[ARM] 3017/1: Add support for 36-bit addresses to create_mapping()
[linux-2.6-block.git] / arch / arm / mm / mm-armv.c
1 /*
2  *  linux/arch/arm/mm/mm-armv.c
3  *
4  *  Copyright (C) 1998-2005 Russell King
5  *
6  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
8  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
9  *
10  *  Page table sludge for ARM v3 and v4 processor architectures.
11  */
12 #include <linux/config.h>
13 #include <linux/module.h>
14 #include <linux/mm.h>
15 #include <linux/init.h>
16 #include <linux/bootmem.h>
17 #include <linux/highmem.h>
18 #include <linux/nodemask.h>
19
20 #include <asm/pgalloc.h>
21 #include <asm/page.h>
22 #include <asm/io.h>
23 #include <asm/setup.h>
24 #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
25
26 #include <asm/mach/map.h>
27
28 #define CPOLICY_UNCACHED        0
29 #define CPOLICY_BUFFERED        1
30 #define CPOLICY_WRITETHROUGH    2
31 #define CPOLICY_WRITEBACK       3
32 #define CPOLICY_WRITEALLOC      4
33
34 static unsigned int cachepolicy __initdata = CPOLICY_WRITEBACK;
35 static unsigned int ecc_mask __initdata = 0;
36 pgprot_t pgprot_kernel;
37
38 EXPORT_SYMBOL(pgprot_kernel);
39
40 pmd_t *top_pmd;
41
42 struct cachepolicy {
43         const char      policy[16];
44         unsigned int    cr_mask;
45         unsigned int    pmd;
46         unsigned int    pte;
47 };
48
49 static struct cachepolicy cache_policies[] __initdata = {
50         {
51                 .policy         = "uncached",
52                 .cr_mask        = CR_W|CR_C,
53                 .pmd            = PMD_SECT_UNCACHED,
54                 .pte            = 0,
55         }, {
56                 .policy         = "buffered",
57                 .cr_mask        = CR_C,
58                 .pmd            = PMD_SECT_BUFFERED,
59                 .pte            = PTE_BUFFERABLE,
60         }, {
61                 .policy         = "writethrough",
62                 .cr_mask        = 0,
63                 .pmd            = PMD_SECT_WT,
64                 .pte            = PTE_CACHEABLE,
65         }, {
66                 .policy         = "writeback",
67                 .cr_mask        = 0,
68                 .pmd            = PMD_SECT_WB,
69                 .pte            = PTE_BUFFERABLE|PTE_CACHEABLE,
70         }, {
71                 .policy         = "writealloc",
72                 .cr_mask        = 0,
73                 .pmd            = PMD_SECT_WBWA,
74                 .pte            = PTE_BUFFERABLE|PTE_CACHEABLE,
75         }
76 };
77
78 /*
79  * These are useful for identifing cache coherency
80  * problems by allowing the cache or the cache and
81  * writebuffer to be turned off.  (Note: the write
82  * buffer should not be on and the cache off).
