[linux-block.git] / fs / libfs.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *      fs/libfs.c
 *      Library for filesystems writers.
 */

#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/cred.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/vfs.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/exportfs.h>
#include <linux/iversion.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* sync_mapping_buffers */
#include <linux/fs_context.h>
#include <linux/pseudo_fs.h>
#include <linux/fsnotify.h>
#include <linux/unicode.h>
#include <linux/fscrypt.h>
#include <linux/pidfs.h>

#include <linux/uaccess.h>

#include "internal.h"

int simple_getattr(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, const struct path *path,
                   struct kstat *stat, u32 request_mask,
                   unsigned int query_flags)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(path->dentry);
        generic_fillattr(&nop_mnt_idmap, request_mask, inode, stat);
        stat->blocks = inode->i_mapping->nrpages << (PAGE_SHIFT - 9);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_getattr);

int simple_statfs(struct dentry *dentry, struct kstatfs *buf)
{
        u64 id = huge_encode_dev(dentry->d_sb->s_dev);

        buf->f_fsid = u64_to_fsid(id);
        buf->f_type = dentry->d_sb->s_magic;
        buf->f_bsize = PAGE_SIZE;
        buf->f_namelen = NAME_MAX;
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_statfs);

/*
 * Retaining negative dentries for an in-memory filesystem just wastes
 * memory and lookup time: arrange for them to be deleted immediately.
 */
int always_delete_dentry(const struct dentry *dentry)
{
        return 1;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(always_delete_dentry);

const struct dentry_operations simple_dentry_operations = {
        .d_delete = always_delete_dentry,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_dentry_operations);

/*
 * Lookup the data. This is trivial - if the dentry didn't already
 * exist, we know it is negative.  Set d_op to delete negative dentries.
 */
struct dentry *simple_lookup(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int flags)
{
        if (dentry->d_name.len > NAME_MAX)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENAMETOOLONG);
        if (!dentry->d_sb->s_d_op)
                d_set_d_op(dentry, &simple_dentry_operations);

        if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_UNICODE) && IS_CASEFOLDED(dir))
                return NULL;

        d_add(dentry, NULL);
        return NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_lookup);

int dcache_dir_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        file->private_data = d_alloc_cursor(file->f_path.dentry);

        return file->private_data ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dcache_dir_open);

int dcache_dir_close(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        dput(file->private_data);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dcache_dir_close);

/* parent is locked at least shared */
/*
 * Returns an element of siblings' list.
 * We are looking for <count>th positive after <p>; if
 * found, dentry is grabbed and returned to caller.
 * If no such element exists, NULL is returned.
 */
static struct dentry *scan_positives(struct dentry *cursor,
                                        struct hlist_node **p,
                                        loff_t count,
                                        struct dentry *last)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = cursor->d_parent, *found = NULL;

        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        while (*p) {
                struct dentry *d = hlist_entry(*p, struct dentry, d_sib);
                p = &d->d_sib.next;
                // we must at least skip cursors, to avoid livelocks
                if (d->d_flags & DCACHE_DENTRY_CURSOR)
                        continue;
                if (simple_positive(d) && !--count) {
                        spin_lock_nested(&d->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                        if (simple_positive(d))
                                found = dget_dlock(d);
                        spin_unlock(&d->d_lock);
                        if (likely(found))
                                break;
                        count = 1;
                }
                if (need_resched()) {
                        if (!hlist_unhashed(&cursor->d_sib))
                                __hlist_del(&cursor->d_sib);
                        hlist_add_behind(&cursor->d_sib, &d->d_sib);
                        p = &cursor->d_sib.next;
                        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                        cond_resched();
                        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        dput(last);
        return found;
}

loff_t dcache_dir_lseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = file->f_path.dentry;
        switch (whence) {
                case 1:
                        offset += file->f_pos;
                        fallthrough;
                case 0:
                        if (offset >= 0)
                                break;
                        fallthrough;
                default:
                        return -EINVAL;
        }
        if (offset != file->f_pos) {
                struct dentry *cursor = file->private_data;
                struct dentry *to = NULL;

                inode_lock_shared(dentry->d_inode);

                if (offset > 2)
                        to = scan_positives(cursor, &dentry->d_children.first,
                                            offset - 2, NULL);
                spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
                hlist_del_init(&cursor->d_sib);
                if (to)
                        hlist_add_behind(&cursor->d_sib, &to->d_sib);
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                dput(to);

                file->f_pos = offset;

                inode_unlock_shared(dentry->d_inode);
        }
        return offset;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dcache_dir_lseek);

/*
 * Directory is locked and all positive dentries in it are safe, since
 * for ramfs-type trees they can't go away without unlink() or rmdir(),
 * both impossible due to the lock on directory.
 */

int dcache_readdir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = file->f_path.dentry;
        struct dentry *cursor = file->private_data;
        struct dentry *next = NULL;
        struct hlist_node **p;

        if (!dir_emit_dots(file, ctx))
                return 0;

        if (ctx->pos == 2)
                p = &dentry->d_children.first;
        else
                p = &cursor->d_sib.next;

        while ((next = scan_positives(cursor, p, 1, next)) != NULL) {
                if (!dir_emit(ctx, next->d_name.name, next->d_name.len,
                              d_inode(next)->i_ino,
                              fs_umode_to_dtype(d_inode(next)->i_mode)))
                        break;
                ctx->pos++;
                p = &next->d_sib.next;
        }
        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        hlist_del_init(&cursor->d_sib);
        if (next)
                hlist_add_before(&cursor->d_sib, &next->d_sib);
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        dput(next);

        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(dcache_readdir);

ssize_t generic_read_dir(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t siz, loff_t *ppos)
{
        return -EISDIR;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_read_dir);

const struct file_operations simple_dir_operations = {
        .open           = dcache_dir_open,
        .release        = dcache_dir_close,
        .llseek         = dcache_dir_lseek,
        .read           = generic_read_dir,
        .iterate_shared = dcache_readdir,
        .fsync          = noop_fsync,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_dir_operations);

const struct inode_operations simple_dir_inode_operations = {
        .lookup         = simple_lookup,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_dir_inode_operations);

/* simple_offset_add() never assigns these to a dentry */
enum {
        DIR_OFFSET_FIRST        = 2,            /* Find first real entry */
        DIR_OFFSET_EOD          = S32_MAX,
};

/* simple_offset_add() allocation range */
enum {
        DIR_OFFSET_MIN          = DIR_OFFSET_FIRST + 1,
        DIR_OFFSET_MAX          = DIR_OFFSET_EOD - 1,
};

static void offset_set(struct dentry *dentry, long offset)
{
        dentry->d_fsdata = (void *)offset;
}

static long dentry2offset(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        return (long)dentry->d_fsdata;
}

static struct lock_class_key simple_offset_lock_class;

/**
 * simple_offset_init - initialize an offset_ctx
 * @octx: directory offset map to be initialized
 *
 */
void simple_offset_init(struct offset_ctx *octx)
{
        mt_init_flags(&octx->mt, MT_FLAGS_ALLOC_RANGE);
        lockdep_set_class(&octx->mt.ma_lock, &simple_offset_lock_class);
        octx->next_offset = DIR_OFFSET_MIN;
}

