1 The Linux Watchdog driver API.
3 Copyright 2002 Christer Weingel <wingel@nano-system.com>
5 Some parts of this document are copied verbatim from the sbc60xxwdt
6 driver which is (c) Copyright 2000 Jakob Oestergaard <jakob@ostenfeld.dk>
8 This document describes the state of the Linux 2.4.18 kernel.
12 A Watchdog Timer (WDT) is a hardware circuit that can reset the
13 computer system in case of a software fault. You probably knew that
16 Usually a userspace daemon will notify the kernel watchdog driver via the
17 /dev/watchdog special device file that userspace is still alive, at
18 regular intervals. When such a notification occurs, the driver will
19 usually tell the hardware watchdog that everything is in order, and
20 that the watchdog should wait for yet another little while to reset
21 the system. If userspace fails (RAM error, kernel bug, whatever), the
22 notifications cease to occur, and the hardware watchdog will reset the
23 system (causing a reboot) after the timeout occurs.
25 The Linux watchdog API is a rather AD hoc construction and different
26 drivers implement different, and sometimes incompatible, parts of it.
27 This file is an attempt to document the existing usage and allow
28 future driver writers to use it as a reference.
32 All drivers support the basic mode of operation, where the watchdog
33 activates as soon as /dev/watchdog is opened and will reboot unless
34 the watchdog is pinged within a certain time, this time is called the
35 timeout or margin. The simplest way to ping the watchdog is to write
36 some data to the device. So a very simple watchdog daemon would look
37 like this source file: see Documentation/watchdog/src/watchdog-simple.c
39 A more advanced driver could for example check that a HTTP server is
40 still responding before doing the write call to ping the watchdog.
42 When the device is closed, the watchdog is disabled. This is not
43 always such a good idea, since if there is a bug in the watchdog
44 daemon and it crashes the system will not reboot. Because of this,
45 some of the drivers support the configuration option "Disable watchdog
46 shutdown on close", CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT. If it is set to Y when
47 compiling the kernel, there is no way of disabling the watchdog once
48 it has been started. So, if the watchdog daemon crashes, the system
49 will reboot after the timeout has passed.
51 Some other drivers will not disable the watchdog, unless a specific
52 magic character 'V' has been sent /dev/watchdog just before closing
53 the file. If the userspace daemon closes the file without sending
54 this special character, the driver will assume that the daemon (and
55 userspace in general) died, and will stop pinging the watchdog without
56 disabling it first. This will then cause a reboot.
60 All conforming drivers also support an ioctl API.
62 Pinging the watchdog using an ioctl:
64 All drivers that have an ioctl interface support at least one ioctl,
65 KEEPALIVE. This ioctl does exactly the same thing as a write to the
66 watchdog device, so the main loop in the above program could be
70 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_KEEPALIVE, 0);
74 the argument to the ioctl is ignored.
76 Setting and getting the timeout:
78 For some drivers it is possible to modify the watchdog timeout on the
79 fly with the SETTIMEOUT ioctl, those drivers have the WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT
80 flag set in their option field. The argument is an integer
81 representing the timeout in seconds. The driver returns the real
82 timeout used in the same variable, and this timeout might differ from
83 the requested one due to limitation of the hardware.
86 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
87 printf("The timeout was set to %d seconds\n", timeout);
89 This example might actually print "The timeout was set to 60 seconds"
90 if the device has a granularity of minutes for its timeout.
92 Starting with the Linux 2.4.18 kernel, it is possible to query the
93 current timeout using the GETTIMEOUT ioctl.
95 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
96 printf("The timeout was is %d seconds\n", timeout);
100 Some watchdog timers can be set to have a trigger go off before the
101 actual time they will reset the system. This can be done with an NMI,
102 interrupt, or other mechanism. This allows Linux to record useful
103 information (like panic information and kernel coredumps) before it
107 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETPRETIMEOUT, &pretimeout);
109 Note that the pretimeout is the number of seconds before the time
110 when the timeout will go off. It is not the number of seconds until
111 the pretimeout. So, for instance, if you set the timeout to 60 seconds
112 and the pretimeout to 10 seconds, the pretimout will go of in 50
113 seconds. Setting a pretimeout to zero disables it.
115 There is also a get function for getting the pretimeout:
117 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETPRETIMEOUT, &timeout);
118 printf("The pretimeout was is %d seconds\n", timeout);
120 Not all watchdog drivers will support a pretimeout.
122 Get the number of seconds before reboot:
124 Some watchdog drivers have the ability to report the remaining time
125 before the system will reboot. The WDIOC_GETTIMELEFT is the ioctl
126 that returns the number of seconds before reboot.
128 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTIMELEFT, &timeleft);
129 printf("The timeout was is %d seconds\n", timeleft);
131 Environmental monitoring:
133 All watchdog drivers are required return more information about the system,
134 some do temperature, fan and power level monitoring, some can tell you
135 the reason for the last reboot of the system. The GETSUPPORT ioctl is
136 available to ask what the device can do:
138 struct watchdog_info ident;
139 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETSUPPORT, &ident);
141 the fields returned in the ident struct are:
143 identity a string identifying the watchdog driver
144 firmware_version the firmware version of the card if available
145 options a flags describing what the device supports
147 the options field can have the following bits set, and describes what
148 kind of information that the GET_STATUS and GET_BOOT_STATUS ioctls can
149 return. [FIXME -- Is this correct?]
151 WDIOF_OVERHEAT Reset due to CPU overheat
153 The machine was last rebooted by the watchdog because the thermal limit was
156 WDIOF_FANFAULT Fan failed
158 A system fan monitored by the watchdog card has failed
160 WDIOF_EXTERN1 External relay 1
162 External monitoring relay/source 1 was triggered. Controllers intended for
163 real world applications include external monitoring pins that will trigger
166 WDIOF_EXTERN2 External relay 2
168 External monitoring relay/source 2 was triggered
170 WDIOF_POWERUNDER Power bad/power fault
172 The machine is showing an undervoltage status
174 WDIOF_CARDRESET Card previously reset the CPU
176 The last reboot was caused by the watchdog card
178 WDIOF_POWEROVER Power over voltage
180 The machine is showing an overvoltage status. Note that if one level is
181 under and one over both bits will be set - this may seem odd but makes
184 WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING Keep alive ping reply
186 The watchdog saw a keepalive ping since it was last queried.
188 WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT Can set/get the timeout
190 The watchdog can do pretimeouts.
192 WDIOF_PRETIMEOUT Pretimeout (in seconds), get/set
195 For those drivers that return any bits set in the option field, the
196 GETSTATUS and GETBOOTSTATUS ioctls can be used to ask for the current
197 status, and the status at the last reboot, respectively.
200 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETSTATUS, &flags);
204 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETBOOTSTATUS, &flags);
206 Note that not all devices support these two calls, and some only
207 support the GETBOOTSTATUS call.
209 Some drivers can measure the temperature using the GETTEMP ioctl. The
210 returned value is the temperature in degrees fahrenheit.
213 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTEMP, &temperature);
215 Finally the SETOPTIONS ioctl can be used to control some aspects of
216 the cards operation; right now the pcwd driver is the only one
217 supporting thiss ioctl.
220 ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETOPTIONS, options);
222 The following options are available:
224 WDIOS_DISABLECARD Turn off the watchdog timer
225 WDIOS_ENABLECARD Turn on the watchdog timer
226 WDIOS_TEMPPANIC Kernel panic on temperature trip
228 [FIXME -- better explanations]
230 Implementations in the current drivers in the kernel tree:
232 Here I have tried to summarize what the different drivers support and
233 where they do strange things compared to the other drivers.
235 acquirewdt.c -- Acquire Single Board Computer
237 This driver has a hardcoded timeout of 1 minute
239 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
241 GETSUPPORT returns KEEPALIVEPING. GETSTATUS will return 1 if
242 the device is open, 0 if not. [FIXME -- isn't this rather
243 silly? To be able to use the ioctl, the device must be open
244 and so GETSTATUS will always return 1].
246 advantechwdt.c -- Advantech Single Board Computer
248 Timeout that defaults to 60 seconds, supports SETTIMEOUT.
250 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
252 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT.
253 The GETSTATUS call returns if the device is open or not.
254 [FIXME -- silliness again?]
256 booke_wdt.c -- PowerPC BookE Watchdog Timer
258 Timeout default varies according to frequency, supports
261 Watchdog cannot be turned off, CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
264 GETSUPPORT returns the watchdog_info struct, and
265 GETSTATUS returns the supported options. GETBOOTSTATUS
266 returns a 1 if the last reset was caused by the
267 watchdog and a 0 otherwise. This watchdog cannot be
268 disabled once it has been started. The wdt_period kernel
269 parameter selects which bit of the time base changing
270 from 0->1 will trigger the watchdog exception. Changing
271 the timeout from the ioctl calls will change the
272 wdt_period as defined above. Finally if you would like to
273 replace the default Watchdog Handler you can implement the
274 WatchdogHandler() function in your own code.
276 eurotechwdt.c -- Eurotech CPU-1220/1410
278 The timeout can be set using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl and defaults
281 Also has a module parameter "ev", event type which controls
282 what should happen on a timeout, the string "int" or anything
283 else that causes a reboot. [FIXME -- better description]
285 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
287 GETSUPPORT returns CARDRESET and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT but
288 GETSTATUS is not supported and GETBOOTSTATUS just returns 0.
290 i810-tco.c -- Intel 810 chipset
292 Also has support for a lot of other i8x0 stuff, but the
293 watchdog is one of the things.