83  */
84 static void __init early_cachepolicy(char **p)
85 {
86         int i;
87
88         for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(cache_policies); i++) {
89                 int len = strlen(cache_policies[i].policy);
90
91                 if (memcmp(*p, cache_policies[i].policy, len) == 0) {
92                         cachepolicy = i;
93                         cr_alignment &= ~cache_policies[i].cr_mask;
94                         cr_no_alignment &= ~cache_policies[i].cr_mask;
95                         *p += len;
96                         break;
97                 }
98         }
99         if (i == ARRAY_SIZE(cache_policies))
100                 printk(KERN_ERR "ERROR: unknown or unsupported cache policy\n");
101         flush_cache_all();
102         set_cr(cr_alignment);
103 }
104
105 static void __init early_nocache(char **__unused)
106 {
107         char *p = "buffered";
108         printk(KERN_WARNING "nocache is deprecated; use cachepolicy=%s\n", p);
109         early_cachepolicy(&p);
110 }
111
112 static void __init early_nowrite(char **__unused)
113 {
114         char *p = "uncached";
115         printk(KERN_WARNING "nowb is deprecated; use cachepolicy=%s\n", p);
116         early_cachepolicy(&p);
117 }
118
119 static void __init early_ecc(char **p)
120 {
121         if (memcmp(*p, "on", 2) == 0) {
122                 ecc_mask = PMD_PROTECTION;
123                 *p += 2;
124         } else if (memcmp(*p, "off", 3) == 0) {
125                 ecc_mask = 0;
126                 *p += 3;
127         }
128 }
129
130 __early_param("nocache", early_nocache);
131 __early_param("nowb", early_nowrite);
132 __early_param("cachepolicy=", early_cachepolicy);
133 __early_param("ecc=", early_ecc);
134
135 static int __init noalign_setup(char *__unused)
136 {
137         cr_alignment &= ~CR_A;
138         cr_no_alignment &= ~CR_A;
139         set_cr(cr_alignment);
140         return 1;
141 }
142
143 __setup("noalign", noalign_setup);
144
145 #define FIRST_KERNEL_PGD_NR     (FIRST_USER_PGD_NR + USER_PTRS_PER_PGD)
146
147 static inline pmd_t *pmd_off(pgd_t *pgd, unsigned long virt)
148 {
149         return pmd_offset(pgd, virt);
150 }
151
152 static inline pmd_t *pmd_off_k(unsigned long virt)
153 {
154         return pmd_off(pgd_offset_k(virt), virt);
155 }
156
157 /*
158  * need to get a 16k page for level 1
159  */
160 pgd_t *get_pgd_slow(struct mm_struct *mm)
161 {
162         pgd_t *new_pgd, *init_pgd;
163         pmd_t *new_pmd, *init_pmd;
164         pte_t *new_pte, *init_pte;
165
166         new_pgd = (pgd_t *)__get_free_pages(GFP_KERNEL, 2);
167         if (!new_pgd)
168                 goto no_pgd;
169
170         memzero(new_pgd, FIRST_KERNEL_PGD_NR * sizeof(pgd_t));
171
172         /*
173          * Copy over the kernel and IO PGD entries
174          */
175         init_pgd = pgd_offset_k(0);
176         memcpy(new_pgd + FIRST_KERNEL_PGD_NR, init_pgd + FIRST_KERNEL_PGD_NR,
177                        (PTRS_PER_PGD - FIRST_KERNEL_PGD_NR) * sizeof(pgd_t));
178
179         clean_dcache_area(new_pgd, PTRS_PER_PGD * sizeof(pgd_t));
180
181         if (!vectors_high()) {
182                 /*
183                  * This lock is here just to satisfy pmd_alloc and pte_lock
184                  */
185                 spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
186
187                 /*
188                  * On ARM, first page must always be allocated since it
189                  * contains the machine vectors.
190                  */
191                 new_pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, new_pgd, 0);
192                 if (!new_pmd)
193                         goto no_pmd;
194
195                 new_pte = pte_alloc_map(mm, new_pmd, 0);
196                 if (!new_pte)
197                         goto no_pte;
198
199                 init_pmd = pmd_offset(init_pgd, 0);
200                 init_pte = pte_offset_map_nested(init_pmd, 0);
201                 set_pte(new_pte, *init_pte);
202                 pte_unmap_nested(init_pte);
203                 pte_unmap(new_pte);
204
205                 spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
206         }
207
208         return new_pgd;
209
210 no_pte:
211         spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
212         pmd_free(new_pmd);
213         free_pages((unsigned long)new_pgd, 2);
214         return NULL;
215
216 no_pmd:
217         spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
218         free_pages((unsigned long)new_pgd, 2);
219         return NULL;
220
221 no_pgd:
222         return NULL;
223 }
224
225 void free_pgd_slow(pgd_t *pgd)
226 {
227         pmd_t *pmd;
228         struct page *pte;
229
230         if (!pgd)
231                 return;
232
233         /* pgd is always present and good */
234         pmd = pmd_off(pgd, 0);
235         if (pmd_none(*pmd))
236                 goto free;
237         if (pmd_bad(*pmd)) {
238                 pmd_ERROR(*pmd);
239                 pmd_clear(pmd);
240                 goto free;
241         }
242
243         pte = pmd_page(*pmd);
244         pmd_clear(pmd);
245         dec_page_state(nr_page_table_pages);
246         pte_free(pte);
247         pmd_free(pmd);
248 free:
249         free_pages((unsigned long) pgd, 2);
250 }
251
252 /*
253  * Create a SECTION PGD between VIRT and PHYS in domain
254  * DOMAIN with protection PROT.  This operates on half-
255  * pgdir entry increments.