/**
 * simple_offset_add - Add an entry to a directory's offset map
 * @octx: directory offset ctx to be updated
 * @dentry: new dentry being added
 *
 * Returns zero on success. @octx and the dentry's offset are updated.
 * Otherwise, a negative errno value is returned.
 */
int simple_offset_add(struct offset_ctx *octx, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        unsigned long offset;
        int ret;

        if (dentry2offset(dentry) != 0)
                return -EBUSY;

        ret = mtree_alloc_cyclic(&octx->mt, &offset, dentry, DIR_OFFSET_MIN,
                                 DIR_OFFSET_MAX, &octx->next_offset,
                                 GFP_KERNEL);
        if (unlikely(ret < 0))
                return ret == -EBUSY ? -ENOSPC : ret;

        offset_set(dentry, offset);
        return 0;
}

static int simple_offset_replace(struct offset_ctx *octx, struct dentry *dentry,
                                 long offset)
{
        int ret;

        ret = mtree_store(&octx->mt, offset, dentry, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        offset_set(dentry, offset);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * simple_offset_remove - Remove an entry to a directory's offset map
 * @octx: directory offset ctx to be updated
 * @dentry: dentry being removed
 *
 */
void simple_offset_remove(struct offset_ctx *octx, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        long offset;

        offset = dentry2offset(dentry);
        if (offset == 0)
                return;

        mtree_erase(&octx->mt, offset);
        offset_set(dentry, 0);
}

/**
 * simple_offset_rename - handle directory offsets for rename
 * @old_dir: parent directory of source entry
 * @old_dentry: dentry of source entry
 * @new_dir: parent_directory of destination entry
 * @new_dentry: dentry of destination
 *
 * Caller provides appropriate serialization.
 *
 * User space expects the directory offset value of the replaced
 * (new) directory entry to be unchanged after a rename.
 *
 * Returns zero on success, a negative errno value on failure.
 */
int simple_offset_rename(struct inode *old_dir, struct dentry *old_dentry,
                         struct inode *new_dir, struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
        struct offset_ctx *old_ctx = old_dir->i_op->get_offset_ctx(old_dir);
        struct offset_ctx *new_ctx = new_dir->i_op->get_offset_ctx(new_dir);
        long new_offset = dentry2offset(new_dentry);

        simple_offset_remove(old_ctx, old_dentry);

        if (new_offset) {
                offset_set(new_dentry, 0);
                return simple_offset_replace(new_ctx, old_dentry, new_offset);
        }
        return simple_offset_add(new_ctx, old_dentry);
}

/**
 * simple_offset_rename_exchange - exchange rename with directory offsets
 * @old_dir: parent of dentry being moved
 * @old_dentry: dentry being moved
 * @new_dir: destination parent
 * @new_dentry: destination dentry
 *
 * This API preserves the directory offset values. Caller provides
 * appropriate serialization.
 *
 * Returns zero on success. Otherwise a negative errno is returned and the
 * rename is rolled back.
 */
int simple_offset_rename_exchange(struct inode *old_dir,
                                  struct dentry *old_dentry,
                                  struct inode *new_dir,
                                  struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
        struct offset_ctx *old_ctx = old_dir->i_op->get_offset_ctx(old_dir);
        struct offset_ctx *new_ctx = new_dir->i_op->get_offset_ctx(new_dir);
        long old_index = dentry2offset(old_dentry);
        long new_index = dentry2offset(new_dentry);
        int ret;

        simple_offset_remove(old_ctx, old_dentry);
        simple_offset_remove(new_ctx, new_dentry);

        ret = simple_offset_replace(new_ctx, old_dentry, new_index);
        if (ret)
                goto out_restore;

        ret = simple_offset_replace(old_ctx, new_dentry, old_index);
        if (ret) {
                simple_offset_remove(new_ctx, old_dentry);
                goto out_restore;
        }

        ret = simple_rename_exchange(old_dir, old_dentry, new_dir, new_dentry);
        if (ret) {
                simple_offset_remove(new_ctx, old_dentry);
                simple_offset_remove(old_ctx, new_dentry);
                goto out_restore;
        }
        return 0;

out_restore:
        (void)simple_offset_replace(old_ctx, old_dentry, old_index);
        (void)simple_offset_replace(new_ctx, new_dentry, new_index);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * simple_offset_destroy - Release offset map
 * @octx: directory offset ctx that is about to be destroyed
 *
 * During fs teardown (eg. umount), a directory's offset map might still
 * contain entries. xa_destroy() cleans out anything that remains.
 */
void simple_offset_destroy(struct offset_ctx *octx)
{
        mtree_destroy(&octx->mt);
}

/**
 * offset_dir_llseek - Advance the read position of a directory descriptor
 * @file: an open directory whose position is to be updated
 * @offset: a byte offset
 * @whence: enumerator describing the starting position for this update
 *
 * SEEK_END, SEEK_DATA, and SEEK_HOLE are not supported for directories.
 *
 * Returns the updated read position if successful; otherwise a
 * negative errno is returned and the read position remains unchanged.
 */
static loff_t offset_dir_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence)
{
        switch (whence) {
        case SEEK_CUR:
                offset += file->f_pos;
                fallthrough;
        case SEEK_SET:
                if (offset >= 0)
                        break;
                fallthrough;
        default:
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return vfs_setpos(file, offset, LONG_MAX);
}

static struct dentry *find_positive_dentry(struct dentry *parent,
                                           struct dentry *dentry,
                                           bool next)
{
        struct dentry *found = NULL;

        spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
        if (next)
                dentry = d_next_sibling(dentry);
        else if (!dentry)
                dentry = d_first_child(parent);
        hlist_for_each_entry_from(dentry, d_sib) {
                if (!simple_positive(dentry))
                        continue;
                spin_lock_nested(&dentry->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                if (simple_positive(dentry))
                        found = dget_dlock(dentry);
                spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
                if (likely(found))
                        break;
        }
        spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
        return found;
}

static noinline_for_stack struct dentry *
offset_dir_lookup(struct dentry *parent, loff_t offset)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(parent);
        struct offset_ctx *octx = inode->i_op->get_offset_ctx(inode);
        struct dentry *child, *found = NULL;

        MA_STATE(mas, &octx->mt, offset, offset);

        if (offset == DIR_OFFSET_FIRST)
                found = find_positive_dentry(parent, NULL, false);
        else {
                rcu_read_lock();
                child = mas_find_rev(&mas, DIR_OFFSET_MIN);
                found = find_positive_dentry(parent, child, false);
                rcu_read_unlock();
        }
        return found;
}

static bool offset_dir_emit(struct dir_context *ctx, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);

        return dir_emit(ctx, dentry->d_name.name, dentry->d_name.len,
                        inode->i_ino, fs_umode_to_dtype(inode->i_mode));
}

static void offset_iterate_dir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx)
{
        struct dentry *dir = file->f_path.dentry;
        struct dentry *dentry;

        dentry = offset_dir_lookup(dir, ctx->pos);
        if (!dentry)
                goto out_eod;
        while (true) {
                struct dentry *next;

                ctx->pos = dentry2offset(dentry);
                if (!offset_dir_emit(ctx, dentry))
                        break;

                next = find_positive_dentry(dir, dentry, true);
                dput(dentry);

                if (!next)
                        goto out_eod;
                dentry = next;
        }
        dput(dentry);
        return;

out_eod:
        ctx->pos = DIR_OFFSET_EOD;
}

/**
 * offset_readdir - Emit entries starting at offset @ctx->pos
 * @file: an open directory to iterate over
 * @ctx: directory iteration context
 *
 * Caller must hold @file's i_rwsem to prevent insertion or removal of
 * entries during this call.
 *
 * On entry, @ctx->pos contains an offset that represents the first entry
 * to be read from the directory.
 *
 * The operation continues until there are no more entries to read, or
 * until the ctx->actor indicates there is no more space in the caller's
 * output buffer.
 *
 * On return, @ctx->pos contains an offset that will read the next entry
 * in this directory when offset_readdir() is called again with @ctx.
 * Caller places this value in the d_off field of the last entry in the
 * user's buffer.
 *
 * Return values:
 *   %0 - Complete
 */
static int offset_readdir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx)
{
        struct dentry *dir = file->f_path.dentry;

        lockdep_assert_held(&d_inode(dir)->i_rwsem);

        if (!dir_emit_dots(file, ctx))
                return 0;
        if (ctx->pos != DIR_OFFSET_EOD)
                offset_iterate_dir(file, ctx);
        return 0;
}

const struct file_operations simple_offset_dir_operations = {
        .llseek         = offset_dir_llseek,
        .iterate_shared = offset_readdir,
        .read           = generic_read_dir,
        .fsync          = noop_fsync,
};

struct dentry *find_next_child(struct dentry *parent, struct dentry *prev)
{
        struct dentry *child = NULL, *d;

