_head(hlist, type, event_id);
}

/* For the event head insertion and removal in the hlist */
static inline struct hlist_head *
find_swevent_head(struct swevent_htable *swhash, struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct swevent_hlist *hlist;
        u32 event_id = event->attr.config;
        u64 type = event->attr.type;

        /*
         * Event scheduling is always serialized against hlist allocation
         * and release. Which makes the protected version suitable here.
         * The context lock guarantees that.
         */
        hlist = rcu_dereference_protected(swhash->swevent_hlist,
                                          lockdep_is_held(&event->ctx->lock));
        if (!hlist)
                return NULL;

        return __find_swevent_head(hlist, type, event_id);
}

static void do_perf_sw_event(enum perf_type_id type, u32 event_id,
                                    u64 nr,
                                    struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                    struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash = this_cpu_ptr(&swevent_htable);
        struct perf_event *event;
        struct hlist_head *head;

        rcu_read_lock();
        head = find_swevent_head_rcu(swhash, type, event_id);
        if (!head)
                goto end;

        hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(event, head, hlist_entry) {
                if (perf_swevent_match(event, type, event_id, data, regs))
                        perf_swevent_event(event, nr, data, regs);
        }
end:
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pt_regs, __perf_regs[4]);

int perf_swevent_get_recursion_context(void)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash = this_cpu_ptr(&swevent_htable);

        return get_recursion_context(swhash->recursion);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_swevent_get_recursion_context);

void perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(int rctx)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash = this_cpu_ptr(&swevent_htable);

        put_recursion_context(swhash->recursion, rctx);
}

void ___perf_sw_event(u32 event_id, u64 nr, struct pt_regs *regs, u64 addr)
{
        struct perf_sample_data data;

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!regs))
                return;

        perf_sample_data_init(&data, addr, 0);
        do_perf_sw_event(PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, event_id, nr, &data, regs);
}

void __perf_sw_event(u32 event_id, u64 nr, struct pt_regs *regs, u64 addr)
{
        int rctx;

        preempt_disable_notrace();
        rctx = perf_swevent_get_recursion_context();
        if (unlikely(rctx < 0))
                goto fail;

        ___perf_sw_event(event_id, nr, regs, addr);

        perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(rctx);
fail:
        preempt_enable_notrace();
}

static void perf_swevent_read(struct perf_event *event)
{
}

static int perf_swevent_add(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash = this_cpu_ptr(&swevent_htable);
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
        struct hlist_head *head;

        if (is_sampling_event(event)) {
                hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;
                perf_swevent_set_period(event);
        }

        hwc->state = !(flags & PERF_EF_START);

        head = find_swevent_head(swhash, event);
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!head))
                return -EINVAL;

        hlist_add_head_rcu(&event->hlist_entry, head);
        perf_event_update_userpage(event);

        return 0;
}

static void perf_swevent_del(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        hlist_del_rcu(&event->hlist_entry);
}

static void perf_swevent_start(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        event->hw.state = 0;
}

static void perf_swevent_stop(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        event->hw.state = PERF_HES_STOPPED;
}

/* Deref the hlist from the update side */
static inline struct swevent_hlist *
swevent_hlist_deref(struct swevent_htable *swhash)
{
        return rcu_dereference_protected(swhash->swevent_hlist,
                                         lockdep_is_held(&swhash->hlist_mutex));
}

static void swevent_hlist_release(struct swevent_htable *swhash)
{
        struct swevent_hlist *hlist = swevent_hlist_deref(swhash);

        if (!hlist)
                return;

        RCU_INIT_POINTER(swhash->swevent_hlist, NULL);
        kfree_rcu(hlist, rcu_head);
}

static void swevent_hlist_put_cpu(int cpu)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);

        mutex_lock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);

        if (!--swhash->hlist_refcount)
                swevent_hlist_release(swhash);

        mutex_unlock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
}

static void swevent_hlist_put(void)
{
        int cpu;

        for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
                swevent_hlist_put_cpu(cpu);
}

static int swevent_hlist_get_cpu(int cpu)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);
        int err = 0;

        mutex_lock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
        if (!swevent_hlist_deref(swhash) &&
            cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, perf_online_mask)) {
                struct swevent_hlist *hlist;

                hlist = kzalloc(sizeof(*hlist), GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!hlist) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto exit;
                }
                rcu_assign_pointer(swhash->swevent_hlist, hlist);
        }
        swhash->hlist_refcount++;
exit:
        mutex_unlock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);

        return err;
}

static int swevent_hlist_get(void)
{
        int err, cpu, failed_cpu;

        mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
        for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
                err = swevent_hlist_get_cpu(cpu);
                if (err) {
                        failed_cpu = cpu;
                        goto fail;
                }
        }
        mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);
        return 0;
fail:
        for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
                if (cpu == failed_cpu)
                        break;
                swevent_hlist_put_cpu(cpu);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);
        return err;
}

struct static_key perf_swevent_enabled[PERF_COUNT_SW_MAX];

static void sw_perf_event_destroy(struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 event_id = event->attr.config;

        WARN_ON(event->parent);

        static_key_slow_dec(&perf_swevent_enabled[event_id]);
        swevent_hlist_put();
}

static int perf_swevent_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 event_id = event->attr.config;

        if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
                return -ENOENT;

        /*
         * no branch sampling for software events
         */
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        switch (event_id) {
        case PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK:
        case PERF_COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK:
                return -ENOENT;

        default:
                break;
        }

        if (event_id >= PERF_COUNT_SW_MAX)
                return -ENOENT;

        if (!event->parent) {
                int err;

                err = swevent_hlist_get();
                if (err)
                        return err;

                static_key_slow_inc(&perf_swevent_enabled[event_id]);
                event->destroy = sw_perf_event_destroy;
        }

        return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_swevent = {
        .task_ctx_nr    = perf_sw_context,

        .capabilities   = PERF_PMU_CAP_NO_NMI,

        .event_init     = perf_swevent_init,
        .add            = perf_swevent_add,
        .del            = perf_swevent_del,
        .start          = perf_swevent_start,
        .stop           = perf_swevent_stop,
        .read           = perf_swevent_read,
};

#ifdef CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING

static int perf_tp_filter_match(struct perf_event *event,
                                struct perf_sample_data *data)
{
        void *record = data->raw->frag.data;

        /* only top level events have filters set */
        if (event->parent)
                event = event->parent;

        if (likely(!event->filter) || filter_match_preds(event->filter, record))
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

static int perf_tp_event_match(struct perf_event *event,
                                struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        if (event->hw.state & PERF_HES_STOPPED)
                return 0;
        /*
         * If exclude_kernel, only trace user-space tracepoints (uprobes)
         */
        if (event->attr.exclude_kernel && !user_mode(regs))
                return 0;

        if (!perf_tp_filter_match(event, data))
                return 0;

        return 1;
}

void perf_trace_run_bpf_submit(void *raw_data, int size, int rctx,
                               struct trace_event_call *call, u64 count,
                               struct pt_regs *regs, struct hlist_head *head,
                               struct task_struct *task)
{
        if (bpf_prog_array_valid(call)) {
                *(struct pt_regs **)raw_data = regs;
                if (!trace_call_bpf(call, raw_data) || hlist_empty(head)) {
                        perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(rctx);
                        return;
                }
        }
        perf_tp_event(call->event.type, count, raw_data, size, regs, head,
                      rctx, task);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_trace_run_bpf_submit);

void perf_tp_event(u16 event_type, u64 count, void *record, int entry_size,
                   struct pt_regs *regs, struct hlist_head *head, int rctx,
                   struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_sample_data data;
        struct perf_event *event;

        struct perf_raw_record raw = {
                .frag = {
                        .size = entry_size,
                        .data = record,
                },
        };

        perf_sample_data_init(&data, 0, 0);
        data.raw = &raw;

        perf_trace_buf_update(record, event_type);

        hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(event, head, hlist_entry) {
                if (perf_tp_event_match(event, &data, regs))
                        perf_swevent_event(event, count, &data, regs);
        }

        /*
         * If we got specified a target task, also iterate its context and
         * deliver this event there too.
         */
        if (task && task != current) {
                struct perf_event_context *ctx;
                struct trace_entry *entry = record;

                rcu_read_lock();
                ctx = rcu_dereference(task->perf_event_ctxp[perf_sw_context]);
                if (!ctx)
                        goto unlock;

                list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
                        if (event->cpu != smp_processor_id())
                                continue;
                        if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT)
                                continue;
                        if (event->attr.config != entry->type)
                                continue;
                        if (perf_tp_event_match(event, &data, regs))
                                perf_swevent_event(event, count, &data, regs);
                }
unlock:
                rcu_read_unlock();
        }

        perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(rctx);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_tp_event);

static void tp_perf_event_destroy(struct perf_event *event)
{
        perf_trace_destroy(event);
}

static int perf_tp_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        int err;

        if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT)
                return -ENOENT;

        /*
         * no branch sampling for tracepoint events
         */
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        err = perf_trace_init(event);
        if (err)
                return err;

        event->destroy = tp_perf_event_destroy;

        return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_tracepoint = {
        .task_ctx_nr    = perf_sw_context,

        .event_init     = perf_tp_event_init,
        .add            = perf_trace_add,
        .del            = perf_trace_del,
        .start          = perf_swevent_start,
        .stop           = perf_swevent_stop,
        .read           = perf_swevent_read,
};

#if defined(CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS) || defined(CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENTS)
/*
 * Flags in config, used by dynamic PMU kprobe and uprobe
 * The flags should match following PMU_FORMAT_ATTR().
 *
 * PERF_PROBE_CONFIG_IS_RETPROBE if set, create kretprobe/uretprobe
 *                               if not set, create kprobe/uprobe
 *
 * The following values specify a reference counter (or semaphore in the
 * terminology of tools like dtrace, systemtap, etc.) Userspace Statically
 * Defined Tracepoints (USDT). Currently, we use 40 bit for the offset.
 *
 * PERF_UPROBE_REF_CTR_OFFSET_BITS      # of bits in config as th offset
 * PERF_UPROBE_REF_CTR_OFFSET_SHIFT     # of bits to shift left
 */
enum perf_probe_config {
        PERF_PROBE_CONFIG_IS_RETPROBE = 1U << 0,  /* [k,u]retprobe */
        PERF_UPROBE_REF_CTR_OFFSET_BITS = 32,
        PERF_UPROBE_REF_CTR_OFFSET_SHIFT = 64 - PERF_UPROBE_REF_CTR_OFFSET_BITS,
};

PMU_FORMAT_ATTR(retprobe, "config:0");
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS
static struct attribute *kprobe_attrs[] = {
        &format_attr_retprobe.attr,
        NULL,
};

static struct attribute_group kprobe_format_group = {
        .name = "format",
        .attrs = kprobe_attrs,
};

static const struct attribute_group *kprobe_attr_groups[] = {
        &kprobe_format_group,
        NULL,
};

static int perf_kprobe_event_init(struct perf_event *event);
static struct pmu perf_kprobe = {
        .task_ctx_nr    = perf_sw_context,
        .event_init     = perf_kprobe_event_init,
        .add            = perf_trace_add,
        .del            = perf_trace_del,
        .start          = perf_swevent_start,
        .stop           = perf_swevent_stop,
        .read           = perf_swevent_read,
        .attr_groups    = kprobe_attr_groups,
};

static int perf_kprobe_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        int err;
        bool is_retprobe;

        if (event->attr.type != perf_kprobe.type)
                return -ENOENT;

        if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
                return -EACCES;

        /*
         * no branch sampling for probe events
         */
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        is_retprobe = event->attr.config & PERF_PROBE_CONFIG_IS_RETPROBE;
        err = perf_kprobe_init(event, is_retprobe);
        if (err)
                return err;

        event->destroy = perf_kprobe_destroy;

        return 0;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS */

#ifdef CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENTS
PMU_FORMAT_ATTR(ref_ctr_offset, "config:32-63");

static struct attribute *uprobe_attrs[] = {
        &format_attr_retprobe.attr,
        &format_attr_ref_ctr_offset.attr,
        NULL,
};

static struct attribute_group uprobe_format_group = {
        .name = "format",
        .attrs = uprobe_attrs,
};

static const struct attribute_group *uprobe_attr_groups[] = {
        &uprobe_format_group,
        NULL,
};

static int perf_uprobe_event_init(struct perf_event *event);
static struct pmu perf_uprobe = {
        .task_ctx_nr    = perf_sw_context,
        .event_init     = perf_uprobe_event_init,
        .add            = perf_trace_add,
        .del            = perf_trace_del,
        .start          = perf_swevent_start,
        .stop           = perf_swevent_stop,
        .read           = perf_swevent_read,
        .attr_groups    = uprobe_attr_groups,
};

static int perf_uprobe_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        int err;
        unsigned long ref_ctr_offset;
        bool is_retprobe;

        if (event->attr.type != perf_uprobe.type)
                return -ENOENT;

        if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
                return -EACCES;