256  */
257 static inline void
258 alloc_init_section(unsigned long virt, unsigned long phys, int prot)
259 {
260         pmd_t *pmdp = pmd_off_k(virt);
261
262         if (virt & (1 << 20))
263                 pmdp++;
264
265         *pmdp = __pmd(phys | prot);
266         flush_pmd_entry(pmdp);
267 }
268
269 /*
270  * Create a SUPER SECTION PGD between VIRT and PHYS with protection PROT
271  */
272 static inline void
273 alloc_init_supersection(unsigned long virt, unsigned long phys, int prot)
274 {
275         int i;
276
277         for (i = 0; i < 16; i += 1) {
278                 alloc_init_section(virt, phys, prot | PMD_SECT_SUPER);
279
280                 virt += (PGDIR_SIZE / 2);
281         }
282 }
283
284 /*
285  * Add a PAGE mapping between VIRT and PHYS in domain
286  * DOMAIN with protection PROT.  Note that due to the
287  * way we map the PTEs, we must allocate two PTE_SIZE'd
288  * blocks - one for the Linux pte table, and one for
289  * the hardware pte table.
290  */
291 static inline void
292 alloc_init_page(unsigned long virt, unsigned long phys, unsigned int prot_l1, pgprot_t prot)
293 {
294         pmd_t *pmdp = pmd_off_k(virt);
295         pte_t *ptep;
296
297         if (pmd_none(*pmdp)) {
298                 ptep = alloc_bootmem_low_pages(2 * PTRS_PER_PTE *
299                                                sizeof(pte_t));
300
301                 __pmd_populate(pmdp, __pa(ptep) | prot_l1);
302         }
303         ptep = pte_offset_kernel(pmdp, virt);
304
305         set_pte(ptep, pfn_pte(phys >> PAGE_SHIFT, prot));
306 }
307
308 struct mem_types {
309         unsigned int    prot_pte;
310         unsigned int    prot_l1;
311         unsigned int    prot_sect;
312         unsigned int    domain;
313 };
314
315 static struct mem_types mem_types[] __initdata = {
316         [MT_DEVICE] = {
317                 .prot_pte  = L_PTE_PRESENT | L_PTE_YOUNG | L_PTE_DIRTY |
318                                 L_PTE_WRITE,
319                 .prot_l1   = PMD_TYPE_TABLE,
320                 .prot_sect = PMD_TYPE_SECT | PMD_SECT_UNCACHED |
321                                 PMD_SECT_AP_WRITE,
322                 .domain    = DOMAIN_IO,
323         },
324         [MT_CACHECLEAN] = {
325                 .prot_sect = PMD_TYPE_SECT,
326                 .domain    = DOMAIN_KERNEL,
327         },
328         [MT_MINICLEAN] = {
329                 .prot_sect = PMD_TYPE_SECT | PMD_SECT_MINICACHE,
330                 .domain    = DOMAIN_KERNEL,
331         },
332         [MT_LOW_VECTORS] = {
333                 .prot_pte  = L_PTE_PRESENT | L_PTE_YOUNG | L_PTE_DIRTY |
334                                 L_PTE_EXEC,
335                 .prot_l1   = PMD_TYPE_TABLE,
336                 .domain    = DOMAIN_USER,
337         },
338         [MT_HIGH_VECTORS] = {
339                 .prot_pte  = L_PTE_PRESENT | L_PTE_YOUNG | L_PTE_DIRTY |
340                                 L_PTE_USER | L_PTE_EXEC,
341                 .prot_l1   = PMD_TYPE_TABLE,
342                 .domain    = DOMAIN_USER,
343         },
344         [MT_MEMORY] = {
345                 .prot_sect = PMD_TYPE_SECT | PMD_SECT_AP_WRITE,
346                 .domain    = DOMAIN_KERNEL,
347         },
348         [MT_ROM] = {
349                 .prot_sect = PMD_TYPE_SECT,
350                 .domain    = DOMAIN_KERNEL,
351         },
352         [MT_IXP2000_DEVICE] = { /* IXP2400 requires XCB=101 for on-chip I/O */
353                 .prot_pte  = L_PTE_PRESENT | L_PTE_YOUNG | L_PTE_DIRTY |
354                                 L_PTE_WRITE,
355                 .prot_l1   = PMD_TYPE_TABLE,
356                 .prot_sect = PMD_TYPE_SECT | PMD_SECT_UNCACHED |
357                                 PMD_SECT_AP_WRITE | PMD_SECT_BUFFERABLE |
358                                 PMD_SECT_TEX(1),
359                 .domain    = DOMAIN_IO,
360         }
361 };
362
363 /*
364  * Adjust the PMD section entries according to the CPU in use.