        spin_lock(&parent->d_lock);
        d = prev ? d_next_sibling(prev) : d_first_child(parent);
        hlist_for_each_entry_from(d, d_sib) {
                if (simple_positive(d)) {
                        spin_lock_nested(&d->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                        if (simple_positive(d))
                                child = dget_dlock(d);
                        spin_unlock(&d->d_lock);
                        if (likely(child))
                                break;
                }
        }
        spin_unlock(&parent->d_lock);
        dput(prev);
        return child;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(find_next_child);

void simple_recursive_removal(struct dentry *dentry,
                              void (*callback)(struct dentry *))
{
        struct dentry *this = dget(dentry);
        while (true) {
                struct dentry *victim = NULL, *child;
                struct inode *inode = this->d_inode;

                inode_lock(inode);
                if (d_is_dir(this))
                        inode->i_flags |= S_DEAD;
                while ((child = find_next_child(this, victim)) == NULL) {
                        // kill and ascend
                        // update metadata while it's still locked
                        inode_set_ctime_current(inode);
                        clear_nlink(inode);
                        inode_unlock(inode);
                        victim = this;
                        this = this->d_parent;
                        inode = this->d_inode;
                        inode_lock(inode);
                        if (simple_positive(victim)) {
                                d_invalidate(victim);   // avoid lost mounts
                                if (d_is_dir(victim))
                                        fsnotify_rmdir(inode, victim);
                                else
                                        fsnotify_unlink(inode, victim);
                                if (callback)
                                        callback(victim);
                                dput(victim);           // unpin it
                        }
                        if (victim == dentry) {
                                inode_set_mtime_to_ts(inode,
                                                      inode_set_ctime_current(inode));
                                if (d_is_dir(dentry))
                                        drop_nlink(inode);
                                inode_unlock(inode);
                                dput(dentry);
                                return;
                        }
                }
                inode_unlock(inode);
                this = child;
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_recursive_removal);

static const struct super_operations simple_super_operations = {
        .statfs         = simple_statfs,
};

static int pseudo_fs_fill_super(struct super_block *s, struct fs_context *fc)
{
        struct pseudo_fs_context *ctx = fc->fs_private;
        struct inode *root;

        s->s_maxbytes = MAX_LFS_FILESIZE;
        s->s_blocksize = PAGE_SIZE;
        s->s_blocksize_bits = PAGE_SHIFT;
        s->s_magic = ctx->magic;
        s->s_op = ctx->ops ?: &simple_super_operations;
        s->s_export_op = ctx->eops;
        s->s_xattr = ctx->xattr;
        s->s_time_gran = 1;
        root = new_inode(s);
        if (!root)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /*
         * since this is the first inode, make it number 1. New inodes created
         * after this must take care not to collide with it (by passing
         * max_reserved of 1 to iunique).
         */
        root->i_ino = 1;
        root->i_mode = S_IFDIR | S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
        simple_inode_init_ts(root);
        s->s_root = d_make_root(root);
        if (!s->s_root)
                return -ENOMEM;
        s->s_d_op = ctx->dops;
        return 0;
}

static int pseudo_fs_get_tree(struct fs_context *fc)
{
        return get_tree_nodev(fc, pseudo_fs_fill_super);
}

static void pseudo_fs_free(struct fs_context *fc)
{
        kfree(fc->fs_private);
}

static const struct fs_context_operations pseudo_fs_context_ops = {
        .free           = pseudo_fs_free,
        .get_tree       = pseudo_fs_get_tree,
};

/*
 * Common helper for pseudo-filesystems (sockfs, pipefs, bdev - stuff that
 * will never be mountable)
 */
struct pseudo_fs_context *init_pseudo(struct fs_context *fc,
                                        unsigned long magic)
{
        struct pseudo_fs_context *ctx;

        ctx = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pseudo_fs_context), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (likely(ctx)) {
                ctx->magic = magic;
                fc->fs_private = ctx;
                fc->ops = &pseudo_fs_context_ops;
                fc->sb_flags |= SB_NOUSER;
                fc->global = true;
        }
        return ctx;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(init_pseudo);

int simple_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        if (inode->i_private)
                file->private_data = inode->i_private;
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_open);

int simple_link(struct dentry *old_dentry, struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(old_dentry);

        inode_set_mtime_to_ts(dir,
                              inode_set_ctime_to_ts(dir, inode_set_ctime_current(inode)));
        inc_nlink(inode);
        ihold(inode);
        dget(dentry);
        d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_link);

int simple_empty(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry *child;
        int ret = 0;

        spin_lock(&dentry->d_lock);
        hlist_for_each_entry(child, &dentry->d_children, d_sib) {
                spin_lock_nested(&child->d_lock, DENTRY_D_LOCK_NESTED);
                if (simple_positive(child)) {
                        spin_unlock(&child->d_lock);
                        goto out;
                }
                spin_unlock(&child->d_lock);
        }
        ret = 1;
out:
        spin_unlock(&dentry->d_lock);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_empty);

int simple_unlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);

        inode_set_mtime_to_ts(dir,
                              inode_set_ctime_to_ts(dir, inode_set_ctime_current(inode)));
        drop_nlink(inode);
        dput(dentry);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_unlink);

int simple_rmdir(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry)
{
        if (!simple_empty(dentry))
                return -ENOTEMPTY;

        drop_nlink(d_inode(dentry));
        simple_unlink(dir, dentry);
        drop_nlink(dir);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_rmdir);

/**
 * simple_rename_timestamp - update the various inode timestamps for rename
 * @old_dir: old parent directory
 * @old_dentry: dentry that is being renamed
 * @new_dir: new parent directory
 * @new_dentry: target for rename
 *
 * POSIX mandates that the old and new parent directories have their ctime and
 * mtime updated, and that inodes of @old_dentry and @new_dentry (if any), have
 * their ctime updated.
 */
void simple_rename_timestamp(struct inode *old_dir, struct dentry *old_dentry,
                             struct inode *new_dir, struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
        struct inode *newino = d_inode(new_dentry);

        inode_set_mtime_to_ts(old_dir, inode_set_ctime_current(old_dir));
        if (new_dir != old_dir)
                inode_set_mtime_to_ts(new_dir,
                                      inode_set_ctime_current(new_dir));
        inode_set_ctime_current(d_inode(old_dentry));
        if (newino)
                inode_set_ctime_current(newino);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(simple_rename_timestamp);

int simple_rename_exchange(struct inode *old_dir, struct dentry *old_dentry,
                           struct inode *new_dir, struct dentry *new_dentry)
{
        bool old_is_dir = d_is_dir(old_dentry);
        bool new_is_dir = d_is_dir(new_dentry);

        if (old_dir != new_dir && old_is_dir != new_is_dir) {
                if (old_is_dir) {
                        drop_nlink(old_dir);
                        inc_nlink(new_dir);
                } else {
                        drop_nlink(new_dir);
                        inc_nlink(old_dir);
                }
        }
        simple_rename_timestamp(old_dir, old_dentry, new_dir, new_dentry);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(simple_rename_exchange);

int simple_rename(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct inode *old_dir,
                  struct dentry *old_dentry, struct inode *new_dir,
                  struct dentry *new_dentry, unsigned int flags)
{
        int they_are_dirs = d_is_dir(old_dentry);

        if (flags & ~(RENAME_NOREPLACE | RENAME_EXCHANGE))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (flags & RENAME_EXCHANGE)
                return simple_rename_exchange(old_dir, old_dentry, new_dir, new_dentry);

        if (!simple_empty(new_dentry))
                return -ENOTEMPTY;

        if (d_really_is_positive(new_dentry)) {
                simple_unlink(new_dir, new_dentry);
                if (they_are_dirs) {
                        drop_nlink(d_inode(new_dentry));
                        drop_nlink(old_dir);
                }
        } else if (they_are_dirs) {
                drop_nlink(old_dir);
                inc_nlink(new_dir);
        }

        simple_rename_timestamp(old_dir, old_dentry, new_dir, new_dentry);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_rename);

