1 The Linux kernel GTP tunneling module
2 ======================================================================
3 Documentation by Harald Welte <laforge@gnumonks.org> and
4 Andreas Schultz <aschultz@tpip.net>
6 In 'drivers/net/gtp.c' you are finding a kernel-level implementation
7 of a GTP tunnel endpoint.
11 GTP is the Generic Tunnel Protocol, which is a 3GPP protocol used for
12 tunneling User-IP payload between a mobile station (phone, modem)
13 and the interconnection between an external packet data network (such
16 So when you start a 'data connection' from your mobile phone, the
17 phone will use the control plane to signal for the establishment of
18 such a tunnel between that external data network and the phone. The
19 tunnel endpoints thus reside on the phone and in the gateway. All
20 intermediate nodes just transport the encapsulated packet.
22 The phone itself does not implement GTP but uses some other
23 technology-dependent protocol stack for transmitting the user IP
24 payload, such as LLC/SNDCP/RLC/MAC.
26 At some network element inside the cellular operator infrastructure
27 (SGSN in case of GPRS/EGPRS or classic UMTS, hNodeB in case of a 3G
28 femtocell, eNodeB in case of 4G/LTE), the cellular protocol stacking
29 is translated into GTP *without breaking the end-to-end tunnel*. So
30 intermediate nodes just perform some specific relay function.
32 At some point the GTP packet ends up on the so-called GGSN (GSM/UMTS)
33 or P-GW (LTE), which terminates the tunnel, decapsulates the packet
34 and forwards it onto an external packet data network. This can be
35 public internet, but can also be any private IP network (or even
36 theoretically some non-IP network like X.25).
38 You can find the protocol specification in 3GPP TS 29.060, available
39 publicly via the 3GPP website at http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/29060.htm
41 A direct PDF link to v13.6.0 is provided for convenience below:
42 http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/129000_129099/129060/13.06.00_60/ts_129060v130600p.pdf
44 == The Linux GTP tunnelling module ==
46 The module implements the function of a tunnel endpoint, i.e. it is
47 able to decapsulate tunneled IP packets in the uplink originated by
48 the phone, and encapsulate raw IP packets received from the external
49 packet network in downlink towards the phone.
51 It *only* implements the so-called 'user plane', carrying the User-IP
52 payload, called GTP-U. It does not implement the 'control plane',
53 which is a signaling protocol used for establishment and teardown of
56 So in order to have a working GGSN/P-GW setup, you will need a
57 userspace program that implements the GTP-C protocol and which then
58 uses the netlink interface provided by the GTP-U module in the kernel
59 to configure the kernel module.
61 This split architecture follows the tunneling modules of other
62 protocols, e.g. PPPoE or L2TP, where you also run a userspace daemon
63 to handle the tunnel establishment, authentication etc. and only the
64 data plane is accelerated inside the kernel.
66 Don't be confused by terminology: The GTP User Plane goes through
67 kernel accelerated path, while the GTP Control Plane goes to
70 The official homepage of the module is at
71 https://osmocom.org/projects/linux-kernel-gtp-u/wiki
73 == Userspace Programs with Linux Kernel GTP-U support ==
75 At the time of this writing, there are at least two Free Software
76 implementations that implement GTP-C and can use the netlink interface
77 to make use of the Linux kernel GTP-U support:
79 * OpenGGSN (classic 2G/3G GGSN in C):
80 https://osmocom.org/projects/openggsn/wiki/OpenGGSN
82 * ergw (GGSN + P-GW in Erlang):
83 https://github.com/travelping/ergw
85 == Userspace Library / Command Line Utilities ==
87 There is a userspace library called 'libgtpnl' which is based on
88 libmnl and which implements a C-language API towards the netlink
89 interface provided by the Kernel GTP module:
91 http://git.osmocom.org/libgtpnl/
93 == Protocol Versions ==
95 There are two different versions of GTP-U: v0 [GSM TS 09.60] and v1
96 [3GPP TS 29.281]. Both are implemented in the Kernel GTP module.
97 Version 0 is a legacy version, and deprecated from recent 3GPP
100 GTP-U uses UDP for transporting PDUs. The receiving UDP port is 2151
101 for GTPv1-U and 3386 for GTPv0-U.
103 There are three versions of GTP-C: v0, v1, and v2. As the kernel
104 doesn't implement GTP-C, we don't have to worry about this. It's the
105 responsibility of the control plane implementation in userspace to
110 The 3GPP specifications indicate either IPv4 or IPv6 can be used both
111 on the inner (user) IP layer, or on the outer (transport) layer.