        /*
         * no branch sampling for probe events
         */
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        is_retprobe = event->attr.config & PERF_PROBE_CONFIG_IS_RETPROBE;
        ref_ctr_offset = event->attr.config >> PERF_UPROBE_REF_CTR_OFFSET_SHIFT;
        err = perf_uprobe_init(event, ref_ctr_offset, is_retprobe);
        if (err)
                return err;

        event->destroy = perf_uprobe_destroy;

        return 0;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENTS */

static inline void perf_tp_register(void)
{
        perf_pmu_register(&perf_tracepoint, "tracepoint", PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT);
#ifdef CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS
        perf_pmu_register(&perf_kprobe, "kprobe", -1);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENTS
        perf_pmu_register(&perf_uprobe, "uprobe", -1);
#endif
}

static void perf_event_free_filter(struct perf_event *event)
{
        ftrace_profile_free_filter(event);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL
static void bpf_overflow_handler(struct perf_event *event,
                                 struct perf_sample_data *data,
                                 struct pt_regs *regs)
{
        struct bpf_perf_event_data_kern ctx = {
                .data = data,
                .event = event,
        };
        int ret = 0;

        ctx.regs = perf_arch_bpf_user_pt_regs(regs);
        if (unlikely(__this_cpu_inc_return(bpf_prog_active) != 1))
                goto out;
        rcu_read_lock();
        ret = BPF_PROG_RUN(event->prog, &ctx);
        rcu_read_unlock();
out:
        __this_cpu_dec(bpf_prog_active);
        if (!ret)
                return;

        event->orig_overflow_handler(event, data, regs);
}

static int perf_event_set_bpf_handler(struct perf_event *event, u32 prog_fd)
{
        struct bpf_prog *prog;

        if (event->overflow_handler_context)
                /* hw breakpoint or kernel counter */
                return -EINVAL;

        if (event->prog)
                return -EEXIST;

        prog = bpf_prog_get_type(prog_fd, BPF_PROG_TYPE_PERF_EVENT);
        if (IS_ERR(prog))
                return PTR_ERR(prog);

        event->prog = prog;
        event->orig_overflow_handler = READ_ONCE(event->overflow_handler);
        WRITE_ONCE(event->overflow_handler, bpf_overflow_handler);
        return 0;
}

static void perf_event_free_bpf_handler(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct bpf_prog *prog = event->prog;

        if (!prog)
                return;

        WRITE_ONCE(event->overflow_handler, event->orig_overflow_handler);
        event->prog = NULL;
        bpf_prog_put(prog);
}
#else
static int perf_event_set_bpf_handler(struct perf_event *event, u32 prog_fd)
{
        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
}
static void perf_event_free_bpf_handler(struct perf_event *event)
{
}
#endif

/*
 * returns true if the event is a tracepoint, or a kprobe/upprobe created
 * with perf_event_open()
 */
static inline bool perf_event_is_tracing(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (event->pmu == &perf_tracepoint)
                return true;
#ifdef CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS
        if (event->pmu == &perf_kprobe)
                return true;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UPROBE_EVENTS
        if (event->pmu == &perf_uprobe)
                return true;
#endif
        return false;
}

static int perf_event_set_bpf_prog(struct perf_event *event, u32 prog_fd)
{
        bool is_kprobe, is_tracepoint, is_syscall_tp;
        struct bpf_prog *prog;
        int ret;

        if (!perf_event_is_tracing(event))
                return perf_event_set_bpf_handler(event, prog_fd);

        is_kprobe = event->tp_event->flags & TRACE_EVENT_FL_UKPROBE;
        is_tracepoint = event->tp_event->flags & TRACE_EVENT_FL_TRACEPOINT;
        is_syscall_tp = is_syscall_trace_event(event->tp_event);
        if (!is_kprobe && !is_tracepoint && !is_syscall_tp)
                /* bpf programs can only be attached to u/kprobe or tracepoint */
                return -EINVAL;

        prog = bpf_prog_get(prog_fd);
        if (IS_ERR(prog))
                return PTR_ERR(prog);

        if ((is_kprobe && prog->type != BPF_PROG_TYPE_KPROBE) ||
            (is_tracepoint && prog->type != BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT) ||
            (is_syscall_tp && prog->type != BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT)) {
                /* valid fd, but invalid bpf program type */
                bpf_prog_put(prog);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        /* Kprobe override only works for kprobes, not uprobes. */
        if (prog->kprobe_override &&
            !(event->tp_event->flags & TRACE_EVENT_FL_KPROBE)) {
                bpf_prog_put(prog);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (is_tracepoint || is_syscall_tp) {
                int off = trace_event_get_offsets(event->tp_event);

                if (prog->aux->max_ctx_offset > off) {
                        bpf_prog_put(prog);
                        return -EACCES;
                }
        }

        ret = perf_event_attach_bpf_prog(event, prog);
        if (ret)
                bpf_prog_put(prog);
        return ret;
}

static void perf_event_free_bpf_prog(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (!perf_event_is_tracing(event)) {
                perf_event_free_bpf_handler(event);
                return;
        }
        perf_event_detach_bpf_prog(event);
}

#else

static inline void perf_tp_register(void)
{
}

static void perf_event_free_filter(struct perf_event *event)
{
}

static int perf_event_set_bpf_prog(struct perf_event *event, u32 prog_fd)
{
        return -ENOENT;
}

static void perf_event_free_bpf_prog(struct perf_event *event)
{
}
#endif /* CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING */

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT
void perf_bp_event(struct perf_event *bp, void *data)
{
        struct perf_sample_data sample;
        struct pt_regs *regs = data;

        perf_sample_data_init(&sample, bp->attr.bp_addr, 0);

        if (!bp->hw.state && !perf_exclude_event(bp, regs))
                perf_swevent_event(bp, 1, &sample, regs);
}
#endif

/*
 * Allocate a new address filter
 */
static struct perf_addr_filter *
perf_addr_filter_new(struct perf_event *event, struct list_head *filters)
{
        int node = cpu_to_node(event->cpu == -1 ? 0 : event->cpu);
        struct perf_addr_filter *filter;

        filter = kzalloc_node(sizeof(*filter), GFP_KERNEL, node);
        if (!filter)
                return NULL;

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&filter->entry);
        list_add_tail(&filter->entry, filters);

        return filter;
}

static void free_filters_list(struct list_head *filters)
{
        struct perf_addr_filter *filter, *iter;

        list_for_each_entry_safe(filter, iter, filters, entry) {
                path_put(&filter->path);
                list_del(&filter->entry);
                kfree(filter);
        }
}

/*
 * Free existing address filters and optionally install new ones
 */
static void perf_addr_filters_splice(struct perf_event *event,
                                     struct list_head *head)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        LIST_HEAD(list);

        if (!has_addr_filter(event))
                return;

        /* don't bother with children, they don't have their own filters */
        if (event->parent)
                return;

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&event->addr_filters.lock, flags);

        list_splice_init(&event->addr_filters.list, &list);
        if (head)
                list_splice(head, &event->addr_filters.list);

        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&event->addr_filters.lock, flags);

        free_filters_list(&list);
}

/*
 * Scan through mm's vmas and see if one of them matches the
 * @filter; if so, adjust filter's address range.
 * Called with mm::mmap_sem down for reading.
 */
static void perf_addr_filter_apply(struct perf_addr_filter *filter,
                                   struct mm_struct *mm,
                                   struct perf_addr_filter_range *fr)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;

        for (vma = mm->mmap; vma; vma = vma->vm_next) {
                if (!vma->vm_file)
                        continue;

                if (perf_addr_filter_vma_adjust(filter, vma, fr))
                        return;
        }
}

/*
 * Update event's address range filters based on the
 * task's existing mappings, if any.
 */
static void perf_event_addr_filters_apply(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_addr_filters_head *ifh = perf_event_addr_filters(event);
        struct task_struct *task = READ_ONCE(event->ctx->task);
        struct perf_addr_filter *filter;
        struct mm_struct *mm = NULL;
        unsigned int count = 0;
        unsigned long flags;

        /*
         * We may observe TASK_TOMBSTONE, which means that the event tear-down
         * will stop on the parent's child_mutex that our caller is also holding
         */
        if (task == TASK_TOMBSTONE)
                return;

        if (ifh->nr_file_filters) {
                mm = get_task_mm(event->ctx->task);
                if (!mm)
                        goto restart;

                down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
        }

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ifh->lock, flags);
        list_for_each_entry(filter, &ifh->list, entry) {
                if (filter->path.dentry) {
                        /*
                         * Adjust base offset if the filter is associated to a
                         * binary that needs to be mapped:
                         */
                        event->addr_filter_ranges[count].start = 0;
                        event->addr_filter_ranges[count].size = 0;

                        perf_addr_filter_apply(filter, mm, &event->addr_filter_ranges[count]);
                } else {
                        event->addr_filter_ranges[count].start = filter->offset;
                        event->addr_filter_ranges[count].size  = filter->size;
                }

                count++;
        }

        event->addr_filters_gen++;
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ifh->lock, flags);

        if (ifh->nr_file_filters) {
                up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);

                mmput(mm);
        }

restart:
        perf_event_stop(event, 1);
}

/*
 * Address range filtering: limiting the data to certain
 * instruction address ranges. Filters are ioctl()ed to us from
 * userspace as ascii strings.
 *
 * Filter string format:
 *
 * ACTION RANGE_SPEC
 * where ACTION is one of the
 *  * "filter": limit the trace to this region
 *  * "start": start tracing from this address
 *  * "stop": stop tracing at this address/region;
 * RANGE_SPEC is
 *  * for kernel addresses: <start address>[/<size>]
 *  * for object files:     <start address>[/<size>]@</path/to/object/file>
 *
 * if <size> is not specified or is zero, the range is treated as a single
 * address; not valid for ACTION=="filter".
 */
enum {
        IF_ACT_NONE = -1,
        IF_ACT_FILTER,
        IF_ACT_START,
        IF_ACT_STOP,
        IF_SRC_FILE,
        IF_SRC_KERNEL,
        IF_SRC_FILEADDR,
        IF_SRC_KERNELADDR,
};

enum {
        IF_STATE_ACTION = 0,
        IF_STATE_SOURCE,
        IF_STATE_END,
};

static const match_table_t if_tokens = {
        { IF_ACT_FILTER,        "filter" },
        { IF_ACT_START,         "start" },
        { IF_ACT_STOP,          "stop" },
        { IF_SRC_FILE,          "%u/%u@%s" },
        { IF_SRC_KERNEL,        "%u/%u" },
        { IF_SRC_FILEADDR,      "%u@%s" },
        { IF_SRC_KERNELADDR,    "%u" },
        { IF_ACT_NONE,          NULL },
};

/*
 * Address filter string parser
 */
static int
perf_event_parse_addr_filter(struct perf_event *event, char *fstr,
                             struct list_head *filters)
{
        struct perf_addr_filter *filter = NULL;
        char *start, *orig, *filename = NULL;
        substring_t args[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
        int state = IF_STATE_ACTION, token;
        unsigned int kernel = 0;
        int ret = -EINVAL;

        orig = fstr = kstrdup(fstr, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!fstr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        while ((start = strsep(&fstr, " ,\n")) != NULL) {
                static const enum perf_addr_filter_action_t actions[] = {
                        [IF_ACT_FILTER] = PERF_ADDR_FILTER_ACTION_FILTER,
                        [IF_ACT_START]  = PERF_ADDR_FILTER_ACTION_START,
                        [IF_ACT_STOP]   = PERF_ADDR_FILTER_ACTION_STOP,
                };
                ret = -EINVAL;

                if (!*start)
                        continue;

                /* filter definition begins */
                if (state == IF_STATE_ACTION) {
                        filter = perf_addr_filter_new(event, filters);
                        if (!filter)
                                goto fail;
                }

                token = match_token(start, if_tokens, args);
                switch (token) {
                case IF_ACT_FILTER:
                case IF_ACT_START:
                case IF_ACT_STOP:
                        if (state != IF_STATE_ACTION)
                                goto fail;

                        filter->action = actions[token];
                        state = IF_STATE_SOURCE;
                        break;

                case IF_SRC_KERNELADDR:
                case IF_SRC_KERNEL:
                        kernel = 1;
                        /* fall through */

                case IF_SRC_FILEADDR:
                case IF_SRC_FILE:
                        if (state != IF_STATE_SOURCE)
                                goto fail;

                        *args[0].to = 0;
                        ret = kstrtoul(args[0].from, 0, &filter->offset);
                        if (ret)
                                goto fail;