365  */
366 void __init build_mem_type_table(void)
367 {
368         struct cachepolicy *cp;
369         unsigned int cr = get_cr();
370         unsigned int user_pgprot;
371         int cpu_arch = cpu_architecture();
372         int i;
373
374 #if defined(CONFIG_CPU_DCACHE_DISABLE)
375         if (cachepolicy > CPOLICY_BUFFERED)
376                 cachepolicy = CPOLICY_BUFFERED;
377 #elif defined(CONFIG_CPU_DCACHE_WRITETHROUGH)
378         if (cachepolicy > CPOLICY_WRITETHROUGH)
379                 cachepolicy = CPOLICY_WRITETHROUGH;
380 #endif
381         if (cpu_arch < CPU_ARCH_ARMv5) {
382                 if (cachepolicy >= CPOLICY_WRITEALLOC)
383                         cachepolicy = CPOLICY_WRITEBACK;
384                 ecc_mask = 0;
385         }
386
387         if (cpu_arch <= CPU_ARCH_ARMv5TEJ) {
388                 for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(mem_types); i++) {
389                         if (mem_types[i].prot_l1)
390                                 mem_types[i].prot_l1 |= PMD_BIT4;
391                         if (mem_types[i].prot_sect)
392                                 mem_types[i].prot_sect |= PMD_BIT4;
393                 }
394         }
395
396         cp = &cache_policies[cachepolicy];
397         user_pgprot = cp->pte;
398
399         /*
400          * ARMv6 and above have extended page tables.
401          */
402         if (cpu_arch >= CPU_ARCH_ARMv6 && (cr & CR_XP)) {
403                 /*
404                  * bit 4 becomes XN which we must clear for the
405                  * kernel memory mapping.
406                  */
407                 mem_types[MT_MEMORY].prot_sect &= ~PMD_BIT4;
408                 mem_types[MT_ROM].prot_sect &= ~PMD_BIT4;
409                 /*
410                  * Mark cache clean areas and XIP ROM read only
411                  * from SVC mode and no access from userspace.
412                  */
413                 mem_types[MT_ROM].prot_sect |= PMD_SECT_APX|PMD_SECT_AP_WRITE;
414                 mem_types[MT_MINICLEAN].prot_sect |= PMD_SECT_APX|PMD_SECT_AP_WRITE;
415                 mem_types[MT_CACHECLEAN].prot_sect |= PMD_SECT_APX|PMD_SECT_AP_WRITE;
416
417                 /*
418                  * Mark the device area as "shared device"
419                  */
420                 mem_types[MT_DEVICE].prot_pte |= L_PTE_BUFFERABLE;
421                 mem_types[MT_DEVICE].prot_sect |= PMD_SECT_BUFFERED;
422
423                 /*
424                  * User pages need to be mapped with the ASID
425                  * (iow, non-global)
426                  */
427                 user_pgprot |= L_PTE_ASID;
428         }
429
430         if (cpu_arch >= CPU_ARCH_ARMv5) {
431                 mem_types[MT_LOW_VECTORS].prot_pte |= cp->pte & PTE_CACHEABLE;
432                 mem_types[MT_HIGH_VECTORS].prot_pte |= cp->pte & PTE_CACHEABLE;
433         } else {
434                 mem_types[MT_LOW_VECTORS].prot_pte |= cp->pte;
435                 mem_types[MT_HIGH_VECTORS].prot_pte |= cp->pte;
436                 mem_types[MT_MINICLEAN].prot_sect &= ~PMD_SECT_TEX(1);
437         }
438
439         mem_types[MT_LOW_VECTORS].prot_l1 |= ecc_mask;
440         mem_types[MT_HIGH_VECTORS].prot_l1 |= ecc_mask;
441         mem_types[MT_MEMORY].prot_sect |= ecc_mask | cp->pmd;
442         mem_types[MT_ROM].prot_sect |= cp->pmd;
443
444         for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