/**
 * simple_setattr - setattr for simple filesystem
 * @idmap: idmap of the target mount
 * @dentry: dentry
 * @iattr: iattr structure
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -error on failure.
 *
 * simple_setattr is a simple ->setattr implementation without a proper
 * implementation of size changes.
 *
 * It can either be used for in-memory filesystems or special files
 * on simple regular filesystems.  Anything that needs to change on-disk
 * or wire state on size changes needs its own setattr method.
 */
int simple_setattr(struct mnt_idmap *idmap, struct dentry *dentry,
                   struct iattr *iattr)
{
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);
        int error;

        error = setattr_prepare(idmap, dentry, iattr);
        if (error)
                return error;

        if (iattr->ia_valid & ATTR_SIZE)
                truncate_setsize(inode, iattr->ia_size);
        setattr_copy(idmap, inode, iattr);
        mark_inode_dirty(inode);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_setattr);

static int simple_read_folio(struct file *file, struct folio *folio)
{
        folio_zero_range(folio, 0, folio_size(folio));
        flush_dcache_folio(folio);
        folio_mark_uptodate(folio);
        folio_unlock(folio);
        return 0;
}

int simple_write_begin(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                        loff_t pos, unsigned len,
                        struct folio **foliop, void **fsdata)
{
        struct folio *folio;

        folio = __filemap_get_folio(mapping, pos / PAGE_SIZE, FGP_WRITEBEGIN,
                        mapping_gfp_mask(mapping));
        if (IS_ERR(folio))
                return PTR_ERR(folio);

        *foliop = folio;

        if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio) && (len != folio_size(folio))) {
                size_t from = offset_in_folio(folio, pos);

                folio_zero_segments(folio, 0, from,
                                from + len, folio_size(folio));
        }
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_write_begin);

/**
 * simple_write_end - .write_end helper for non-block-device FSes
 * @file: See .write_end of address_space_operations
 * @mapping:            "
 * @pos:                "
 * @len:                "
 * @copied:             "
 * @folio:              "
 * @fsdata:             "
 *
 * simple_write_end does the minimum needed for updating a folio after
 * writing is done. It has the same API signature as the .write_end of
 * address_space_operations vector. So it can just be set onto .write_end for
 * FSes that don't need any other processing. i_mutex is assumed to be held.
 * Block based filesystems should use generic_write_end().
 * NOTE: Even though i_size might get updated by this function, mark_inode_dirty
 * is not called, so a filesystem that actually does store data in .write_inode
 * should extend on what's done here with a call to mark_inode_dirty() in the
 * case that i_size has changed.
 *
 * Use *ONLY* with simple_read_folio()
 */
static int simple_write_end(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                        loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
                        struct folio *folio, void *fsdata)
{
        struct inode *inode = folio->mapping->host;
        loff_t last_pos = pos + copied;

        /* zero the stale part of the folio if we did a short copy */
        if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio)) {
                if (copied < len) {
                        size_t from = offset_in_folio(folio, pos);

                        folio_zero_range(folio, from + copied, len - copied);
                }
                folio_mark_uptodate(folio);
        }
        /*
         * No need to use i_size_read() here, the i_size
         * cannot change under us because we hold the i_mutex.
         */
        if (last_pos > inode->i_size)
                i_size_write(inode, last_pos);

        folio_mark_dirty(folio);
        folio_unlock(folio);
        folio_put(folio);

        return copied;
}

/*
 * Provides ramfs-style behavior: data in the pagecache, but no writeback.
 */
const struct address_space_operations ram_aops = {
        .read_folio     = simple_read_folio,
        .write_begin    = simple_write_begin,
        .write_end      = simple_write_end,
        .dirty_folio    = noop_dirty_folio,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(ram_aops);

/*
 * the inodes created here are not hashed. If you use iunique to generate
 * unique inode values later for this filesystem, then you must take care
 * to pass it an appropriate max_reserved value to avoid collisions.
 */
int simple_fill_super(struct super_block *s, unsigned long magic,
                      const struct tree_descr *files)
{
        struct inode *inode;
        struct dentry *dentry;
        int i;

        s->s_blocksize = PAGE_SIZE;
        s->s_blocksize_bits = PAGE_SHIFT;
        s->s_magic = magic;
        s->s_op = &simple_super_operations;
        s->s_time_gran = 1;

        inode = new_inode(s);
        if (!inode)
                return -ENOMEM;
        /*
         * because the root inode is 1, the files array must not contain an
         * entry at index 1
         */
        inode->i_ino = 1;
        inode->i_mode = S_IFDIR | 0755;
        simple_inode_init_ts(inode);
        inode->i_op = &simple_dir_inode_operations;
        inode->i_fop = &simple_dir_operations;
        set_nlink(inode, 2);
        s->s_root = d_make_root(inode);
        if (!s->s_root)
                return -ENOMEM;
        for (i = 0; !files->name || files->name[0]; i++, files++) {
                if (!files->name)
                        continue;

                /* warn if it tries to conflict with the root inode */
                if (unlikely(i == 1))
                        printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: %s passed in a files array"
                                "with an index of 1!\n", __func__,
                                s->s_type->name);

                dentry = d_alloc_name(s->s_root, files->name);
                if (!dentry)
                        return -ENOMEM;
                inode = new_inode(s);
                if (!inode) {
                        dput(dentry);
                        return -ENOMEM;
                }
                inode->i_mode = S_IFREG | files->mode;
                simple_inode_init_ts(inode);
                inode->i_fop = files->ops;
                inode->i_ino = i;
                d_add(dentry, inode);
        }
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_fill_super);

static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(pin_fs_lock);

int simple_pin_fs(struct file_system_type *type, struct vfsmount **mount, int *count)
{
        struct vfsmount *mnt = NULL;
        spin_lock(&pin_fs_lock);
        if (unlikely(!*mount)) {
                spin_unlock(&pin_fs_lock);
                mnt = vfs_kern_mount(type, SB_KERNMOUNT, type->name, NULL);
                if (IS_ERR(mnt))
                        return PTR_ERR(mnt);
                spin_lock(&pin_fs_lock);
                if (!*mount)
                        *mount = mnt;
        }
        mntget(*mount);
        ++*count;
        spin_unlock(&pin_fs_lock);
        mntput(mnt);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_pin_fs);

void simple_release_fs(struct vfsmount **mount, int *count)
{
        struct vfsmount *mnt;
        spin_lock(&pin_fs_lock);
        mnt = *mount;
        if (!--*count)
                *mount = NULL;
        spin_unlock(&pin_fs_lock);
        mntput(mnt);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_release_fs);

/**
 * simple_read_from_buffer - copy data from the buffer to user space
 * @to: the user space buffer to read to
 * @count: the maximum number of bytes to read
 * @ppos: the current position in the buffer
 * @from: the buffer to read from
 * @available: the size of the buffer
 *
 * The simple_read_from_buffer() function reads up to @count bytes from the
 * buffer @from at offset @ppos into the user space address starting at @to.
 *
 * On success, the number of bytes read is returned and the offset @ppos is
 * advanced by this number, or negative value is returned on error.
 **/
ssize_t simple_read_from_buffer(void __user *to, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
                                const void *from, size_t available)
{
        loff_t pos = *ppos;
        size_t ret;

        if (pos < 0)
                return -EINVAL;
        if (pos >= available || !count)
                return 0;
        if (count > available - pos)
                count = available - pos;
        ret = copy_to_user(to, from + pos, count);
        if (ret == count)
                return -EFAULT;
        count -= ret;
        *ppos = pos + count;
        return count;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_read_from_buffer);

/**
 * simple_write_to_buffer - copy data from user space to the buffer
 * @to: the buffer to write to
 * @available: the size of the buffer
 * @ppos: the current position in the buffer
 * @from: the user space buffer to read from
 * @count: the maximum number of bytes to read
 *
 * The simple_write_to_buffer() function reads up to @count bytes from the user
 * space address starting at @from into the buffer @to at offset @ppos.
 *
 * On success, the number of bytes written is returned and the offset @ppos is
 * advanced by this number, or negative value is returned on error.
 **/
ssize_t simple_write_to_buffer(void *to, size_t available, loff_t *ppos,
                const void __user *from, size_t count)
{
        loff_t pos = *ppos;
        size_t res;

        if (pos < 0)
                return -EINVAL;
        if (pos >= available || !count)
                return 0;
        if (count > available - pos)
                count = available - pos;
        res = copy_from_user(to + pos, from, count);
        if (res == count)
                return -EFAULT;
        count -= res;
        *ppos = pos + count;
        return count;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_write_to_buffer);