                        if (token == IF_SRC_KERNEL || token == IF_SRC_FILE) {
                                *args[1].to = 0;
                                ret = kstrtoul(args[1].from, 0, &filter->size);
                                if (ret)
                                        goto fail;
                        }

                        if (token == IF_SRC_FILE || token == IF_SRC_FILEADDR) {
                                int fpos = token == IF_SRC_FILE ? 2 : 1;

                                filename = match_strdup(&args[fpos]);
                                if (!filename) {
                                        ret = -ENOMEM;
                                        goto fail;
                                }
                        }

                        state = IF_STATE_END;
                        break;

                default:
                        goto fail;
                }

                /*
                 * Filter definition is fully parsed, validate and install it.
                 * Make sure that it doesn't contradict itself or the event's
                 * attribute.
                 */
                if (state == IF_STATE_END) {
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        if (kernel && event->attr.exclude_kernel)
                                goto fail;

                        /*
                         * ACTION "filter" must have a non-zero length region
                         * specified.
                         */
                        if (filter->action == PERF_ADDR_FILTER_ACTION_FILTER &&
                            !filter->size)
                                goto fail;

                        if (!kernel) {
                                if (!filename)
                                        goto fail;

                                /*
                                 * For now, we only support file-based filters
                                 * in per-task events; doing so for CPU-wide
                                 * events requires additional context switching
                                 * trickery, since same object code will be
                                 * mapped at different virtual addresses in
                                 * different processes.
                                 */
                                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                                if (!event->ctx->task)
                                        goto fail_free_name;

                                /* look up the path and grab its inode */
                                ret = kern_path(filename, LOOKUP_FOLLOW,
                                                &filter->path);
                                if (ret)
                                        goto fail_free_name;

                                kfree(filename);
                                filename = NULL;

                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                if (!filter->path.dentry ||
                                    !S_ISREG(d_inode(filter->path.dentry)
                                             ->i_mode))
                                        goto fail;

                                event->addr_filters.nr_file_filters++;
                        }

                        /* ready to consume more filters */
                        state = IF_STATE_ACTION;
                        filter = NULL;
                }
        }

        if (state != IF_STATE_ACTION)
                goto fail;

        kfree(orig);

        return 0;

fail_free_name:
        kfree(filename);
fail:
        free_filters_list(filters);
        kfree(orig);

        return ret;
}

static int
perf_event_set_addr_filter(struct perf_event *event, char *filter_str)
{
        LIST_HEAD(filters);
        int ret;

        /*
         * Since this is called in perf_ioctl() path, we're already holding
         * ctx::mutex.
         */
        lockdep_assert_held(&event->ctx->mutex);

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(event->parent))
                return -EINVAL;

        ret = perf_event_parse_addr_filter(event, filter_str, &filters);
        if (ret)
                goto fail_clear_files;

        ret = event->pmu->addr_filters_validate(&filters);
        if (ret)
                goto fail_free_filters;

        /* remove existing filters, if any */
        perf_addr_filters_splice(event, &filters);

        /* install new filters */
        perf_event_for_each_child(event, perf_event_addr_filters_apply);

        return ret;

fail_free_filters:
        free_filters_list(&filters);

fail_clear_files:
        event->addr_filters.nr_file_filters = 0;

        return ret;
}

static int perf_event_set_filter(struct perf_event *event, void __user *arg)
{
        int ret = -EINVAL;
        char *filter_str;

        filter_str = strndup_user(arg, PAGE_SIZE);
        if (IS_ERR(filter_str))
                return PTR_ERR(filter_str);

#ifdef CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING
        if (perf_event_is_tracing(event)) {
                struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

                /*
                 * Beware, here be dragons!!
                 *
                 * the tracepoint muck will deadlock against ctx->mutex, but
                 * the tracepoint stuff does not actually need it. So
                 * temporarily drop ctx->mutex. As per perf_event_ctx_lock() we
                 * already have a reference on ctx.
                 *
                 * This can result in event getting moved to a different ctx,
                 * but that does not affect the tracepoint state.
                 */
                mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
                ret = ftrace_profile_set_filter(event, event->attr.config, filter_str);
                mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
        } else
#endif
        if (has_addr_filter(event))
                ret = perf_event_set_addr_filter(event, filter_str);

        kfree(filter_str);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * hrtimer based swevent callback
 */

static enum hrtimer_restart perf_swevent_hrtimer(struct hrtimer *hrtimer)
{
        enum hrtimer_restart ret = HRTIMER_RESTART;
        struct perf_sample_data data;
        struct pt_regs *regs;
        struct perf_event *event;
        u64 period;

        event = container_of(hrtimer, struct perf_event, hw.hrtimer);

        if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
                return HRTIMER_NORESTART;

        event->pmu->read(event);

        perf_sample_data_init(&data, 0, event->hw.last_period);
        regs = get_irq_regs();

        if (regs && !perf_exclude_event(event, regs)) {
                if (!(event->attr.exclude_idle && is_idle_task(current)))
                        if (__perf_event_overflow(event, 1, &data, regs))
                                ret = HRTIMER_NORESTART;
        }

        period = max_t(u64, 10000, event->hw.sample_period);
        hrtimer_forward_now(hrtimer, ns_to_ktime(period));

        return ret;
}

static void perf_swevent_start_hrtimer(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
        s64 period;

        if (!is_sampling_event(event))
                return;

        period = local64_read(&hwc->period_left);
        if (period) {
                if (period < 0)
                        period = 10000;

                local64_set(&hwc->period_left, 0);
        } else {
                period = max_t(u64, 10000, hwc->sample_period);
        }
        hrtimer_start(&hwc->hrtimer, ns_to_ktime(period),
                      HRTIMER_MODE_REL_PINNED_HARD);
}

static void perf_swevent_cancel_hrtimer(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;

        if (is_sampling_event(event)) {
                ktime_t remaining = hrtimer_get_remaining(&hwc->hrtimer);
                local64_set(&hwc->period_left, ktime_to_ns(remaining));

                hrtimer_cancel(&hwc->hrtimer);
        }
}

static void perf_swevent_init_hrtimer(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;

        if (!is_sampling_event(event))
                return;

        hrtimer_init(&hwc->hrtimer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_REL_HARD);
        hwc->hrtimer.function = perf_swevent_hrtimer;

        /*
         * Since hrtimers have a fixed rate, we can do a static freq->period
         * mapping and avoid the whole period adjust feedback stuff.
         */
        if (event->attr.freq) {
                long freq = event->attr.sample_freq;

                event->attr.sample_period = NSEC_PER_SEC / freq;
                hwc->sample_period = event->attr.sample_period;
                local64_set(&hwc->period_left, hwc->sample_period);
                hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;
                event->attr.freq = 0;
        }
}

/*
 * Software event: cpu wall time clock
 */

static void cpu_clock_event_update(struct perf_event *event)
{
        s64 prev;
        u64 now;

        now = local_clock();
        prev = local64_xchg(&event->hw.prev_count, now);
        local64_add(now - prev, &event->count);
}

static void cpu_clock_event_start(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        local64_set(&event->hw.prev_count, local_clock());
        perf_swevent_start_hrtimer(event);
}

static void cpu_clock_event_stop(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        perf_swevent_cancel_hrtimer(event);
        cpu_clock_event_update(event);
}

static int cpu_clock_event_add(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        if (flags & PERF_EF_START)
                cpu_clock_event_start(event, flags);
        perf_event_update_userpage(event);

        return 0;
}

static void cpu_clock_event_del(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        cpu_clock_event_stop(event, flags);
}

static void cpu_clock_event_read(struct perf_event *event)
{
        cpu_clock_event_update(event);
}

static int cpu_clock_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
                return -ENOENT;

        if (event->attr.config != PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK)
                return -ENOENT;

        /*
         * no branch sampling for software events
         */
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        perf_swevent_init_hrtimer(event);

        return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_cpu_clock = {
        .task_ctx_nr    = perf_sw_context,

        .capabilities   = PERF_PMU_CAP_NO_NMI,

        .event_init     = cpu_clock_event_init,
        .add            = cpu_clock_event_add,
        .del            = cpu_clock_event_del,
        .start          = cpu_clock_event_start,
        .stop           = cpu_clock_event_stop,
        .read           = cpu_clock_event_read,
};

/*
 * Software event: task time clock
 */

static void task_clock_event_update(struct perf_event *event, u64 now)
{
        u64 prev;
        s64 delta;

        prev = local64_xchg(&event->hw.prev_count, now);
        delta = now - prev;
        local64_add(delta, &event->count);
}

static void task_clock_event_start(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        local64_set(&event->hw.prev_count, event->ctx->time);
        perf_swevent_start_hrtimer(event);
}

static void task_clock_event_stop(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        perf_swevent_cancel_hrtimer(event);
        task_clock_event_update(event, event->ctx->time);
}

static int task_clock_event_add(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        if (flags & PERF_EF_START)
                task_clock_event_start(event, flags);
        perf_event_update_userpage(event);

        return 0;
}

static void task_clock_event_del(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
        task_clock_event_stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);
}

static void task_clock_event_read(struct perf_event *event)
{
        u64 now = perf_clock();
        u64 delta = now - event->ctx->timestamp;
        u64 time = event->ctx->time + delta;

        task_clock_event_update(event, time);
}

static int task_clock_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
                return -ENOENT;

        if (event->attr.config != PERF_COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK)
                return -ENOENT;

        /*
         * no branch sampling for software events
         */
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        perf_swevent_init_hrtimer(event);

        return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_task_clock = {
        .task_ctx_nr    = perf_sw_context,

        .capabilities   = PERF_PMU_CAP_NO_NMI,

        .event_init     = task_clock_event_init,
        .add            = task_clock_event_add,
        .del            = task_clock_event_del,
        .start          = task_clock_event_start,
        .stop           = task_clock_event_stop,
        .read           = task_clock_event_read,
};

static void perf_pmu_nop_void(struct pmu *pmu)
{
}

static void perf_pmu_nop_txn(struct pmu *pmu, unsigned int flags)
{
}

static int perf_pmu_nop_int(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        return 0;
}

static int perf_event_nop_int(struct perf_event *event, u64 value)
{
        return 0;
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned int, nop_txn_flags);

static void perf_pmu_start_txn(struct pmu *pmu, unsigned int flags)
{
        __this_cpu_write(nop_txn_flags, flags);

        if (flags & ~PERF_PMU_TXN_ADD)
                return;

        perf_pmu_disable(pmu);
}

static int perf_pmu_commit_txn(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        unsigned int flags = __this_cpu_read(nop_txn_flags);

        __this_cpu_write(nop_txn_flags, 0);

        if (flags & ~PERF_PMU_TXN_ADD)
                return 0;

        perf_pmu_enable(pmu);
        return 0;
}

static void perf_pmu_cancel_txn(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        unsigned int flags =  __this_cpu_read(nop_txn_flags);

        __this_cpu_write(nop_txn_flags, 0);

        if (flags & ~PERF_PMU_TXN_ADD)
                return;

        perf_pmu_enable(pmu);
}

static int perf_event_idx_default(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Ensures all contexts with the same task_ctx_nr have the same
 * pmu_cpu_context too.
 */
static struct perf_cpu_context __percpu *find_pmu_context(int ctxn)
{
        struct pmu *pmu;

        if (ctxn < 0)
                return NULL;

        list_for_each_entry(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
                if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == ctxn)
                        return pmu->pmu_cpu_context;
        }

        return NULL;
}

static void free_pmu_context(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        /*
         * Static contexts such as perf_sw_context have a global lifetime
         * and may be shared between different PMUs. Avoid freeing them
         * when a single PMU is going away.
         */
        if (pmu->task_ctx_nr > perf_invalid_context)
                return;

        free_percpu(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
}

/*
 * Let userspace know that this PMU supports address range filtering:
 */
static ssize_t nr_addr_filters_show(struct device *dev,
                                    struct device_attribute *attr,
                                    char *page)
{
        struct pmu *pmu = dev_get_drvdata(dev);

        return snprintf(page, PAGE_SIZE - 1, "%d\n", pmu->nr_addr_filters);
}
DEVICE_ATTR_RO(nr_addr_filters);

static struct idr pmu_idr;

static ssize_t
type_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *page)
{
        struct pmu *pmu = dev_get_drvdata(dev);

        return snprintf(page, PAGE_SIZE-1, "%d\n", pmu->type);
}
static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(type);

static ssize_t
perf_event_mux_interval_ms_show(struct device *dev,
                                struct device_attribute *attr,
                                char *page)
{
        struct pmu *pmu = dev_get_drvdata(dev);

        return snprintf(page, PAGE_SIZE-1, "%d\n", pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms);
}

static DEFINE_MUTEX(mux_interval_mutex);

static ssize_t
perf_event_mux_interval_ms_store(struct device *dev,
                                 struct device_attribute *attr,
                                 const char *buf, size_t count)
{
        struct pmu *pmu = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
        int timer, cpu, ret;

        ret = kstrtoint(buf, 0, &timer);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        if (timer < 1)
                return -EINVAL;