445                 unsigned long v = pgprot_val(protection_map[i]);
446                 v = (v & ~(PTE_BUFFERABLE|PTE_CACHEABLE)) | user_pgprot;
447                 protection_map[i] = __pgprot(v);
448         }
449
450         pgprot_kernel = __pgprot(L_PTE_PRESENT | L_PTE_YOUNG |
451                                  L_PTE_DIRTY | L_PTE_WRITE |
452                                  L_PTE_EXEC | cp->pte);
453
454         switch (cp->pmd) {
455         case PMD_SECT_WT:
456                 mem_types[MT_CACHECLEAN].prot_sect |= PMD_SECT_WT;
457                 break;
458         case PMD_SECT_WB:
459         case PMD_SECT_WBWA:
460                 mem_types[MT_CACHECLEAN].prot_sect |= PMD_SECT_WB;
461                 break;
462         }
463         printk("Memory policy: ECC %sabled, Data cache %s\n",
464                 ecc_mask ? "en" : "dis", cp->policy);
465 }
466
467 #define vectors_base()  (vectors_high() ? 0xffff0000 : 0)
468
469 /*
470  * Create the page directory entries and any necessary
471  * page tables for the mapping specified by `md'.  We
472  * are able to cope here with varying sizes and address
473  * offsets, and we take full advantage of sections and
474  * supersections.
475  */
476 void __init create_mapping(struct map_desc *md)
477 {
478         unsigned long virt, length;
479         int prot_sect, prot_l1, domain;
480         pgprot_t prot_pte;
481         unsigned long off = (u32)__pfn_to_phys(md->pfn);
482
483         if (md->virtual != vectors_base() && md->virtual < TASK_SIZE) {
484                 printk(KERN_WARNING "BUG: not creating mapping for "
485                        "0x%016llx at 0x%08lx in user region\n",
486                        __pfn_to_phys((u64)md->pfn), md->virtual);
487                 return;
488         }
489
490         if ((md->type == MT_DEVICE || md->type == MT_ROM) &&
491             md->virtual >= PAGE_OFFSET && md->virtual < VMALLOC_END) {
492                 printk(KERN_WARNING "BUG: mapping for 0x%016llx at 0x%08lx "
493                        "overlaps vmalloc space\n",
494                        __pfn_to_phys((u64)md->pfn), md->virtual);
495         }
496
497         domain    = mem_types[md->type].domain;
498         prot_pte  = __pgprot(mem_types[md->type].prot_pte);
499         prot_l1   = mem_types[md->type].prot_l1 | PMD_DOMAIN(domain);
500         prot_sect = mem_types[md->type].prot_sect | PMD_DOMAIN(domain);
501
502         /*
503          * Catch 36-bit addresses
504          */
505         if(md->pfn >= 0x100000) {
506                 if(domain) {
507                         printk(KERN_ERR "MM: invalid domain in supersection "
508                                 "mapping for 0x%016llx at 0x%08lx\n",
509                                 __pfn_to_phys((u64)md->pfn), md->virtual);
510                         return;
511                 }
512                 if((md->virtual | md->length | __pfn_to_phys(md->pfn))
513                         & ~SUPERSECTION_MASK) {
514                         printk(KERN_ERR "MM: cannot create mapping for "
515                                 "0x%016llx at 0x%08lx invalid alignment\n",
516                                 __pfn_to_phys((u64)md->pfn), md->virtual);
517                         return;
518                 }
519
520                 /*
521                  * Shift bits [35:32] of address into bits [23:20] of PMD
522                  * (See ARMv6 spec).