/**
 * memory_read_from_buffer - copy data from the buffer
 * @to: the kernel space buffer to read to
 * @count: the maximum number of bytes to read
 * @ppos: the current position in the buffer
 * @from: the buffer to read from
 * @available: the size of the buffer
 *
 * The memory_read_from_buffer() function reads up to @count bytes from the
 * buffer @from at offset @ppos into the kernel space address starting at @to.
 *
 * On success, the number of bytes read is returned and the offset @ppos is
 * advanced by this number, or negative value is returned on error.
 **/
ssize_t memory_read_from_buffer(void *to, size_t count, loff_t *ppos,
                                const void *from, size_t available)
{
        loff_t pos = *ppos;

        if (pos < 0)
                return -EINVAL;
        if (pos >= available)
                return 0;
        if (count > available - pos)
                count = available - pos;
        memcpy(to, from + pos, count);
        *ppos = pos + count;

        return count;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(memory_read_from_buffer);

/*
 * Transaction based IO.
 * The file expects a single write which triggers the transaction, and then
 * possibly a read which collects the result - which is stored in a
 * file-local buffer.
 */

void simple_transaction_set(struct file *file, size_t n)
{
        struct simple_transaction_argresp *ar = file->private_data;

        BUG_ON(n > SIMPLE_TRANSACTION_LIMIT);

        /*
         * The barrier ensures that ar->size will really remain zero until
         * ar->data is ready for reading.
         */
        smp_mb();
        ar->size = n;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_transaction_set);

char *simple_transaction_get(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t size)
{
        struct simple_transaction_argresp *ar;
        static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(simple_transaction_lock);

        if (size > SIMPLE_TRANSACTION_LIMIT - 1)
                return ERR_PTR(-EFBIG);

        ar = (struct simple_transaction_argresp *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!ar)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        spin_lock(&simple_transaction_lock);

        /* only one write allowed per open */
        if (file->private_data) {
                spin_unlock(&simple_transaction_lock);
                free_page((unsigned long)ar);
                return ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
        }

        file->private_data = ar;

        spin_unlock(&simple_transaction_lock);

        if (copy_from_user(ar->data, buf, size))
                return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);

        return ar->data;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_transaction_get);

ssize_t simple_transaction_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t size, loff_t *pos)
{
        struct simple_transaction_argresp *ar = file->private_data;

        if (!ar)
                return 0;
        return simple_read_from_buffer(buf, size, pos, ar->data, ar->size);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_transaction_read);

int simple_transaction_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        free_page((unsigned long)file->private_data);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_transaction_release);

/* Simple attribute files */

struct simple_attr {
        int (*get)(void *, u64 *);
        int (*set)(void *, u64);
        char get_buf[24];       /* enough to store a u64 and "\n\0" */
        char set_buf[24];
        void *data;
        const char *fmt;        /* format for read operation */
        struct mutex mutex;     /* protects access to these buffers */
};

/* simple_attr_open is called by an actual attribute open file operation
 * to set the attribute specific access operations. */
int simple_attr_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file,
                     int (*get)(void *, u64 *), int (*set)(void *, u64),
                     const char *fmt)
{
        struct simple_attr *attr;

        attr = kzalloc(sizeof(*attr), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!attr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        attr->get = get;
        attr->set = set;
        attr->data = inode->i_private;
        attr->fmt = fmt;
        mutex_init(&attr->mutex);

        file->private_data = attr;

        return nonseekable_open(inode, file);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(simple_attr_open);

int simple_attr_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        kfree(file->private_data);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(simple_attr_release); /* GPL-only?  This?  Really? */

/* read from the buffer that is filled with the get function */
ssize_t simple_attr_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf,
                         size_t len, loff_t *ppos)
{
        struct simple_attr *attr;
        size_t size;
        ssize_t ret;

        attr = file->private_data;

        if (!attr->get)
                return -EACCES;

        ret = mutex_lock_interruptible(&attr->mutex);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        if (*ppos && attr->get_buf[0]) {
                /* continued read */
                size = strlen(attr->get_buf);
        } else {
                /* first read */
                u64 val;
                ret = attr->get(attr->data, &val);
                if (ret)
                        goto out;

                size = scnprintf(attr->get_buf, sizeof(attr->get_buf),
                                 attr->fmt, (unsigned long long)val);
        }

        ret = simple_read_from_buffer(buf, len, ppos, attr->get_buf, size);
out:
        mutex_unlock(&attr->mutex);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(simple_attr_read);

/* interpret the buffer as a number to call the set function with */
static ssize_t simple_attr_write_xsigned(struct file *file, const char __user *buf,
                          size_t len, loff_t *ppos, bool is_signed)
{
        struct simple_attr *attr;
        unsigned long long val;
        size_t size;
        ssize_t ret;

        attr = file->private_data;
        if (!attr->set)
                return -EACCES;

        ret = mutex_lock_interruptible(&attr->mutex);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        ret = -EFAULT;
        size = min(sizeof(attr->set_buf) - 1, len);
        if (copy_from_user(attr->set_buf, buf, size))
                goto out;

        attr->set_buf[size] = '\0';
        if (is_signed)
                ret = kstrtoll(attr->set_buf, 0, &val);
        else
                ret = kstrtoull(attr->set_buf, 0, &val);
        if (ret)
                goto out;
        ret = attr->set(attr->data, val);
        if (ret == 0)
                ret = len; /* on success, claim we got the whole input */
out:
        mutex_unlock(&attr->mutex);
        return ret;
}

ssize_t simple_attr_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf,
                          size_t len, loff_t *ppos)
{
        return simple_attr_write_xsigned(file, buf, len, ppos, false);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(simple_attr_write);

ssize_t simple_attr_write_signed(struct file *file, const char __user *buf,
                          size_t len, loff_t *ppos)
{
        return simple_attr_write_xsigned(file, buf, len, ppos, true);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(simple_attr_write_signed);

/**
 * generic_encode_ino32_fh - generic export_operations->encode_fh function
 * @inode:   the object to encode
 * @fh:      where to store the file handle fragment
 * @max_len: maximum length to store there (in 4 byte units)
 * @parent:  parent directory inode, if wanted
 *
 * This generic encode_fh function assumes that the 32 inode number
 * is suitable for locating an inode, and that the generation number
 * can be used to check that it is still valid.  It places them in the
 * filehandle fragment where export_decode_fh expects to find them.
 */
int generic_encode_ino32_fh(struct inode *inode, __u32 *fh, int *max_len,
                            struct inode *parent)
{
        struct fid *fid = (void *)fh;
        int len = *max_len;
        int type = FILEID_INO32_GEN;

        if (parent && (len < 4)) {
                *max_len = 4;
                return FILEID_INVALID;
        } else if (len < 2) {
                *max_len = 2;
                return FILEID_INVALID;
        }

        len = 2;
        fid->i32.ino = inode->i_ino;
        fid->i32.gen = inode->i_generation;
        if (parent) {
                fid->i32.parent_ino = parent->i_ino;
                fid->i32.parent_gen = parent->i_generation;
                len = 4;
                type = FILEID_INO32_GEN_PARENT;
        }
        *max_len = len;
        return type;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(generic_encode_ino32_fh);