        /* same value, noting to do */
        if (timer == pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms)
                return count;

        mutex_lock(&mux_interval_mutex);
        pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms = timer;

        /* update all cpuctx for this PMU */
        cpus_read_lock();
        for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
                cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
                cpuctx->hrtimer_interval = ns_to_ktime(NSEC_PER_MSEC * timer);

                cpu_function_call(cpu,
                        (remote_function_f)perf_mux_hrtimer_restart, cpuctx);
        }
        cpus_read_unlock();
        mutex_unlock(&mux_interval_mutex);

        return count;
}
static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(perf_event_mux_interval_ms);

static struct attribute *pmu_dev_attrs[] = {
        &dev_attr_type.attr,
        &dev_attr_perf_event_mux_interval_ms.attr,
        NULL,
};
ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(pmu_dev);

static int pmu_bus_running;
static struct bus_type pmu_bus = {
        .name           = "event_source",
        .dev_groups     = pmu_dev_groups,
};

static void pmu_dev_release(struct device *dev)
{
        kfree(dev);
}

static int pmu_dev_alloc(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        int ret = -ENOMEM;

        pmu->dev = kzalloc(sizeof(struct device), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!pmu->dev)
                goto out;

        pmu->dev->groups = pmu->attr_groups;
        device_initialize(pmu->dev);
        ret = dev_set_name(pmu->dev, "%s", pmu->name);
        if (ret)
                goto free_dev;

        dev_set_drvdata(pmu->dev, pmu);
        pmu->dev->bus = &pmu_bus;
        pmu->dev->release = pmu_dev_release;
        ret = device_add(pmu->dev);
        if (ret)
                goto free_dev;

        /* For PMUs with address filters, throw in an extra attribute: */
        if (pmu->nr_addr_filters)
                ret = device_create_file(pmu->dev, &dev_attr_nr_addr_filters);

        if (ret)
                goto del_dev;

        if (pmu->attr_update)
                ret = sysfs_update_groups(&pmu->dev->kobj, pmu->attr_update);

        if (ret)
                goto del_dev;

out:
        return ret;

del_dev:
        device_del(pmu->dev);

free_dev:
        put_device(pmu->dev);
        goto out;
}

static struct lock_class_key cpuctx_mutex;
static struct lock_class_key cpuctx_lock;

int perf_pmu_register(struct pmu *pmu, const char *name, int type)
{
        int cpu, ret, max = PERF_TYPE_MAX;

        mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
        ret = -ENOMEM;
        pmu->pmu_disable_count = alloc_percpu(int);
        if (!pmu->pmu_disable_count)
                goto unlock;

        pmu->type = -1;
        if (!name)
                goto skip_type;
        pmu->name = name;

        if (type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE) {
                if (type >= 0)
                        max = type;

                ret = idr_alloc(&pmu_idr, pmu, max, 0, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (ret < 0)
                        goto free_pdc;

                WARN_ON(type >= 0 && ret != type);

                type = ret;
        }
        pmu->type = type;

        if (pmu_bus_running) {
                ret = pmu_dev_alloc(pmu);
                if (ret)
                        goto free_idr;
        }

skip_type:
        if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_hw_context) {
                static int hw_context_taken = 0;

                /*
                 * Other than systems with heterogeneous CPUs, it never makes
                 * sense for two PMUs to share perf_hw_context. PMUs which are
                 * uncore must use perf_invalid_context.
                 */
                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(hw_context_taken &&
                    !(pmu->capabilities & PERF_PMU_CAP_HETEROGENEOUS_CPUS)))
                        pmu->task_ctx_nr = perf_invalid_context;

                hw_context_taken = 1;
        }

        pmu->pmu_cpu_context = find_pmu_context(pmu->task_ctx_nr);
        if (pmu->pmu_cpu_context)
                goto got_cpu_context;

        ret = -ENOMEM;
        pmu->pmu_cpu_context = alloc_percpu(struct perf_cpu_context);
        if (!pmu->pmu_cpu_context)
                goto free_dev;

        for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;

                cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
                __perf_event_init_context(&cpuctx->ctx);
                lockdep_set_class(&cpuctx->ctx.mutex, &cpuctx_mutex);
                lockdep_set_class(&cpuctx->ctx.lock, &cpuctx_lock);
                cpuctx->ctx.pmu = pmu;
                cpuctx->online = cpumask_test_cpu(cpu, perf_online_mask);

                __perf_mux_hrtimer_init(cpuctx, cpu);

                cpuctx->heap_size = ARRAY_SIZE(cpuctx->heap_default);
                cpuctx->heap = cpuctx->heap_default;
        }

got_cpu_context:
        if (!pmu->start_txn) {
                if (pmu->pmu_enable) {
                        /*
                         * If we have pmu_enable/pmu_disable calls, install
                         * transaction stubs that use that to try and batch
                         * hardware accesses.
                         */
                        pmu->start_txn  = perf_pmu_start_txn;
                        pmu->commit_txn = perf_pmu_commit_txn;
                        pmu->cancel_txn = perf_pmu_cancel_txn;
                } else {
                        pmu->start_txn  = perf_pmu_nop_txn;
                        pmu->commit_txn = perf_pmu_nop_int;
                        pmu->cancel_txn = perf_pmu_nop_void;
                }
        }

        if (!pmu->pmu_enable) {
                pmu->pmu_enable  = perf_pmu_nop_void;
                pmu->pmu_disable = perf_pmu_nop_void;
        }

        if (!pmu->check_period)
                pmu->check_period = perf_event_nop_int;

        if (!pmu->event_idx)
                pmu->event_idx = perf_event_idx_default;

        /*
         * Ensure the TYPE_SOFTWARE PMUs are at the head of the list,
         * since these cannot be in the IDR. This way the linear search
         * is fast, provided a valid software event is provided.
         */
        if (type == PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE || !name)
                list_add_rcu(&pmu->entry, &pmus);
        else
                list_add_tail_rcu(&pmu->entry, &pmus);

        atomic_set(&pmu->exclusive_cnt, 0);
        ret = 0;
unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);

        return ret;

free_dev:
        device_del(pmu->dev);
        put_device(pmu->dev);

free_idr:
        if (pmu->type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
                idr_remove(&pmu_idr, pmu->type);

free_pdc:
        free_percpu(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
        goto unlock;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_pmu_register);

void perf_pmu_unregister(struct pmu *pmu)
{
        mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
        list_del_rcu(&pmu->entry);

        /*
         * We dereference the pmu list under both SRCU and regular RCU, so
         * synchronize against both of those.
         */
        synchronize_srcu(&pmus_srcu);
        synchronize_rcu();

        free_percpu(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
        if (pmu->type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
                idr_remove(&pmu_idr, pmu->type);
        if (pmu_bus_running) {
                if (pmu->nr_addr_filters)
                        device_remove_file(pmu->dev, &dev_attr_nr_addr_filters);
                device_del(pmu->dev);
                put_device(pmu->dev);
        }
        free_pmu_context(pmu);
        mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_pmu_unregister);

static inline bool has_extended_regs(struct perf_event *event)
{
        return (event->attr.sample_regs_user & PERF_REG_EXTENDED_MASK) ||
               (event->attr.sample_regs_intr & PERF_REG_EXTENDED_MASK);
}

static int perf_try_init_event(struct pmu *pmu, struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = NULL;
        int ret;

        if (!try_module_get(pmu->module))
                return -ENODEV;

        /*
         * A number of pmu->event_init() methods iterate the sibling_list to,
         * for example, validate if the group fits on the PMU. Therefore,
         * if this is a sibling event, acquire the ctx->mutex to protect
         * the sibling_list.
         */
        if (event->group_leader != event && pmu->task_ctx_nr != perf_sw_context) {
                /*
                 * This ctx->mutex can nest when we're called through
                 * inheritance. See the perf_event_ctx_lock_nested() comment.
                 */
                ctx = perf_event_ctx_lock_nested(event->group_leader,
                                                 SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
                BUG_ON(!ctx);
        }

        event->pmu = pmu;
        ret = pmu->event_init(event);

        if (ctx)
                perf_event_ctx_unlock(event->group_leader, ctx);

        if (!ret) {
                if (!(pmu->capabilities & PERF_PMU_CAP_EXTENDED_REGS) &&
                    has_extended_regs(event))
                        ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;

                if (pmu->capabilities & PERF_PMU_CAP_NO_EXCLUDE &&
                    event_has_any_exclude_flag(event))
                        ret = -EINVAL;

                if (ret && event->destroy)
                        event->destroy(event);
        }

        if (ret)
                module_put(pmu->module);

        return ret;
}

static struct pmu *perf_init_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        int idx, type, ret;
        struct pmu *pmu;

        idx = srcu_read_lock(&pmus_srcu);

        /* Try parent's PMU first: */
        if (event->parent && event->parent->pmu) {
                pmu = event->parent->pmu;
                ret = perf_try_init_event(pmu, event);
                if (!ret)
                        goto unlock;
        }

        /*
         * PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE and PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE
         * are often aliases for PERF_TYPE_RAW.
         */
        type = event->attr.type;
        if (type == PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE || type == PERF_TYPE_HW_CACHE)
                type = PERF_TYPE_RAW;

again:
        rcu_read_lock();
        pmu = idr_find(&pmu_idr, type);
        rcu_read_unlock();
        if (pmu) {
                ret = perf_try_init_event(pmu, event);
                if (ret == -ENOENT && event->attr.type != type) {
                        type = event->attr.type;
                        goto again;
                }

                if (ret)
                        pmu = ERR_PTR(ret);

                goto unlock;
        }

        list_for_each_entry_rcu(pmu, &pmus, entry, lockdep_is_held(&pmus_srcu)) {
                ret = perf_try_init_event(pmu, event);
                if (!ret)
                        goto unlock;

                if (ret != -ENOENT) {
                        pmu = ERR_PTR(ret);
                        goto unlock;
                }
        }
        pmu = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
unlock:
        srcu_read_unlock(&pmus_srcu, idx);

        return pmu;
}

static void attach_sb_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        struct pmu_event_list *pel = per_cpu_ptr(&pmu_sb_events, event->cpu);

        raw_spin_lock(&pel->lock);
        list_add_rcu(&event->sb_list, &pel->list);
        raw_spin_unlock(&pel->lock);
}

/*
 * We keep a list of all !task (and therefore per-cpu) events
 * that need to receive side-band records.
 *
 * This avoids having to scan all the various PMU per-cpu contexts
 * looking for them.
 */
static void account_pmu_sb_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (is_sb_event(event))
                attach_sb_event(event);
}

static void account_event_cpu(struct perf_event *event, int cpu)
{
        if (event->parent)
                return;

        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                atomic_inc(&per_cpu(perf_cgroup_events, cpu));
}

/* Freq events need the tick to stay alive (see perf_event_task_tick). */
static void account_freq_event_nohz(void)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
        /* Lock so we don't race with concurrent unaccount */
        spin_lock(&nr_freq_lock);
        if (atomic_inc_return(&nr_freq_events) == 1)
                tick_nohz_dep_set(TICK_DEP_BIT_PERF_EVENTS);
        spin_unlock(&nr_freq_lock);
#endif
}

static void account_freq_event(void)
{
        if (tick_nohz_full_enabled())
                account_freq_event_nohz();
        else
                atomic_inc(&nr_freq_events);
}


static void account_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
        bool inc = false;

        if (event->parent)
                return;

        if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK)
                inc = true;
        if (event->attr.mmap || event->attr.mmap_data)
                atomic_inc(&nr_mmap_events);
        if (event->attr.comm)
                atomic_inc(&nr_comm_events);
        if (event->attr.namespaces)
                atomic_inc(&nr_namespaces_events);
        if (event->attr.cgroup)
                atomic_inc(&nr_cgroup_events);
        if (event->attr.task)
                atomic_inc(&nr_task_events);
        if (event->attr.freq)
                account_freq_event();
        if (event->attr.context_switch) {
                atomic_inc(&nr_switch_events);
                inc = true;
        }
        if (has_branch_stack(event))
                inc = true;
        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                inc = true;
        if (event->attr.ksymbol)
                atomic_inc(&nr_ksymbol_events);
        if (event->attr.bpf_event)
                atomic_inc(&nr_bpf_events);

        if (inc) {
                /*
                 * We need the mutex here because static_branch_enable()
                 * must complete *before* the perf_sched_count increment
                 * becomes visible.
                 */
                if (atomic_inc_not_zero(&perf_sched_count))
                        goto enabled;

                mutex_lock(&perf_sched_mutex);
                if (!atomic_read(&perf_sched_count)) {
                        static_branch_enable(&perf_sched_events);
                        /*
                         * Guarantee that all CPUs observe they key change and
                         * call the perf scheduling hooks before proceeding to
                         * install events that need them.
                         */
                        synchronize_rcu();
                }
                /*
                 * Now that we have waited for the sync_sched(), allow further
                 * increments to by-pass the mutex.
                 */
                atomic_inc(&perf_sched_count);
                mutex_unlock(&perf_sched_mutex);
        }
enabled:

        account_event_cpu(event, event->cpu);

        account_pmu_sb_event(event);
}

/*
 * Allocate and initialize an event structure
 */
static struct perf_event *
perf_event_alloc(struct perf_event_attr *attr, int cpu,
                 struct task_struct *task,
                 struct perf_event *group_leader,
                 struct perf_event *parent_event,
                 perf_overflow_handler_t overflow_handler,
                 void *context, int cgroup_fd)
{
        struct pmu *pmu;
        struct perf_event *event;
        struct hw_perf_event *hwc;
        long err = -EINVAL;

        if ((unsigned)cpu >= nr_cpu_ids) {
                if (!task || cpu != -1)
                        return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
        }

        event = kzalloc(sizeof(*event), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!event)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        /*
         * Single events are their own group leaders, with an
         * empty sibling list:
         */
        if (!group_leader)
                group_leader = event;

        mutex_init(&event->child_mutex);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->child_list);