523                  */
524                 off |= (((md->pfn >> (32 - PAGE_SHIFT)) & 0xF) << 20);
525         }
526
527         virt   = md->virtual;
528         off   -= virt;
529         length = md->length;
530
531         if (mem_types[md->type].prot_l1 == 0 &&
532             (virt & 0xfffff || (virt + off) & 0xfffff || (virt + length) & 0xfffff)) {
533                 printk(KERN_WARNING "BUG: map for 0x%08lx at 0x%08lx can not "
534                        "be mapped using pages, ignoring.\n",
535                        __pfn_to_phys(md->pfn), md->virtual);
536                 return;
537         }
538
539         while ((virt & 0xfffff || (virt + off) & 0xfffff) && length >= PAGE_SIZE) {
540                 alloc_init_page(virt, virt + off, prot_l1, prot_pte);
541
542                 virt   += PAGE_SIZE;
543                 length -= PAGE_SIZE;
544         }
545
546         /* N.B. ARMv6 supersections are only defined to work with domain 0.
547          *      Since domain assignments can in fact be arbitrary, the
548          *      'domain == 0' check below is required to insure that ARMv6
549          *      supersections are only allocated for domain 0 regardless
550          *      of the actual domain assignments in use.
551          */
552         if (cpu_architecture() >= CPU_ARCH_ARMv6 && domain == 0) {
553                 /*
554                  * Align to supersection boundary if !high pages.
555                  * High pages have already been checked for proper
556                  * alignment above and they will fail the SUPSERSECTION_MASK
557                  * check because of the way the address is encoded into
558                  * offset.
559                  */
560                 if (md->pfn <= 0x100000) {
561                         while ((virt & ~SUPERSECTION_MASK ||
562                                 (virt + off) & ~SUPERSECTION_MASK) &&
563                                 length >= (PGDIR_SIZE / 2)) {
564                                 alloc_init_section(virt, virt + off, prot_sect);
565
566                                 virt   += (PGDIR_SIZE / 2);
567                                 length -= (PGDIR_SIZE / 2);
568                         }
569                 }
570
571                 while (length >= SUPERSECTION_SIZE) {
572                         alloc_init_supersection(virt, virt + off, prot_sect);
573
574                         virt   += SUPERSECTION_SIZE;
575                         length -= SUPERSECTION_SIZE;
576                 }
577         }
578
579         /*
580          * A section mapping covers half a "pgdir" entry.
581          */
582         while (length >= (PGDIR_SIZE / 2)) {
583                 alloc_init_section(virt, virt + off, prot_sect);
584
585                 virt   += (PGDIR_SIZE / 2);
586                 length -= (PGDIR_SIZE / 2);
587         }
588
589         while (length >= PAGE_SIZE) {
590                 alloc_init_page(virt, virt + off, prot_l1, prot_pte);
591
592                 virt   += PAGE_SIZE;
593                 length -= PAGE_SIZE;
594         }
595 }
596
597 /*
598  * In order to soft-boot, we need to insert a 1:1 mapping in place of
599  * the user-mode pages.  This will then ensure that we have predictable
600  * results when turning the mmu off
601  */
602 void setup_mm_for_reboot(char mode)
603 {
604         unsigned long base_pmdval;
605         pgd_t *pgd;
606         int i;
607
608         if (current->mm && current->mm->pgd)
609                 pgd = current->mm->pgd;
610         else
611                 pgd = init_mm.pgd;
612
613         base_pmdval = PMD_SECT_AP_WRITE | PMD_SECT_AP_READ | PMD_TYPE_SECT;
614         if (cpu_architecture() <= CPU_ARCH_ARMv5TEJ)
615                 base_pmdval |= PMD_BIT4;
616
617         for (i = 0; i < FIRST_USER_PGD_NR + USER_PTRS_PER_PGD; i++, pgd++) {
618                 unsigned long pmdval = (i << PGDIR_SHIFT) | base_pmdval;
619                 pmd_t *pmd;
620
621                 pmd = pmd_off(pgd, i << PGDIR_SHIFT);
622                 pmd[0] = __pmd(pmdval);
623                 pmd[1] = __pmd(pmdval + (1 << (PGDIR_SHIFT - 1)));
624                 flush_pmd_entry(pmd);
625         }
626 }
627
628 /*
629  * Create the architecture specific mappings
630  */
631 void __init iotable_init(struct map_desc *io_desc, int nr)
632 {
633         int i;
634
635         for (i = 0; i < nr; i++)
636                 create_mapping(io_desc + i);
637 }