/**
 * generic_fh_to_dentry - generic helper for the fh_to_dentry export operation
 * @sb:         filesystem to do the file handle conversion on
 * @fid:        file handle to convert
 * @fh_len:     length of the file handle in bytes
 * @fh_type:    type of file handle
 * @get_inode:  filesystem callback to retrieve inode
 *
 * This function decodes @fid as long as it has one of the well-known
 * Linux filehandle types and calls @get_inode on it to retrieve the
 * inode for the object specified in the file handle.
 */
struct dentry *generic_fh_to_dentry(struct super_block *sb, struct fid *fid,
                int fh_len, int fh_type, struct inode *(*get_inode)
                        (struct super_block *sb, u64 ino, u32 gen))
{
        struct inode *inode = NULL;

        if (fh_len < 2)
                return NULL;

        switch (fh_type) {
        case FILEID_INO32_GEN:
        case FILEID_INO32_GEN_PARENT:
                inode = get_inode(sb, fid->i32.ino, fid->i32.gen);
                break;
        }

        return d_obtain_alias(inode);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(generic_fh_to_dentry);

/**
 * generic_fh_to_parent - generic helper for the fh_to_parent export operation
 * @sb:         filesystem to do the file handle conversion on
 * @fid:        file handle to convert
 * @fh_len:     length of the file handle in bytes
 * @fh_type:    type of file handle
 * @get_inode:  filesystem callback to retrieve inode
 *
 * This function decodes @fid as long as it has one of the well-known
 * Linux filehandle types and calls @get_inode on it to retrieve the
 * inode for the _parent_ object specified in the file handle if it
 * is specified in the file handle, or NULL otherwise.
 */
struct dentry *generic_fh_to_parent(struct super_block *sb, struct fid *fid,
                int fh_len, int fh_type, struct inode *(*get_inode)
                        (struct super_block *sb, u64 ino, u32 gen))
{
        struct inode *inode = NULL;

        if (fh_len <= 2)
                return NULL;

        switch (fh_type) {
        case FILEID_INO32_GEN_PARENT:
                inode = get_inode(sb, fid->i32.parent_ino,
                                  (fh_len > 3 ? fid->i32.parent_gen : 0));
                break;
        }

        return d_obtain_alias(inode);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(generic_fh_to_parent);

/**
 * __generic_file_fsync - generic fsync implementation for simple filesystems
 *
 * @file:       file to synchronize
 * @start:      start offset in bytes
 * @end:        end offset in bytes (inclusive)
 * @datasync:   only synchronize essential metadata if true
 *
 * This is a generic implementation of the fsync method for simple
 * filesystems which track all non-inode metadata in the buffers list
 * hanging off the address_space structure.
 */
int __generic_file_fsync(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
                                 int datasync)
{
        struct inode *inode = file->f_mapping->host;
        int err;
        int ret;

        err = file_write_and_wait_range(file, start, end);
        if (err)
                return err;

        inode_lock(inode);
        ret = sync_mapping_buffers(inode->i_mapping);
        if (!(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_ALL))
                goto out;
        if (datasync && !(inode->i_state & I_DIRTY_DATASYNC))
                goto out;

        err = sync_inode_metadata(inode, 1);
        if (ret == 0)
                ret = err;

out:
        inode_unlock(inode);
        /* check and advance again to catch errors after syncing out buffers */
        err = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
        if (ret == 0)
                ret = err;
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__generic_file_fsync);

/**
 * generic_file_fsync - generic fsync implementation for simple filesystems
 *                      with flush
 * @file:       file to synchronize
 * @start:      start offset in bytes
 * @end:        end offset in bytes (inclusive)
 * @datasync:   only synchronize essential metadata if true
 *
 */

int generic_file_fsync(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
                       int datasync)
{
        struct inode *inode = file->f_mapping->host;
        int err;

        err = __generic_file_fsync(file, start, end, datasync);
        if (err)
                return err;
        return blkdev_issue_flush(inode->i_sb->s_bdev);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_fsync);

/**
 * generic_check_addressable - Check addressability of file system
 * @blocksize_bits:     log of file system block size
 * @num_blocks:         number of blocks in file system
 *
 * Determine whether a file system with @num_blocks blocks (and a
 * block size of 2**@blocksize_bits) is addressable by the sector_t
 * and page cache of the system.  Return 0 if so and -EFBIG otherwise.
 */
int generic_check_addressable(unsigned blocksize_bits, u64 num_blocks)
{
        u64 last_fs_block = num_blocks - 1;
        u64 last_fs_page =
                last_fs_block >> (PAGE_SHIFT - blocksize_bits);

        if (unlikely(num_blocks == 0))
                return 0;

        if ((blocksize_bits < 9) || (blocksize_bits > PAGE_SHIFT))
                return -EINVAL;

        if ((last_fs_block > (sector_t)(~0ULL) >> (blocksize_bits - 9)) ||
            (last_fs_page > (pgoff_t)(~0ULL))) {
                return -EFBIG;
        }
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_check_addressable);

/*
 * No-op implementation of ->fsync for in-memory filesystems.
 */
int noop_fsync(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync)
{
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(noop_fsync);

ssize_t noop_direct_IO(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter)
{
        /*
         * iomap based filesystems support direct I/O without need for
         * this callback. However, it still needs to be set in
         * inode->a_ops so that open/fcntl know that direct I/O is
         * generally supported.
         */
        return -EINVAL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(noop_direct_IO);

/* Because kfree isn't assignment-compatible with void(void*) ;-/ */
void kfree_link(void *p)
{
        kfree(p);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kfree_link);

struct inode *alloc_anon_inode(struct super_block *s)
{
        static const struct address_space_operations anon_aops = {
                .dirty_folio    = noop_dirty_folio,
        };
        struct inode *inode = new_inode_pseudo(s);

        if (!inode)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        inode->i_ino = get_next_ino();
        inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &anon_aops;

        /*
         * Mark the inode dirty from the very beginning,
         * that way it will never be moved to the dirty
         * list because mark_inode_dirty() will think
         * that it already _is_ on the dirty list.
         */
        inode->i_state = I_DIRTY;
        /*
         * Historically anonymous inodes don't have a type at all and
         * userspace has come to rely on this.
         */
        inode->i_mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
        inode->i_uid = current_fsuid();
        inode->i_gid = current_fsgid();
        inode->i_flags |= S_PRIVATE | S_ANON_INODE;
        simple_inode_init_ts(inode);
        return inode;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(alloc_anon_inode);

/**
 * simple_nosetlease - generic helper for prohibiting leases
 * @filp: file pointer
 * @arg: type of lease to obtain
 * @flp: new lease supplied for insertion
 * @priv: private data for lm_setup operation
 *
 * Generic helper for filesystems that do not wish to allow leases to be set.
 * All arguments are ignored and it just returns -EINVAL.
 */
int
simple_nosetlease(struct file *filp, int arg, struct file_lease **flp,
                  void **priv)
{
        return -EINVAL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_nosetlease);

/**
 * simple_get_link - generic helper to get the target of "fast" symlinks
 * @dentry: not used here
 * @inode: the symlink inode
 * @done: not used here
 *
 * Generic helper for filesystems to use for symlink inodes where a pointer to
 * the symlink target is stored in ->i_link.  NOTE: this isn't normally called,
 * since as an optimization the path lookup code uses any non-NULL ->i_link
 * directly, without calling ->get_link().  But ->get_link() still must be set,
 * to mark the inode_operations as being for a symlink.
 *
 * Return: the symlink target
 */
const char *simple_get_link(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
                            struct delayed_call *done)
{
        return inode->i_link;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_get_link);

const struct inode_operations simple_symlink_inode_operations = {
        .get_link = simple_get_link,
};
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_symlink_inode_operations);