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->event_entry);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->sibling_list);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->active_list);
        init_event_group(event);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->rb_entry);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->active_entry);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->addr_filters.list);
        INIT_HLIST_NODE(&event->hlist_entry);


        init_waitqueue_head(&event->waitq);
        event->pending_disable = -1;
        init_irq_work(&event->pending, perf_pending_event);

        mutex_init(&event->mmap_mutex);
        raw_spin_lock_init(&event->addr_filters.lock);

        atomic_long_set(&event->refcount, 1);
        event->cpu              = cpu;
        event->attr             = *attr;
        event->group_leader     = group_leader;
        event->pmu              = NULL;
        event->oncpu            = -1;

        event->parent           = parent_event;

        event->ns               = get_pid_ns(task_active_pid_ns(current));
        event->id               = atomic64_inc_return(&perf_event_id);

        event->state            = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;

        if (task) {
                event->attach_state = PERF_ATTACH_TASK;
                /*
                 * XXX pmu::event_init needs to know what task to account to
                 * and we cannot use the ctx information because we need the
                 * pmu before we get a ctx.
                 */
                event->hw.target = get_task_struct(task);
        }

        event->clock = &local_clock;
        if (parent_event)
                event->clock = parent_event->clock;

        if (!overflow_handler && parent_event) {
                overflow_handler = parent_event->overflow_handler;
                context = parent_event->overflow_handler_context;
#if defined(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) && defined(CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING)
                if (overflow_handler == bpf_overflow_handler) {
                        struct bpf_prog *prog = parent_event->prog;

                        bpf_prog_inc(prog);
                        event->prog = prog;
                        event->orig_overflow_handler =
                                parent_event->orig_overflow_handler;
                }
#endif
        }

        if (overflow_handler) {
                event->overflow_handler = overflow_handler;
                event->overflow_handler_context = context;
        } else if (is_write_backward(event)){
                event->overflow_handler = perf_event_output_backward;
                event->overflow_handler_context = NULL;
        } else {
                event->overflow_handler = perf_event_output_forward;
                event->overflow_handler_context = NULL;
        }

        perf_event__state_init(event);

        pmu = NULL;

        hwc = &event->hw;
        hwc->sample_period = attr->sample_period;
        if (attr->freq && attr->sample_freq)
                hwc->sample_period = 1;
        hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;

        local64_set(&hwc->period_left, hwc->sample_period);

        /*
         * We currently do not support PERF_SAMPLE_READ on inherited events.
         * See perf_output_read().
         */
        if (attr->inherit && (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_READ))
                goto err_ns;

        if (!has_branch_stack(event))
                event->attr.branch_sample_type = 0;

        pmu = perf_init_event(event);
        if (IS_ERR(pmu)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(pmu);
                goto err_ns;
        }

        /*
         * Disallow uncore-cgroup events, they don't make sense as the cgroup will
         * be different on other CPUs in the uncore mask.
         */
        if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_invalid_context && cgroup_fd != -1) {
                err = -EINVAL;
                goto err_pmu;
        }

        if (event->attr.aux_output &&
            !(pmu->capabilities & PERF_PMU_CAP_AUX_OUTPUT)) {
                err = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                goto err_pmu;
        }

        if (cgroup_fd != -1) {
                err = perf_cgroup_connect(cgroup_fd, event, attr, group_leader);
                if (err)
                        goto err_pmu;
        }

        err = exclusive_event_init(event);
        if (err)
                goto err_pmu;

        if (has_addr_filter(event)) {
                event->addr_filter_ranges = kcalloc(pmu->nr_addr_filters,
                                                    sizeof(struct perf_addr_filter_range),
                                                    GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!event->addr_filter_ranges) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto err_per_task;
                }

                /*
                 * Clone the parent's vma offsets: they are valid until exec()
                 * even if the mm is not shared with the parent.
                 */
                if (event->parent) {
                        struct perf_addr_filters_head *ifh = perf_event_addr_filters(event);

                        raw_spin_lock_irq(&ifh->lock);
                        memcpy(event->addr_filter_ranges,
                               event->parent->addr_filter_ranges,
                               pmu->nr_addr_filters * sizeof(struct perf_addr_filter_range));
                        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ifh->lock);
                }

                /* force hw sync on the address filters */
                event->addr_filters_gen = 1;
        }

        if (!event->parent) {
                if (event->attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) {
                        err = get_callchain_buffers(attr->sample_max_stack);
                        if (err)
                                goto err_addr_filters;
                }
        }

        err = security_perf_event_alloc(event);
        if (err)
                goto err_callchain_buffer;

        /* symmetric to unaccount_event() in _free_event() */
        account_event(event);

        return event;

err_callchain_buffer:
        if (!event->parent) {
                if (event->attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN)
                        put_callchain_buffers();
        }
err_addr_filters:
        kfree(event->addr_filter_ranges);

err_per_task:
        exclusive_event_destroy(event);

err_pmu:
        if (is_cgroup_event(event))
                perf_detach_cgroup(event);
        if (event->destroy)
                event->destroy(event);
        module_put(pmu->module);
err_ns:
        if (event->ns)
                put_pid_ns(event->ns);
        if (event->hw.target)
                put_task_struct(event->hw.target);
        kfree(event);

        return ERR_PTR(err);
}

static int perf_copy_attr(struct perf_event_attr __user *uattr,
                          struct perf_event_attr *attr)
{
        u32 size;
        int ret;

        /* Zero the full structure, so that a short copy will be nice. */
        memset(attr, 0, sizeof(*attr));

        ret = get_user(size, &uattr->size);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        /* ABI compatibility quirk: */
        if (!size)
                size = PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER0;
        if (size < PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER0 || size > PAGE_SIZE)
                goto err_size;

        ret = copy_struct_from_user(attr, sizeof(*attr), uattr, size);
        if (ret) {
                if (ret == -E2BIG)
                        goto err_size;
                return ret;
        }

        attr->size = size;

        if (attr->__reserved_1 || attr->__reserved_2 || attr->__reserved_3)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (attr->sample_type & ~(PERF_SAMPLE_MAX-1))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (attr->read_format & ~(PERF_FORMAT_MAX-1))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK) {
                u64 mask = attr->branch_sample_type;

                /* only using defined bits */
                if (mask & ~(PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_MAX-1))
                        return -EINVAL;

                /* at least one branch bit must be set */
                if (!(mask & ~PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PLM_ALL))
                        return -EINVAL;

                /* propagate priv level, when not set for branch */
                if (!(mask & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PLM_ALL)) {

                        /* exclude_kernel checked on syscall entry */
                        if (!attr->exclude_kernel)
                                mask |= PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_KERNEL;

                        if (!attr->exclude_user)
                                mask |= PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_USER;

                        if (!attr->exclude_hv)
                                mask |= PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_HV;
                        /*
                         * adjust user setting (for HW filter setup)
                         */
                        attr->branch_sample_type = mask;
                }
                /* privileged levels capture (kernel, hv): check permissions */
                if (mask & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PERM_PLM) {
                        ret = perf_allow_kernel(attr);
                        if (ret)
                                return ret;
                }
        }

        if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER) {
                ret = perf_reg_validate(attr->sample_regs_user);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }

        if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER) {
                if (!arch_perf_have_user_stack_dump())
                        return -ENOSYS;

                /*
                 * We have __u32 type for the size, but so far
                 * we can only use __u16 as maximum due to the
                 * __u16 sample size limit.
                 */
                if (attr->sample_stack_user >= USHRT_MAX)
                        return -EINVAL;
                else if (!IS_ALIGNED(attr->sample_stack_user, sizeof(u64)))
                        return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (!attr->sample_max_stack)
                attr->sample_max_stack = sysctl_perf_event_max_stack;

        if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_INTR)
                ret = perf_reg_validate(attr->sample_regs_intr);

#ifndef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
        if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CGROUP)
                return -EINVAL;
#endif

out:
        return ret;

err_size:
        put_user(sizeof(*attr), &uattr->size);
        ret = -E2BIG;
        goto out;
}

static int
perf_event_set_output(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event *output_event)
{
        struct perf_buffer *rb = NULL;
        int ret = -EINVAL;

        if (!output_event)
                goto set;

        /* don't allow circular references */
        if (event == output_event)
                goto out;

        /*
         * Don't allow cross-cpu buffers
         */
        if (output_event->cpu != event->cpu)
                goto out;

        /*
         * If its not a per-cpu rb, it must be the same task.
         */
        if (output_event->cpu == -1 && output_event->ctx != event->ctx)
                goto out;

        /*
         * Mixing clocks in the same buffer is trouble you don't need.
         */
        if (output_event->clock != event->clock)
                goto out;

        /*
         * Either writing ring buffer from beginning or from end.
         * Mixing is not allowed.
         */
        if (is_write_backward(output_event) != is_write_backward(event))
                goto out;

        /*
         * If both events generate aux data, they must be on the same PMU
         */
        if (has_aux(event) && has_aux(output_event) &&
            event->pmu != output_event->pmu)
                goto out;

set:
        mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
        /* Can't redirect output if we've got an active mmap() */
        if (atomic_read(&event->mmap_count))
                goto unlock;

        if (output_event) {
                /* get the rb we want to redirect to */
                rb = ring_buffer_get(output_event);
                if (!rb)
                        goto unlock;
        }

        ring_buffer_attach(event, rb);

        ret = 0;
unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);

out:
        return ret;
}

static void mutex_lock_double(struct mutex *a, struct mutex *b)
{
        if (b < a)
                swap(a, b);

        mutex_lock(a);
        mutex_lock_nested(b, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
}

static int perf_event_set_clock(struct perf_event *event, clockid_t clk_id)
{
        bool nmi_safe = false;

        switch (clk_id) {
        case CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
                event->clock = &ktime_get_mono_fast_ns;
                nmi_safe = true;
                break;

        case CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW:
                event->clock = &ktime_get_raw_fast_ns;
                nmi_safe = true;
                break;

        case CLOCK_REALTIME:
                event->clock = &ktime_get_real_ns;
                break;

        case CLOCK_BOOTTIME:
                event->clock = &ktime_get_boottime_ns;
                break;

        case CLOCK_TAI:
                event->clock = &ktime_get_clocktai_ns;
                break;

        default:
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (!nmi_safe && !(event->pmu->capabilities & PERF_PMU_CAP_NO_NMI))
                return -EINVAL;

        return 0;
}

/*
 * Variation on perf_event_ctx_lock_nested(), except we take two context
 * mutexes.
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
__perf_event_ctx_lock_double(struct perf_event *group_leader,
                             struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event_context *gctx;

again:
        rcu_read_lock();
        gctx = READ_ONCE(group_leader->ctx);
        if (!refcount_inc_not_zero(&gctx->refcount)) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                goto again;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        mutex_lock_double(&gctx->mutex, &ctx->mutex);

        if (group_leader->ctx != gctx) {
                mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
                mutex_unlock(&gctx->mutex);
                put_ctx(gctx);
                goto again;
        }

        return gctx;
}

/**
 * sys_perf_event_open - open a performance event, associate it to a task/cpu
 *
 * @attr_uptr:  event_id type attributes for monitoring/sampling
 * @pid:                target pid
 * @cpu:                target cpu
 * @group_fd:           group leader event fd
 */
SYSCALL_DEFINE5(perf_event_open,
                struct perf_event_attr __user *, attr_uptr,
                pid_t, pid, int, cpu, int, group_fd, unsigned long, flags)
{
        struct perf_event *group_leader = NULL, *output_event = NULL;
        struct perf_event *event, *sibling;
        struct perf_event_attr attr;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx, *uninitialized_var(gctx);
        struct file *event_file = NULL;
        struct fd group = {NULL, 0};
        struct task_struct *task = NULL;
        struct pmu *pmu;
        int event_fd;
        int move_group = 0;
        int err;
        int f_flags = O_RDWR;
        int cgroup_fd = -1;