295 The timeout is set using the module parameter "i810_margin",
296 which is in steps of 0.6 seconds where 2<i810_margin<64. The
297 driver supports the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
299 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT.
301 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT. The GETSTATUS call
302 returns some kind of timer value which ist not compatible with
303 the other drivers. GETBOOT status returns some kind of
304 hardware specific boot status. [FIXME -- describe this]
306 ib700wdt.c -- IB700 Single Board Computer
308 Default timeout of 30 seconds and the timeout is settable
309 using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl. Note that only a few timeout
310 values are supported.
312 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
314 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT.
315 The GETSTATUS call returns if the device is open or not.
316 [FIXME -- silliness again?]
318 machzwd.c -- MachZ ZF-Logic
320 Hardcoded timeout of 10 seconds
322 Has a module parameter "action" that controls what happens
323 when the timeout runs out which can be 0 = RESET (default),
324 1 = SMI, 2 = NMI, 3 = SCI.
326 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT and the magic character
329 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING, and the GETSTATUS call
330 returns if the device is open or not. [FIXME -- silliness
333 mixcomwd.c -- MixCom Watchdog
335 [FIXME -- I'm unable to tell what the timeout is]
337 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
339 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING, GETSTATUS returns if
340 the device is opened or not [FIXME -- I'm not really sure how
341 this works, there seems to be some magic connected to
342 CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT]
344 pcwd.c -- Berkshire PC Watchdog
346 Hardcoded timeout of 1.5 seconds
348 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
350 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_OVERHEAT|WDIOF_CARDRESET and both
351 GETSTATUS and GETBOOTSTATUS return something useful.
353 The SETOPTIONS call can be used to enable and disable the card
354 and to ask the driver to call panic if the system overheats.
356 sbc60xxwdt.c -- 60xx Single Board Computer
358 Hardcoded timeout of 10 seconds
360 Does not support CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT, but has the magic
361 character 'V' close handling.
363 No bits set in GETSUPPORT
365 scx200.c -- National SCx200 CPUs
367 Not in the kernel yet.
369 The timeout is set using a module parameter "margin" which
370 defaults to 60 seconds. The timeout can also be set using
371 SETTIMEOUT and read using GETTIMEOUT.
373 Supports a module parameter "nowayout" that is initialized
374 with the value of CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT. Also supports the
375 magic character 'V' handling.
377 shwdt.c -- SuperH 3/4 processors
379 [FIXME -- I'm unable to tell what the timeout is]
381 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
383 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING, and the GETSTATUS call
384 returns if the device is open or not. [FIXME -- silliness
387 softdog.c -- Software watchdog
389 The timeout is set with the module parameter "soft_margin"
390 which defaults to 60 seconds, the timeout is also settable
391 using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
393 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
395 WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT bit set in GETSUPPORT
397 w83877f_wdt.c -- W83877F Computer
399 Hardcoded timeout of 30 seconds
401 Does not support CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT, but has the magic
402 character 'V' close handling.
404 No bits set in GETSUPPORT
406 w83627hf_wdt.c -- w83627hf watchdog
408 Timeout that defaults to 60 seconds, supports SETTIMEOUT.
410 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
412 GETSUPPORT returns WDIOF_KEEPALIVEPING and WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT.
413 The GETSTATUS call returns if the device is open or not.
415 wdt.c -- ICS WDT500/501 ISA and
416 wdt_pci.c -- ICS WDT500/501 PCI
418 Default timeout of 60 seconds. The timeout is also settable
419 using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
421 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
423 GETSUPPORT returns with bits set depending on the actual
424 card. The WDT501 supports a lot of external monitoring, the
427 wdt285.c -- Footbridge watchdog
429 The timeout is set with the module parameter "soft_margin"
430 which defaults to 60 seconds. The timeout is also settable
431 using the SETTIMEOUT ioctl.
433 Does not support CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
435 WDIOF_SETTIMEOUT bit set in GETSUPPORT
437 wdt977.c -- Netwinder W83977AF chip
439 Hardcoded timeout of 3 minutes
441 Supports CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT
443 Does not support any ioctls at all.