/*
 * Operations for a permanently empty directory.
 */
static struct dentry *empty_dir_lookup(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int flags)
{
        return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
}

static int empty_dir_setattr(struct mnt_idmap *idmap,
                             struct dentry *dentry, struct iattr *attr)
{
        return -EPERM;
}

static ssize_t empty_dir_listxattr(struct dentry *dentry, char *list, size_t size)
{
        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
}

static const struct inode_operations empty_dir_inode_operations = {
        .lookup         = empty_dir_lookup,
        .setattr        = empty_dir_setattr,
        .listxattr      = empty_dir_listxattr,
};

static loff_t empty_dir_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence)
{
        /* An empty directory has two entries . and .. at offsets 0 and 1 */
        return generic_file_llseek_size(file, offset, whence, 2, 2);
}

static int empty_dir_readdir(struct file *file, struct dir_context *ctx)
{
        dir_emit_dots(file, ctx);
        return 0;
}

static const struct file_operations empty_dir_operations = {
        .llseek         = empty_dir_llseek,
        .read           = generic_read_dir,
        .iterate_shared = empty_dir_readdir,
        .fsync          = noop_fsync,
};


void make_empty_dir_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        set_nlink(inode, 2);
        inode->i_mode = S_IFDIR | S_IRUGO | S_IXUGO;
        inode->i_uid = GLOBAL_ROOT_UID;
        inode->i_gid = GLOBAL_ROOT_GID;
        inode->i_rdev = 0;
        inode->i_size = 0;
        inode->i_blkbits = PAGE_SHIFT;
        inode->i_blocks = 0;

        inode->i_op = &empty_dir_inode_operations;
        inode->i_opflags &= ~IOP_XATTR;
        inode->i_fop = &empty_dir_operations;
}

bool is_empty_dir_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        return (inode->i_fop == &empty_dir_operations) &&
                (inode->i_op == &empty_dir_inode_operations);
}

#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_UNICODE)
/**
 * generic_ci_d_compare - generic d_compare implementation for casefolding filesystems
 * @dentry:     dentry whose name we are checking against
 * @len:        len of name of dentry
 * @str:        str pointer to name of dentry
 * @name:       Name to compare against
 *
 * Return: 0 if names match, 1 if mismatch, or -ERRNO
 */
int generic_ci_d_compare(const struct dentry *dentry, unsigned int len,
                         const char *str, const struct qstr *name)
{
        const struct dentry *parent;
        const struct inode *dir;
        union shortname_store strbuf;
        struct qstr qstr;

        /*
         * Attempt a case-sensitive match first. It is cheaper and
         * should cover most lookups, including all the sane
         * applications that expect a case-sensitive filesystem.
         *
         * This comparison is safe under RCU because the caller
         * guarantees the consistency between str and len. See
         * __d_lookup_rcu_op_compare() for details.
         */
        if (len == name->len && !memcmp(str, name->name, len))
                return 0;

        parent = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_parent);
        dir = READ_ONCE(parent->d_inode);
        if (!dir || !IS_CASEFOLDED(dir))
                return 1;

        qstr.len = len;
        qstr.name = str;
        /*
         * If the dentry name is stored in-line, then it may be concurrently
         * modified by a rename.  If this happens, the VFS will eventually retry
         * the lookup, so it doesn't matter what ->d_compare() returns.
         * However, it's unsafe to call utf8_strncasecmp() with an unstable
         * string.  Therefore, we have to copy the name into a temporary buffer.
         * As above, len is guaranteed to match str, so the shortname case
         * is exactly when str points to ->d_shortname.
         */
        if (qstr.name == dentry->d_shortname.string) {
                strbuf = dentry->d_shortname; // NUL is guaranteed to be in there
                qstr.name = strbuf.string;
                /* prevent compiler from optimizing out the temporary buffer */
                barrier();
        }

        return utf8_strncasecmp(dentry->d_sb->s_encoding, name, &qstr);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_ci_d_compare);

/**
 * generic_ci_d_hash - generic d_hash implementation for casefolding filesystems
 * @dentry:     dentry of the parent directory
 * @str:        qstr of name whose hash we should fill in
 *
 * Return: 0 if hash was successful or unchanged, and -EINVAL on error
 */
int generic_ci_d_hash(const struct dentry *dentry, struct qstr *str)
{
        const struct inode *dir = READ_ONCE(dentry->d_inode);
        struct super_block *sb = dentry->d_sb;
        const struct unicode_map *um = sb->s_encoding;
        int ret;

        if (!dir || !IS_CASEFOLDED(dir))
                return 0;

        ret = utf8_casefold_hash(um, dentry, str);
        if (ret < 0 && sb_has_strict_encoding(sb))
                return -EINVAL;
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_ci_d_hash);

static const struct dentry_operations generic_ci_dentry_ops = {
        .d_hash = generic_ci_d_hash,
        .d_compare = generic_ci_d_compare,
#ifdef CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION
        .d_revalidate = fscrypt_d_revalidate,
#endif
};

/**
 * generic_ci_match() - Match a name (case-insensitively) with a dirent.
 * This is a filesystem helper for comparison with directory entries.
 * generic_ci_d_compare should be used in VFS' ->d_compare instead.
 *
 * @parent: Inode of the parent of the dirent under comparison
 * @name: name under lookup.
 * @folded_name: Optional pre-folded name under lookup
 * @de_name: Dirent name.
 * @de_name_len: dirent name length.
 *
 * Test whether a case-insensitive directory entry matches the filename
 * being searched.  If @folded_name is provided, it is used instead of
 * recalculating the casefold of @name.
 *
 * Return: > 0 if the directory entry matches, 0 if it doesn't match, or
 * < 0 on error.
 */
int generic_ci_match(const struct inode *parent,
                     const struct qstr *name,
                     const struct qstr *folded_name,
                     const u8 *de_name, u32 de_name_len)
{
        const struct super_block *sb = parent->i_sb;
        const struct unicode_map *um = sb->s_encoding;
        struct fscrypt_str decrypted_name = FSTR_INIT(NULL, de_name_len);
        struct qstr dirent = QSTR_INIT(de_name, de_name_len);
        int res = 0;

        if (IS_ENCRYPTED(parent)) {
                const struct fscrypt_str encrypted_name =
                        FSTR_INIT((u8 *) de_name, de_name_len);

                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!fscrypt_has_encryption_key(parent)))
                        return -EINVAL;

                decrypted_name.name = kmalloc(de_name_len, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!decrypted_name.name)
                        return -ENOMEM;
                res = fscrypt_fname_disk_to_usr(parent, 0, 0, &encrypted_name,
                                                &decrypted_name);
                if (res < 0) {
                        kfree(decrypted_name.name);
                        return res;
                }
                dirent.name = decrypted_name.name;
                dirent.len = decrypted_name.len;
        }

        /*
         * Attempt a case-sensitive match first. It is cheaper and
         * should cover most lookups, including all the sane
         * applications that expect a case-sensitive filesystem.
         */

        if (dirent.len == name->len &&
            !memcmp(name->name, dirent.name, dirent.len))
                goto out;

        if (folded_name->name)
                res = utf8_strncasecmp_folded(um, folded_name, &dirent);
        else
                res = utf8_strncasecmp(um, name, &dirent);

out:
        kfree(decrypted_name.name);
        if (res < 0 && sb_has_strict_encoding(sb)) {
                pr_err_ratelimited("Directory contains filename that is invalid UTF-8");
                return 0;
        }
        return !res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_ci_match);
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION
static const struct dentry_operations generic_encrypted_dentry_ops = {
        .d_revalidate = fscrypt_d_revalidate,
};
#endif

/**
 * generic_set_sb_d_ops - helper for choosing the set of
 * filesystem-wide dentry operations for the enabled features
 * @sb: superblock to be configured
 *
 * Filesystems supporting casefolding and/or fscrypt can call this
 * helper at mount-time to configure sb->s_d_op to best set of dentry
 * operations required for the enabled features. The helper must be
 * called after these have been configured, but before the root dentry
 * is created.
 */
void generic_set_sb_d_ops(struct super_block *sb)
{
#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_UNICODE)
        if (sb->s_encoding) {
                sb->s_d_op = &generic_ci_dentry_ops;
                return;
        }
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FS_ENCRYPTION
        if (sb->s_cop) {
                sb->s_d_op = &generic_encrypted_dentry_ops;
                return;
        }
#endif
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_set_sb_d_ops);

/**
 * inode_maybe_inc_iversion - increments i_version
 * @inode: inode with the i_version that should be updated
 * @force: increment the counter even if it's not necessary?
 *
 * Every time the inode is modified, the i_version field must be seen to have
 * changed by any observer.
 *
 * If "force" is set or the QUERIED flag is set, then ensure that we increment
 * the value, and clear the queried flag.
 *
 * In the common case where neither is set, then we can return "false" without
 * updating i_version.
 *
 * If this function returns false, and no other metadata has changed, then we
 * can avoid logging the metadata.
 */
bool inode_maybe_inc_iversion(struct inode *inode, bool force)
{
        u64 cur, new;