        /* for future expandability... */
        if (flags & ~PERF_FLAG_ALL)
                return -EINVAL;

        /* Do we allow access to perf_event_open(2) ? */
        err = security_perf_event_open(&attr, PERF_SECURITY_OPEN);
        if (err)
                return err;

        err = perf_copy_attr(attr_uptr, &attr);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (!attr.exclude_kernel) {
                err = perf_allow_kernel(&attr);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }

        if (attr.namespaces) {
                if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
                        return -EACCES;
        }

        if (attr.freq) {
                if (attr.sample_freq > sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate)
                        return -EINVAL;
        } else {
                if (attr.sample_period & (1ULL << 63))
                        return -EINVAL;
        }

        /* Only privileged users can get physical addresses */
        if ((attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PHYS_ADDR)) {
                err = perf_allow_kernel(&attr);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }

        err = security_locked_down(LOCKDOWN_PERF);
        if (err && (attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_INTR))
                /* REGS_INTR can leak data, lockdown must prevent this */
                return err;

        err = 0;

        /*
         * In cgroup mode, the pid argument is used to pass the fd
         * opened to the cgroup directory in cgroupfs. The cpu argument
         * designates the cpu on which to monitor threads from that
         * cgroup.
         */
        if ((flags & PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP) && (pid == -1 || cpu == -1))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (flags & PERF_FLAG_FD_CLOEXEC)
                f_flags |= O_CLOEXEC;

        event_fd = get_unused_fd_flags(f_flags);
        if (event_fd < 0)
                return event_fd;

        if (group_fd != -1) {
                err = perf_fget_light(group_fd, &group);
                if (err)
                        goto err_fd;
                group_leader = group.file->private_data;
                if (flags & PERF_FLAG_FD_OUTPUT)
                        output_event = group_leader;
                if (flags & PERF_FLAG_FD_NO_GROUP)
                        group_leader = NULL;
        }

        if (pid != -1 && !(flags & PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP)) {
                task = find_lively_task_by_vpid(pid);
                if (IS_ERR(task)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(task);
                        goto err_group_fd;
                }
        }

        if (task && group_leader &&
            group_leader->attr.inherit != attr.inherit) {
                err = -EINVAL;
                goto err_task;
        }

        if (task) {
                err = mutex_lock_interruptible(&task->signal->exec_update_mutex);
                if (err)
                        goto err_task;

                /*
                 * Reuse ptrace permission checks for now.
                 *
                 * We must hold exec_update_mutex across this and any potential
                 * perf_install_in_context() call for this new event to
                 * serialize against exec() altering our credentials (and the
                 * perf_event_exit_task() that could imply).
                 */
                err = -EACCES;
                if (!ptrace_may_access(task, PTRACE_MODE_READ_REALCREDS))
                        goto err_cred;
        }

        if (flags & PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP)
                cgroup_fd = pid;

        event = perf_event_alloc(&attr, cpu, task, group_leader, NULL,
                                 NULL, NULL, cgroup_fd);
        if (IS_ERR(event)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(event);
                goto err_cred;
        }

        if (is_sampling_event(event)) {
                if (event->pmu->capabilities & PERF_PMU_CAP_NO_INTERRUPT) {
                        err = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                        goto err_alloc;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Special case software events and allow them to be part of
         * any hardware group.
         */
        pmu = event->pmu;

        if (attr.use_clockid) {
                err = perf_event_set_clock(event, attr.clockid);
                if (err)
                        goto err_alloc;
        }

        if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_sw_context)
                event->event_caps |= PERF_EV_CAP_SOFTWARE;

        if (group_leader) {
                if (is_software_event(event) &&
                    !in_software_context(group_leader)) {
                        /*
                         * If the event is a sw event, but the group_leader
                         * is on hw context.
                         *
                         * Allow the addition of software events to hw
                         * groups, this is safe because software events
                         * never fail to schedule.
                         */
                        pmu = group_leader->ctx->pmu;
                } else if (!is_software_event(event) &&
                           is_software_event(group_leader) &&
                           (group_leader->group_caps & PERF_EV_CAP_SOFTWARE)) {
                        /*
                         * In case the group is a pure software group, and we
                         * try to add a hardware event, move the whole group to
                         * the hardware context.
                         */
                        move_group = 1;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Get the target context (task or percpu):
         */
        ctx = find_get_context(pmu, task, event);
        if (IS_ERR(ctx)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(ctx);
                goto err_alloc;
        }

        /*
         * Look up the group leader (we will attach this event to it):
         */
        if (group_leader) {
                err = -EINVAL;

                /*
                 * Do not allow a recursive hierarchy (this new sibling
                 * becoming part of another group-sibling):
                 */
                if (group_leader->group_leader != group_leader)
                        goto err_context;

                /* All events in a group should have the same clock */
                if (group_leader->clock != event->clock)
                        goto err_context;

                /*
                 * Make sure we're both events for the same CPU;
                 * grouping events for different CPUs is broken; since
                 * you can never concurrently schedule them anyhow.
                 */
                if (group_leader->cpu != event->cpu)
                        goto err_context;

                /*
                 * Make sure we're both on the same task, or both
                 * per-CPU events.
                 */
                if (group_leader->ctx->task != ctx->task)
                        goto err_context;

                /*
                 * Do not allow to attach to a group in a different task
                 * or CPU context. If we're moving SW events, we'll fix
                 * this up later, so allow that.
                 */
                if (!move_group && group_leader->ctx != ctx)
                        goto err_context;

                /*
                 * Only a group leader can be exclusive or pinned
                 */
                if (attr.exclusive || attr.pinned)
                        goto err_context;
        }

        if (output_event) {
                err = perf_event_set_output(event, output_event);
                if (err)
                        goto err_context;
        }

        event_file = anon_inode_getfile("[perf_event]", &perf_fops, event,
                                        f_flags);
        if (IS_ERR(event_file)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(event_file);
                event_file = NULL;
                goto err_context;
        }

        if (move_group) {
                gctx = __perf_event_ctx_lock_double(group_leader, ctx);

                if (gctx->task == TASK_TOMBSTONE) {
                        err = -ESRCH;
                        goto err_locked;
                }

                /*
                 * Check if we raced against another sys_perf_event_open() call
                 * moving the software group underneath us.
                 */
                if (!(group_leader->group_caps & PERF_EV_CAP_SOFTWARE)) {
                        /*
                         * If someone moved the group out from under us, check
                         * if this new event wound up on the same ctx, if so
                         * its the regular !move_group case, otherwise fail.
                         */
                        if (gctx != ctx) {
                                err = -EINVAL;
                                goto err_locked;
                        } else {
                                perf_event_ctx_unlock(group_leader, gctx);
                                move_group = 0;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Failure to create exclusive events returns -EBUSY.
                 */
                err = -EBUSY;
                if (!exclusive_event_installable(group_leader, ctx))
                        goto err_locked;

                for_each_sibling_event(sibling, group_leader) {
                        if (!exclusive_event_installable(sibling, ctx))
                                goto err_locked;
                }
        } else {
                mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
        }

        if (ctx->task == TASK_TOMBSTONE) {
                err = -ESRCH;
                goto err_locked;
        }

        if (!perf_event_validate_size(event)) {
                err = -E2BIG;
                goto err_locked;
        }

        if (!task) {
                /*
                 * Check if the @cpu we're creating an event for is online.
                 *
                 * We use the perf_cpu_context::ctx::mutex to serialize against
                 * the hotplug notifiers. See perf_event_{init,exit}_cpu().
                 */
                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx =
                        container_of(ctx, struct perf_cpu_context, ctx);

                if (!cpuctx->online) {
                        err = -ENODEV;
                        goto err_locked;
                }
        }

        if (perf_need_aux_event(event) && !perf_get_aux_event(event, group_leader)) {
                err = -EINVAL;
                goto err_locked;
        }

        /*
         * Must be under the same ctx::mutex as perf_install_in_context(),
         * because we need to serialize with concurrent event creation.
         */
        if (!exclusive_event_installable(event, ctx)) {
                err = -EBUSY;
                goto err_locked;
        }

        WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->parent_ctx);

        /*
         * This is the point on no return; we cannot fail hereafter. This is
         * where we start modifying current state.
         */

        if (move_group) {
                /*
                 * See perf_event_ctx_lock() for comments on the details
                 * of swizzling perf_event::ctx.
                 */
                perf_remove_from_context(group_leader, 0);
                put_ctx(gctx);

                for_each_sibling_event(sibling, group_leader) {
                        perf_remove_from_context(sibling, 0);
                        put_ctx(gctx);
                }

                /*
                 * Wait for everybody to stop referencing the events through
                 * the old lists, before installing it on new lists.
                 */
                synchronize_rcu();

                /*
                 * Install the group siblings before the group leader.
                 *
                 * Because a group leader will try and install the entire group
                 * (through the sibling list, which is still in-tact), we can
                 * end up with siblings installed in the wrong context.
                 *
                 * By installing siblings first we NO-OP because they're not
                 * reachable through the group lists.
                 */
                for_each_sibling_event(sibling, group_leader) {
                        perf_event__state_init(sibling);
                        perf_install_in_context(ctx, sibling, sibling->cpu);
                        get_ctx(ctx);
                }

                /*
                 * Removing from the context ends up with disabled
                 * event. What we want here is event in the initial
                 * startup state, ready to be add into new context.
                 */
                perf_event__state_init(group_leader);
                perf_install_in_context(ctx, group_leader, group_leader->cpu);
                get_ctx(ctx);
        }

        /*
         * Precalculate sample_data sizes; do while holding ctx::mutex such
         * that we're serialized against further additions and before
         * perf_install_in_context() which is the point the event is active and
         * can use these values.
         */
        perf_event__header_size(event);
        perf_event__id_header_size(event);

        event->owner = current;

        perf_install_in_context(ctx, event, event->cpu);
        perf_unpin_context(ctx);

        if (move_group)
                perf_event_ctx_unlock(group_leader, gctx);
        mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

        if (task) {
                mutex_unlock(&task->signal->exec_update_mutex);
                put_task_struct(task);
        }

        mutex_lock(&current->perf_event_mutex);
        list_add_tail(&event->owner_entry, &current->perf_event_list);
        mutex_unlock(&current->perf_event_mutex);

        /*
         * Drop the reference on the group_event after placing the
         * new event on the sibling_list. This ensures destruction
         * of the group leader will find the pointer to itself in
         * perf_group_detach().
         */
        fdput(group);
        fd_install(event_fd, event_file);
        return event_fd;

err_locked:
        if (move_group)
                perf_event_ctx_unlock(group_leader, gctx);
        mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
/* err_file: */
        fput(event_file);
err_context:
        perf_unpin_context(ctx);
        put_ctx(ctx);
err_alloc:
        /*
         * If event_file is set, the fput() above will have called ->release()
         * and that will take care of freeing the event.
         */
        if (!event_file)
                free_event(event);
err_cred:
        if (task)
                mutex_unlock(&task->signal->exec_update_mutex);
err_task:
        if (task)
                put_task_struct(task);
err_group_fd:
        fdput(group);
err_fd:
        put_unused_fd(event_fd);
        return err;
}

/**
 * perf_event_create_kernel_counter
 *
 * @attr: attributes of the counter to create
 * @cpu: cpu in which the counter is bound
 * @task: task to profile (NULL for percpu)
 */
struct perf_event *
perf_event_create_kernel_counter(struct perf_event_attr *attr, int cpu,
                                 struct task_struct *task,
                                 perf_overflow_handler_t overflow_handler,
                                 void *context)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        struct perf_event *event;
        int err;

        /*
         * Grouping is not supported for kernel events, neither is 'AUX',
         * make sure the caller's intentions are adjusted.
         */
        if (attr->aux_output)
                return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);

        event = perf_event_alloc(attr, cpu, task, NULL, NULL,
                                 overflow_handler, context, -1);
        if (IS_ERR(event)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(event);
                goto err;
        }

        /* Mark owner so we could distinguish it from user events. */
        event->owner = TASK_TOMBSTONE;

        /*
         * Get the target context (task or percpu):
         */
        ctx = find_get_context(event->pmu, task, event);
        if (IS_ERR(ctx)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(ctx);
                goto err_free;
        }

        WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->parent_ctx);
        mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
        if (ctx->task == TASK_TOMBSTONE) {
                err = -ESRCH;
                goto err_unlock;
        }

        if (!task) {
                /*
                 * Check if the @cpu we're creating an event for is online.
                 *
                 * We use the perf_cpu_context::ctx::mutex to serialize against
                 * the hotplug notifiers. See perf_event_{init,exit}_cpu().
                 */
                struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx =
                        container_of(ctx, struct perf_cpu_context, ctx);
                if (!cpuctx->online) {
                        err = -ENODEV;
                        goto err_unlock;
                }
        }

        if (!exclusive_event_installable(event, ctx)) {
                err = -EBUSY;
                goto err_unlock;
        }

        perf_install_in_context(ctx, event, event->cpu);
        perf_unpin_context(ctx);
        mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

        return event;

err_unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
        perf_unpin_context(ctx);
        put_ctx(ctx);
err_free:
        free_event(event);
err:
        return ERR_PTR(err);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_create_kernel_counter);

void perf_pmu_migrate_context(struct pmu *pmu, int src_cpu, int dst_cpu)
{
        struct perf_event_context *src_ctx;
        struct perf_event_context *dst_ctx;
        struct perf_event *event, *tmp;
        LIST_HEAD(events);

        src_ctx = &per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, src_cpu)->ctx;
        dst_ctx = &per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, dst_cpu)->ctx;

        /*
         * See perf_event_ctx_lock() for comments on the details
         * of swizzling perf_event::ctx.
         */
        mutex_lock_double(&src_ctx->mutex, &dst_ctx->mutex);
        list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &src_ctx->event_list,
                                 event_entry) {
                perf_remove_from_context(event, 0);
                unaccount_event_cpu(event, src_cpu);
                put_ctx(src_ctx);
                list_add(&event->migrate_entry, &events);
        }

        /*
         * Wait for the events to quiesce before re-instating them.
         */
        synchronize_rcu();

        /*
         * Re-instate events in 2 passes.
         *
         * Skip over group leaders and only install siblings on this first
         * pass, siblings will not get enabled without a leader, however a
         * leader will enable its siblings, even if those are still on the old
         * context.
         */
        list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &events, migrate_entry) {
                if (event->group_leader == event)
                        continue;

                list_del(&event->migrate_entry);
                if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
                        event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
                account_event_cpu(event, dst_cpu);
                perf_install_in_context(dst_ctx, event, dst_cpu);
                get_ctx(dst_ctx);
        }

        /*
         * Once all the siblings are setup properly, install the group leaders
         * to make it go.
         */
        list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &events, migrate_entry) {
                list_del(&event->migrate_entry);
                if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
                        event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
                account_event_cpu(event, dst_cpu);
                perf_install_in_context(dst_ctx, event, dst_cpu);
                get_ctx(dst_ctx);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&dst_ctx->mutex);
        mutex_unlock(&src_ctx->mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_pmu_migrate_context);

static void sync_child_event(struct perf_event *child_event,
                               struct task_struct *child)
{
        struct perf_event *parent_event = child_event->parent;
        u64 child_val;

        if (child_event->attr.inherit_stat)
                perf_event_read_event(child_event, child);

        child_val = perf_event_count(child_event);

        /*
         * Add back the child's count to the parent's count:
         */
        atomic64_add(child_val, &parent_event->child_count);
        atomic64_add(child_event->total_time_enabled,
                     &parent_event->child_total_time_enabled);
        atomic64_add(child_event->total_time_running,
                     &parent_event->child_total_time_running);
}

static void
perf_event_exit_event(struct perf_event *child_event,
                      struct perf_event_context *child_ctx,
                      struct task_struct *child)
{
        struct perf_event *parent_event = child_event->parent;

        /*
         * Do not destroy the 'original' grouping; because of the context
         * switch optimization the original events could've ended up in a
         * random child task.
         *
         * If we were to destroy the original group, all group related
         * operations would cease to function properly after this random
         * child dies.
         *
         * Do destroy all inherited groups, we don't care about those
         * and being thorough is better.
         */
        raw_spin_lock_irq(&child_ctx->lock);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(child_ctx->is_active);

        if (parent_event)
                perf_group_detach(child_event);
        list_del_event(child_event, child_ctx);
        perf_event_set_state(child_event, PERF_EVENT_STATE_EXIT); /* is_event_hup() */
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&child_ctx->lock);

        /*
         * Parent events are governed by their filedesc, retain them.
         */
        if (!parent_event) {
                perf_event_wakeup(child_event);
                return;
        }
        /*
         * Child events can be cleaned up.
         */

        sync_child_event(child_event, child);

        /*
         * Remove this event from the parent's list
         */
        WARN_ON_ONCE(parent_event->ctx->parent_ctx);
        mutex_lock(&parent_event->child_mutex);
        list_del_init(&child_event->child_list);
        mutex_unlock(&parent_event->child_mutex);

        /*
         * Kick perf_poll() for is_event_hup().
         */
        perf_event_wakeup(parent_event);
        free_event(child_event);
        put_event(parent_event);
}

static void perf_event_exit_task_context(struct task_struct *child, int ctxn)
{
        struct perf_event_context *child_ctx, *clone_ctx = NULL;
        struct perf_event *child_event, *next;

        WARN_ON_ONCE(child != current);

        child_ctx = perf_pin_task_context(child, ctxn);
        if (!child_ctx)
                return;

        /*
         * In order to reduce the amount of tricky in ctx tear-down, we hold
         * ctx::mutex over the entire thing. This serializes against almost
         * everything that wants to access the ctx.
         *
         * The exception is sys_perf_event_open() /
         * perf_event_create_kernel_count() which does find_get_context()
         * without ctx::mutex (it cannot because of the move_group double mutex
         * lock thing). See the comments in perf_install_in_context().
         */
        mutex_lock(&child_ctx->mutex);

        /*
         * In a single ctx::lock section, de-schedule the events and detach the
         * context from the task such that we cannot ever get it scheduled back
         * in.
         */
        raw_spin_lock_irq(&child_ctx->lock);
        task_ctx_sched_out(__get_cpu_context(child_ctx), child_ctx, EVENT_ALL);

        /*
         * Now that the context is inactive, destroy the task <-> ctx relation
         * and mark the context dead.
         */
        RCU_INIT_POINTER(child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn], NULL);
        put_ctx(child_ctx); /* cannot be last */
        WRITE_ONCE(child_ctx->task, TASK_TOMBSTONE);
        put_task_struct(current); /* cannot be last */

        clone_ctx = unclone_ctx(child_ctx);
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&child_ctx->lock);

        if (clone_ctx)
                put_ctx(clone_ctx);

        /*
         * Report the task dead after unscheduling the events so that we
         * won't get any samples after PERF_RECORD_EXIT. We can however still
         * get a few PERF_RECORD_READ events.
         */
        perf_event_task(child, child_ctx, 0);

        list_for_each_entry_safe(child_event, next, &child_ctx->event_list, event_entry)
                perf_event_exit_event(child_event, child_ctx, child);

        mutex_unlock(&child_ctx->mutex);

        put_ctx(child_ctx);
}

/*
 * When a child task exits, feed back event values to parent events.
 *
 * Can be called with exec_update_mutex held when called from
 * install_exec_creds().
 */
void perf_event_exit_task(struct task_struct *child)
{
        struct perf_event *event, *tmp;
        int ctxn;

        mutex_lock(&child->perf_event_mutex);
        list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &child->perf_event_list,
                                 owner_entry) {
                list_del_init(&event->owner_entry);

                /*
                 * Ensure the list deletion is visible before we clear
                 * the owner, closes a race against perf_release() where
                 * we need to serialize on the owner->perf_event_mutex.
                 */
                smp_store_release(&event->owner, NULL);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&child->perf_event_mutex);

        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)
                perf_event_exit_task_context(child, ctxn);

        /*
         * The perf_event_exit_task_context calls perf_event_task
         * with child's task_ctx, which generates EXIT events for
         * child contexts and sets child->perf_event_ctxp[] to NULL.
         * At this point we need to send EXIT events to cpu contexts.
         */
        perf_event_task(child, NULL, 0);
}

static void perf_free_event(struct perf_event *event,
                            struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
        struct perf_event *parent = event->parent;

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!parent))
                return;

        mutex_lock(&parent->child_mutex);
        list_del_init(&event->child_list);
        mutex_unlock(&parent->child_mutex);

        put_event(parent);

        raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        perf_group_detach(event);
        list_del_event(event, ctx);
        raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
        free_event(event);
}

/*
 * Free a context as created by inheritance by perf_event_init_task() below,
 * used by fork() in case of fail.
 *
 * Even though the task has never lived, the context and events have been
 * exposed through the child_list, so we must take care tearing it all down.
 */
void perf_event_free_task(struct task_struct *task)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        struct perf_event *event, *tmp;
        int ctxn;

        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
                ctx = task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
                if (!ctx)
                        continue;

                mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
                raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
                /*
                 * Destroy the task <-> ctx relation and mark the context dead.
                 *
                 * This is important because even though the task hasn't been
                 * exposed yet the context has been (through child_list).
                 */
                RCU_INIT_POINTER(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn], NULL);
                WRITE_ONCE(ctx->task, TASK_TOMBSTONE);
                put_task_struct(task); /* cannot be last */
                raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);

                list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &ctx->event_list, event_entry)
                        perf_free_event(event, ctx);

                mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

                /*
                 * perf_event_release_kernel() could've stolen some of our
                 * child events and still have them on its free_list. In that
                 * case we must wait for these events to have been freed (in
                 * particular all their references to this task must've been
                 * dropped).
                 *
                 * Without this copy_process() will unconditionally free this
                 * task (irrespective of its reference count) and
                 * _free_event()'s put_task_struct(event->hw.target) will be a
                 * use-after-free.
                 *
                 * Wait for all events to drop their context reference.
                 */
                wait_var_event(&ctx->refcount, refcount_read(&ctx->refcount) == 1);
                put_ctx(ctx); /* must be last */
        }
}

void perf_event_delayed_put(struct task_struct *task)
{
        int ctxn;

        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)
                WARN_ON_ONCE(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);
}

struct file *perf_event_get(unsigned int fd)
{
        struct file *file = fget(fd);
        if (!file)
                return ERR_PTR(-EBADF);

        if (file->f_op != &perf_fops) {
                fput(file);
                return ERR_PTR(-EBADF);
        }

        return file;
}

const struct perf_event *perf_get_event(struct file *file)
{
        if (file->f_op != &perf_fops)
                return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);

        return file->private_data;
}

const struct perf_event_attr *perf_event_attrs(struct perf_event *event)
{
        if (!event)
                return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);

        return &event->attr;
}

/*
 * Inherit an event from parent task to child task.
 *
 * Returns:
 *  - valid pointer on success
 *  - NULL for orphaned events
 *  - IS_ERR() on error
 */
static struct perf_event *
inherit_event(struct perf_event *parent_event,
              struct task_struct *parent,
              struct perf_event_context *parent_ctx,
              struct task_struct *child,
              struct perf_event *group_leader,
              struct perf_event_context *child_ctx)
{
        enum perf_event_state parent_state = parent_event->state;
        struct perf_event *child_event;
        unsigned long flags;

        /*
         * Instead of creating recursive hierarchies of events,
         * we link inherited events back to the original parent,
         * which has a filp for sure, which we use as the reference
         * count:
         */
        if (parent_event->parent)
                parent_event = parent_event->parent;

        child_event = perf_event_alloc(&parent_event->attr,
                                           parent_event->cpu,
                                           child,
                                           group_leader, parent_event,
                                           NULL, NULL, -1);
        if (IS_ERR(child_event))
                return child_event;


        if ((child_event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK_DATA) &&
            !child_ctx->task_ctx_data) {
                struct pmu *pmu = child_event->pmu;

                child_ctx->task_ctx_data = kzalloc(pmu->task_ctx_size,
                                                   GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!child_ctx->task_ctx_data) {
                        free_event(child_event);
                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                }
        }

        /*
         * is_orphaned_event() and list_add_tail(&parent_event->child_list)
         * must be under the same lock in order to serialize against
         * perf_event_release_kernel(), such that either we must observe
         * is_orphaned_event() or they will observe us on the child_list.
         */
        mutex_lock(&parent_event->child_mutex);
        if (is_orphaned_event(parent_event) ||
            !atomic_long_inc_not_zero(&parent_event->refcount)) {
                mutex_unlock(&parent_event->child_mutex);
                /* task_ctx_data is freed with child_ctx */
                free_event(child_event);
                return NULL;
        }

        get_ctx(child_ctx);