113 Unfortunately, the Kernel module currently supports IPv6 neither for
114 the User IP payload, nor for the outer IP layer. Patches or other
115 Contributions to fix this are most welcome!
119 If yo have questions regarding how to use the Kernel GTP module from
120 your own software, or want to contribute to the code, please use the
121 osmocom-net-grps mailing list for related discussion. The list can be
122 reached at osmocom-net-gprs@lists.osmocom.org and the mailman
123 interface for managing your subscription is at
124 https://lists.osmocom.org/mailman/listinfo/osmocom-net-gprs
128 The Osmocom project maintains an issue tracker for the Kernel GTP-U
130 https://osmocom.org/projects/linux-kernel-gtp-u/issues
132 == History / Acknowledgements ==
134 The Module was originally created in 2012 by Harald Welte, but never
135 completed. Pablo came in to finish the mess Harald left behind. But
136 doe to a lack of user interest, it never got merged.
138 In 2015, Andreas Schultz came to the rescue and fixed lots more bugs,
139 extended it with new features and finally pushed all of us to get it
140 mainline, where it was merged in 4.7.0.
142 == Architectural Details ==
144 === Local GTP-U entity and tunnel identification ===
146 GTP-U uses UDP for transporting PDU's. The receiving UDP port is 2152
147 for GTPv1-U and 3386 for GTPv0-U.
149 There is only one GTP-U entity (and therefor SGSN/GGSN/S-GW/PDN-GW
150 instance) per IP address. Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (TEID) are unique
153 A specific tunnel is only defined by the destination entity. Since the
154 destination port is constant, only the destination IP and TEID define
155 a tunnel. The source IP and Port have no meaning for the tunnel.
159 * when sending, the remote entity is defined by the remote IP and
160 the tunnel endpoint id. The source IP and port have no meaning and
161 can be changed at any time.
163 * when receiving the local entity is defined by the local
164 destination IP and the tunnel endpoint id. The source IP and port
165 have no meaning and can change at any time.
167 [3GPP TS 29.281] Section 4.3.0 defines this so:
169 > The TEID in the GTP-U header is used to de-multiplex traffic
170 > incoming from remote tunnel endpoints so that it is delivered to the
171 > User plane entities in a way that allows multiplexing of different
172 > users, different packet protocols and different QoS levels.
173 > Therefore no two remote GTP-U endpoints shall send traffic to a
174 > GTP-U protocol entity using the same TEID value except
175 > for data forwarding as part of mobility procedures.
177 The definition above only defines that two remote GTP-U endpoints
178 *should not* send to the same TEID, it *does not* forbid or exclude
179 such a scenario. In fact, the mentioned mobility procedures make it
180 necessary that the GTP-U entity accepts traffic for TEIDs from
181 multiple or unknown peers.
183 Therefore, the receiving side identifies tunnels exclusively based on
184 TEIDs, not based on the source IP!
186 == APN vs. Network Device ==
188 The GTP-U driver creates a Linux network device for each Gi/SGi
191 [3GPP TS 29.281] calls the Gi/SGi reference point an interface. This
192 may lead to the impression that the GGSN/P-GW can have only one such
195 Correct is that the Gi/SGi reference point defines the interworking
196 between +the 3GPP packet domain (PDN) based on GTP-U tunnel and IP
199 There is no provision in any of the 3GPP documents that limits the
200 number of Gi/SGi interfaces implemented by a GGSN/P-GW.
202 [3GPP TS 29.061] Section 11.3 makes it clear that the selection of a
203 specific Gi/SGi interfaces is made through the Access Point Name
206 > 2. each private network manages its own addressing. In general this
207 > will result in different private networks having overlapping
208 > address ranges. A logically separate connection (e.g. an IP in IP
209 > tunnel or layer 2 virtual circuit) is used between the GGSN/P-GW
210 > and each private network.
212 > In this case the IP address alone is not necessarily unique. The
213 > pair of values, Access Point Name (APN) and IPv4 address and/or
214 > IPv6 prefixes, is unique.
216 In order to support the overlapping address range use case, each APN
217 is mapped to a separate Gi/SGi interface (network device).
219 NOTE: The Access Point Name is purely a control plane (GTP-C) concept.
220 At the GTP-U level, only Tunnel Endpoint Identifiers are present in
221 GTP-U packets and network devices are known
223 Therefore for a given UE the mapping in IP to PDN network is:
224 * network device + MS IP -> Peer IP + Peer TEID,
226 and from PDN to IP network:
227 * local GTP-U IP + TEID -> network device
229 Furthermore, before a received T-PDU is injected into the network
230 device the MS IP is checked against the IP recorded in PDP context.