        /*
         * The i_version field is not strictly ordered with any other inode
         * information, but the legacy inode_inc_iversion code used a spinlock
         * to serialize increments.
         *
         * We add a full memory barrier to ensure that any de facto ordering
         * with other state is preserved (either implicitly coming from cmpxchg
         * or explicitly from smp_mb if we don't know upfront if we will execute
         * the former).
         *
         * These barriers pair with inode_query_iversion().
         */
        cur = inode_peek_iversion_raw(inode);
        if (!force && !(cur & I_VERSION_QUERIED)) {
                smp_mb();
                cur = inode_peek_iversion_raw(inode);
        }

        do {
                /* If flag is clear then we needn't do anything */
                if (!force && !(cur & I_VERSION_QUERIED))
                        return false;

                /* Since lowest bit is flag, add 2 to avoid it */
                new = (cur & ~I_VERSION_QUERIED) + I_VERSION_INCREMENT;
        } while (!atomic64_try_cmpxchg(&inode->i_version, &cur, new));
        return true;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(inode_maybe_inc_iversion);

/**
 * inode_query_iversion - read i_version for later use
 * @inode: inode from which i_version should be read
 *
 * Read the inode i_version counter. This should be used by callers that wish
 * to store the returned i_version for later comparison. This will guarantee
 * that a later query of the i_version will result in a different value if
 * anything has changed.
 *
 * In this implementation, we fetch the current value, set the QUERIED flag and
 * then try to swap it into place with a cmpxchg, if it wasn't already set. If
 * that fails, we try again with the newly fetched value from the cmpxchg.
 */
u64 inode_query_iversion(struct inode *inode)
{
        u64 cur, new;
        bool fenced = false;

        /*
         * Memory barriers (implicit in cmpxchg, explicit in smp_mb) pair with
         * inode_maybe_inc_iversion(), see that routine for more details.
         */
        cur = inode_peek_iversion_raw(inode);
        do {
                /* If flag is already set, then no need to swap */
                if (cur & I_VERSION_QUERIED) {
                        if (!fenced)
                                smp_mb();
                        break;
                }

                fenced = true;
                new = cur | I_VERSION_QUERIED;
        } while (!atomic64_try_cmpxchg(&inode->i_version, &cur, new));
        return cur >> I_VERSION_QUERIED_SHIFT;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(inode_query_iversion);

ssize_t direct_write_fallback(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
                ssize_t direct_written, ssize_t buffered_written)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = iocb->ki_filp->f_mapping;
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos - buffered_written;
        loff_t end = iocb->ki_pos - 1;
        int err;

        /*
         * If the buffered write fallback returned an error, we want to return
         * the number of bytes which were written by direct I/O, or the error
         * code if that was zero.
         *
         * Note that this differs from normal direct-io semantics, which will
         * return -EFOO even if some bytes were written.
         */
        if (unlikely(buffered_written < 0)) {
                if (direct_written)
                        return direct_written;
                return buffered_written;
        }

        /*
         * We need to ensure that the page cache pages are written to disk and
         * invalidated to preserve the expected O_DIRECT semantics.
         */
        err = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping, pos, end);
        if (err < 0) {
                /*
                 * We don't know how much we wrote, so just return the number of
                 * bytes which were direct-written
                 */
                iocb->ki_pos -= buffered_written;
                if (direct_written)
                        return direct_written;
                return err;
        }
        invalidate_mapping_pages(mapping, pos >> PAGE_SHIFT, end >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        return direct_written + buffered_written;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(direct_write_fallback);

/**
 * simple_inode_init_ts - initialize the timestamps for a new inode
 * @inode: inode to be initialized
 *
 * When a new inode is created, most filesystems set the timestamps to the
 * current time. Add a helper to do this.
 */
struct timespec64 simple_inode_init_ts(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct timespec64 ts = inode_set_ctime_current(inode);

        inode_set_atime_to_ts(inode, ts);
        inode_set_mtime_to_ts(inode, ts);
        return ts;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(simple_inode_init_ts);

struct dentry *stashed_dentry_get(struct dentry **stashed)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;

        guard(rcu)();
        dentry = rcu_dereference(*stashed);
        if (!dentry)
                return NULL;
        if (!lockref_get_not_dead(&dentry->d_lockref))
                return NULL;
        return dentry;
}

static struct dentry *prepare_anon_dentry(struct dentry **stashed,
                                          struct super_block *sb,
                                          void *data)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;
        struct inode *inode;
        const struct stashed_operations *sops = sb->s_fs_info;
        int ret;

        inode = new_inode_pseudo(sb);
        if (!inode) {
                sops->put_data(data);
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
        }

        inode->i_flags |= S_IMMUTABLE;
        inode->i_mode = S_IFREG;
        simple_inode_init_ts(inode);

        ret = sops->init_inode(inode, data);
        if (ret < 0) {
                iput(inode);
                return ERR_PTR(ret);
        }

        /* Notice when this is changed. */
        WARN_ON_ONCE(!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode));
        WARN_ON_ONCE(!IS_IMMUTABLE(inode));

        dentry = d_alloc_anon(sb);
        if (!dentry) {
                iput(inode);
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
        }

        /* Store address of location where dentry's supposed to be stashed. */
        dentry->d_fsdata = stashed;

        /* @data is now owned by the fs */
        d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
        return dentry;
}

static struct dentry *stash_dentry(struct dentry **stashed,
                                   struct dentry *dentry)
{
        guard(rcu)();
        for (;;) {
                struct dentry *old;

                /* Assume any old dentry was cleared out. */
                old = cmpxchg(stashed, NULL, dentry);
                if (likely(!old))
                        return dentry;

                /* Check if somebody else installed a reusable dentry. */
                if (lockref_get_not_dead(&old->d_lockref))
                        return old;

                /* There's an old dead dentry there, try to take it over. */
                if (likely(try_cmpxchg(stashed, &old, dentry)))
                        return dentry;
        }
}

/**
 * path_from_stashed - create path from stashed or new dentry
 * @stashed:    where to retrieve or stash dentry
 * @mnt:        mnt of the filesystems to use
 * @data:       data to store in inode->i_private
 * @path:       path to create
 *
 * The function tries to retrieve a stashed dentry from @stashed. If the dentry
 * is still valid then it will be reused. If the dentry isn't able the function
 * will allocate a new dentry and inode. It will then check again whether it
 * can reuse an existing dentry in case one has been added in the meantime or
 * update @stashed with the newly added dentry.
 *
 * Special-purpose helper for nsfs and pidfs.
 *
 * Return: On success zero and on failure a negative error is returned.
 */
int path_from_stashed(struct dentry **stashed, struct vfsmount *mnt, void *data,
                      struct path *path)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;
        const struct stashed_operations *sops = mnt->mnt_sb->s_fs_info;

        /* See if dentry can be reused. */
        path->dentry = stashed_dentry_get(stashed);
        if (path->dentry) {
                sops->put_data(data);
                goto out_path;
        }

        /* Allocate a new dentry. */
        dentry = prepare_anon_dentry(stashed, mnt->mnt_sb, data);
        if (IS_ERR(dentry))
                return PTR_ERR(dentry);

        /* Added a new dentry. @data is now owned by the filesystem. */
        path->dentry = stash_dentry(stashed, dentry);
        if (path->dentry != dentry)
                dput(dentry);

out_path:
        WARN_ON_ONCE(path->dentry->d_fsdata != stashed);
        WARN_ON_ONCE(d_inode(path->dentry)->i_private != data);
        path->mnt = mntget(mnt);
        return 0;
}

void stashed_dentry_prune(struct dentry *dentry)
{
        struct dentry **stashed = dentry->d_fsdata;
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);

        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!stashed))
                return;

        if (!inode)
                return;

        /*
         * Only replace our own @dentry as someone else might've
         * already cleared out @dentry and stashed their own
         * dentry in there.
         */
        cmpxchg(stashed, dentry, NULL);
}