        /*
         * Make the child state follow the state of the parent event,
         * not its attr.disabled bit.  We hold the parent's mutex,
         * so we won't race with perf_event_{en, dis}able_family.
         */
        if (parent_state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
                child_event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
        else
                child_event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;

        if (parent_event->attr.freq) {
                u64 sample_period = parent_event->hw.sample_period;
                struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &child_event->hw;

                hwc->sample_period = sample_period;
                hwc->last_period   = sample_period;

                local64_set(&hwc->period_left, sample_period);
        }

        child_event->ctx = child_ctx;
        child_event->overflow_handler = parent_event->overflow_handler;
        child_event->overflow_handler_context
                = parent_event->overflow_handler_context;

        /*
         * Precalculate sample_data sizes
         */
        perf_event__header_size(child_event);
        perf_event__id_header_size(child_event);

        /*
         * Link it up in the child's context:
         */
        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&child_ctx->lock, flags);
        add_event_to_ctx(child_event, child_ctx);
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&child_ctx->lock, flags);

        /*
         * Link this into the parent event's child list
         */
        list_add_tail(&child_event->child_list, &parent_event->child_list);
        mutex_unlock(&parent_event->child_mutex);

        return child_event;
}

/*
 * Inherits an event group.
 *
 * This will quietly suppress orphaned events; !inherit_event() is not an error.
 * This matches with perf_event_release_kernel() removing all child events.
 *
 * Returns:
 *  - 0 on success
 *  - <0 on error
 */
static int inherit_group(struct perf_event *parent_event,
              struct task_struct *parent,
              struct perf_event_context *parent_ctx,
              struct task_struct *child,
              struct perf_event_context *child_ctx)
{
        struct perf_event *leader;
        struct perf_event *sub;
        struct perf_event *child_ctr;

        leader = inherit_event(parent_event, parent, parent_ctx,
                                 child, NULL, child_ctx);
        if (IS_ERR(leader))
                return PTR_ERR(leader);
        /*
         * @leader can be NULL here because of is_orphaned_event(). In this
         * case inherit_event() will create individual events, similar to what
         * perf_group_detach() would do anyway.
         */
        for_each_sibling_event(sub, parent_event) {
                child_ctr = inherit_event(sub, parent, parent_ctx,
                                            child, leader, child_ctx);
                if (IS_ERR(child_ctr))
                        return PTR_ERR(child_ctr);

                if (sub->aux_event == parent_event && child_ctr &&
                    !perf_get_aux_event(child_ctr, leader))
                        return -EINVAL;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Creates the child task context and tries to inherit the event-group.
 *
 * Clears @inherited_all on !attr.inherited or error. Note that we'll leave
 * inherited_all set when we 'fail' to inherit an orphaned event; this is
 * consistent with perf_event_release_kernel() removing all child events.
 *
 * Returns:
 *  - 0 on success
 *  - <0 on error
 */
static int
inherit_task_group(struct perf_event *event, struct task_struct *parent,
                   struct perf_event_context *parent_ctx,
                   struct task_struct *child, int ctxn,
                   int *inherited_all)
{
        int ret;
        struct perf_event_context *child_ctx;

        if (!event->attr.inherit) {
                *inherited_all = 0;
                return 0;
        }

        child_ctx = child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
        if (!child_ctx) {
                /*
                 * This is executed from the parent task context, so
                 * inherit events that have been marked for cloning.
                 * First allocate and initialize a context for the
                 * child.
                 */
                child_ctx = alloc_perf_context(parent_ctx->pmu, child);
                if (!child_ctx)
                        return -ENOMEM;

                child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn] = child_ctx;
        }

        ret = inherit_group(event, parent, parent_ctx,
                            child, child_ctx);

        if (ret)
                *inherited_all = 0;

        return ret;
}

/*
 * Initialize the perf_event context in task_struct
 */
static int perf_event_init_context(struct task_struct *child, int ctxn)
{
        struct perf_event_context *child_ctx, *parent_ctx;
        struct perf_event_context *cloned_ctx;
        struct perf_event *event;
        struct task_struct *parent = current;
        int inherited_all = 1;
        unsigned long flags;
        int ret = 0;

        if (likely(!parent->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]))
                return 0;

        /*
         * If the parent's context is a clone, pin it so it won't get
         * swapped under us.
         */
        parent_ctx = perf_pin_task_context(parent, ctxn);
        if (!parent_ctx)
                return 0;

        /*
         * No need to check if parent_ctx != NULL here; since we saw
         * it non-NULL earlier, the only reason for it to become NULL
         * is if we exit, and since we're currently in the middle of
         * a fork we can't be exiting at the same time.
         */

        /*
         * Lock the parent list. No need to lock the child - not PID
         * hashed yet and not running, so nobody can access it.
         */
        mutex_lock(&parent_ctx->mutex);

        /*
         * We dont have to disable NMIs - we are only looking at
         * the list, not manipulating it:
         */
        perf_event_groups_for_each(event, &parent_ctx->pinned_groups) {
                ret = inherit_task_group(event, parent, parent_ctx,
                                         child, ctxn, &inherited_all);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_unlock;
        }

        /*
         * We can't hold ctx->lock when iterating the ->flexible_group list due
         * to allocations, but we need to prevent rotation because
         * rotate_ctx() will change the list from interrupt context.
         */
        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);
        parent_ctx->rotate_disable = 1;
        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);

        perf_event_groups_for_each(event, &parent_ctx->flexible_groups) {
                ret = inherit_task_group(event, parent, parent_ctx,
                                         child, ctxn, &inherited_all);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_unlock;
        }

        raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);
        parent_ctx->rotate_disable = 0;

        child_ctx = child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];

        if (child_ctx && inherited_all) {
                /*
                 * Mark the child context as a clone of the parent
                 * context, or of whatever the parent is a clone of.
                 *
                 * Note that if the parent is a clone, the holding of
                 * parent_ctx->lock avoids it from being uncloned.
                 */
                cloned_ctx = parent_ctx->parent_ctx;
                if (cloned_ctx) {
                        child_ctx->parent_ctx = cloned_ctx;
                        child_ctx->parent_gen = parent_ctx->parent_gen;
                } else {
                        child_ctx->parent_ctx = parent_ctx;
                        child_ctx->parent_gen = parent_ctx->generation;
                }
                get_ctx(child_ctx->parent_ctx);
        }

        raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);
out_unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&parent_ctx->mutex);

        perf_unpin_context(parent_ctx);
        put_ctx(parent_ctx);

        return ret;
}

/*
 * Initialize the perf_event context in task_struct
 */
int perf_event_init_task(struct task_struct *child)
{
        int ctxn, ret;

        memset(child->perf_event_ctxp, 0, sizeof(child->perf_event_ctxp));
        mutex_init(&child->perf_event_mutex);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&child->perf_event_list);

        for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
                ret = perf_event_init_context(child, ctxn);
                if (ret) {
                        perf_event_free_task(child);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static void __init perf_event_init_all_cpus(void)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash;
        int cpu;

        zalloc_cpumask_var(&perf_online_mask, GFP_KERNEL);

        for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
                swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);
                mutex_init(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&per_cpu(active_ctx_list, cpu));

                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&per_cpu(pmu_sb_events.list, cpu));
                raw_spin_lock_init(&per_cpu(pmu_sb_events.lock, cpu));

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&per_cpu(cgrp_cpuctx_list, cpu));
#endif
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&per_cpu(sched_cb_list, cpu));
        }
}

static void perf_swevent_init_cpu(unsigned int cpu)
{
        struct swevent_htable *swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);

        mutex_lock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
        if (swhash->hlist_refcount > 0 && !swevent_hlist_deref(swhash)) {
                struct swevent_hlist *hlist;

                hlist = kzalloc_node(sizeof(*hlist), GFP_KERNEL, cpu_to_node(cpu));
                WARN_ON(!hlist);
                rcu_assign_pointer(swhash->swevent_hlist, hlist);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
}

#if defined CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU || defined CONFIG_KEXEC_CORE
static void __perf_event_exit_context(void *__info)
{
        struct perf_event_context *ctx = __info;
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
        struct perf_event *event;

        raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
        ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_TIME);
        list_for_each_entry(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry)
                __perf_remove_from_context(event, cpuctx, ctx, (void *)DETACH_GROUP);
        raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
}

static void perf_event_exit_cpu_context(int cpu)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        struct pmu *pmu;

        mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
                cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
                ctx = &cpuctx->ctx;

                mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
                smp_call_function_single(cpu, __perf_event_exit_context, ctx, 1);
                cpuctx->online = 0;
                mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
        }
        cpumask_clear_cpu(cpu, perf_online_mask);
        mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);
}
#else

static void perf_event_exit_cpu_context(int cpu) { }

#endif

int perf_event_init_cpu(unsigned int cpu)
{
        struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
        struct perf_event_context *ctx;
        struct pmu *pmu;

        perf_swevent_init_cpu(cpu);

        mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
        cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, perf_online_mask);
        list_for_each_entry(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
                cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
                ctx = &cpuctx->ctx;

                mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
                cpuctx->online = 1;
                mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);

        return 0;
}

int perf_event_exit_cpu(unsigned int cpu)
{
        perf_event_exit_cpu_context(cpu);
        return 0;
}

static int
perf_reboot(struct notifier_block *notifier, unsigned long val, void *v)
{
        int cpu;

        for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
                perf_event_exit_cpu(cpu);

        return NOTIFY_OK;
}

/*
 * Run the perf reboot notifier at the very last possible moment so that
 * the generic watchdog code runs as long as possible.
 */
static struct notifier_block perf_reboot_notifier = {
        .notifier_call = perf_reboot,
        .priority = INT_MIN,
};

void __init perf_event_init(void)
{
        int ret;

        idr_init(&pmu_idr);

        perf_event_init_all_cpus();
        init_srcu_struct(&pmus_srcu);
        perf_pmu_register(&perf_swevent, "software", PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE);
        perf_pmu_register(&perf_cpu_clock, NULL, -1);
        perf_pmu_register(&perf_task_clock, NULL, -1);
        perf_tp_register();
        perf_event_init_cpu(smp_processor_id());
        register_reboot_notifier(&perf_reboot_notifier);

        ret = init_hw_breakpoint();
        WARN(ret, "hw_breakpoint initialization failed with: %d", ret);

        /*
         * Build time assertion that we keep the data_head at the intended
         * location.  IOW, validation we got the __reserved[] size right.
         */
        BUILD_BUG_ON((offsetof(struct perf_event_mmap_page, data_head))
                     != 1024);
}

ssize_t perf_event_sysfs_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
                              char *page)
{
        struct perf_pmu_events_attr *pmu_attr =
                container_of(attr, struct perf_pmu_events_attr, attr);

        if (pmu_attr->event_str)
                return sprintf(page, "%s\n", pmu_attr->event_str);

        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_sysfs_show);

static int __init perf_event_sysfs_init(void)
{
        struct pmu *pmu;
        int ret;

        mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);

        ret = bus_register(&pmu_bus);
        if (ret)
                goto unlock;

        list_for_each_entry(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
                if (!pmu->name || pmu->type < 0)
                        continue;

                ret = pmu_dev_alloc(pmu);
                WARN(ret, "Failed to register pmu: %s, reason %d\n", pmu->name, ret);
        }
        pmu_bus_running = 1;
        ret = 0;

unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);

        return ret;
}
device_initcall(perf_event_sysfs_init);

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
static struct cgroup_subsys_state *
perf_cgroup_css_alloc(struct cgroup_subsys_state *parent_css)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *jc;

        jc = kzalloc(sizeof(*jc), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!jc)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        jc->info = alloc_percpu(struct perf_cgroup_info);
        if (!jc->info) {
                kfree(jc);
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
        }

        return &jc->css;
}

static void perf_cgroup_css_free(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
{
        struct perf_cgroup *jc = container_of(css, struct perf_cgroup, css);

        free_percpu(jc->info);
        kfree(jc);
}

static int perf_cgroup_css_online(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
{
        perf_event_cgroup(css->cgroup);
        return 0;
}

static int __perf_cgroup_move(void *info)
{
        struct task_struct *task = info;
        rcu_read_lock();
        perf_cgroup_switch(task, PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT | PERF_CGROUP_SWIN);
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return 0;
}

static void perf_cgroup_attach(struct cgroup_taskset *tset)
{
        struct task_struct *task;
        struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;

        cgroup_taskset_for_each(task, css, tset)
                task_function_call(task, __perf_cgroup_move, task);
}

struct cgroup_subsys perf_event_cgrp_subsys = {
        .css_alloc      = perf_cgroup_css_alloc,
        .css_free       = perf_cgroup_css_free,
        .css_online     = perf_cgroup_css_online,
        .attach         = perf_cgroup_attach,
        /*
         * Implicitly enable on dfl hierarchy so that perf events can
         * always be filtered by cgroup2 path as long as perf_event
         * controller is not mounted on a legacy hierarchy.
         */
        .implicit_on_dfl = true,
        .threaded       = true,
};
#endif /* CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF */