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2 Generic Mutex Subsystem
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5 started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
7 updated by Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr@hp.com>
12 In the Linux kernel, mutexes refer to a particular locking primitive
13 that enforces serialization on shared memory systems, and not only to
14 the generic term referring to 'mutual exclusion' found in academia
15 or similar theoretical text books. Mutexes are sleeping locks which
16 behave similarly to binary semaphores, and were introduced in 2006[1]
17 as an alternative to these. This new data structure provided a number
18 of advantages, including simpler interfaces, and at that time smaller
19 code (see Disadvantages).
21 [1] http://lwn.net/Articles/164802/
26 Mutexes are represented by 'struct mutex', defined in include/linux/mutex.h
27 and implemented in kernel/locking/mutex.c. These locks use an atomic variable
28 (->owner) to keep track of the lock state during its lifetime. Field owner
29 actually contains `struct task_struct *` to the current lock owner and it is
30 therefore NULL if not currently owned. Since task_struct pointers are aligned
31 at at least L1_CACHE_BYTES, low bits (3) are used to store extra state (e.g.,
32 if waiter list is non-empty). In its most basic form it also includes a
33 wait-queue and a spinlock that serializes access to it. Furthermore,
34 CONFIG_MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER=y systems use a spinner MCS lock (->osq), described
37 When acquiring a mutex, there are three possible paths that can be
38 taken, depending on the state of the lock:
40 (i) fastpath: tries to atomically acquire the lock by cmpxchg()ing the owner with
41 the current task. This only works in the uncontended case (cmpxchg() checks
42 against 0UL, so all 3 state bits above have to be 0). If the lock is
43 contended it goes to the next possible path.
45 (ii) midpath: aka optimistic spinning, tries to spin for acquisition
46 while the lock owner is running and there are no other tasks ready
47 to run that have higher priority (need_resched). The rationale is
48 that if the lock owner is running, it is likely to release the lock
49 soon. The mutex spinners are queued up using MCS lock so that only
50 one spinner can compete for the mutex.
52 The MCS lock (proposed by Mellor-Crummey and Scott) is a simple spinlock
53 with the desirable properties of being fair and with each cpu trying
54 to acquire the lock spinning on a local variable. It avoids expensive
55 cacheline bouncing that common test-and-set spinlock implementations
56 incur. An MCS-like lock is specially tailored for optimistic spinning
57 for sleeping lock implementation. An important feature of the customized
58 MCS lock is that it has the extra property that spinners are able to exit
59 the MCS spinlock queue when they need to reschedule. This further helps
60 avoid situations where MCS spinners that need to reschedule would continue
61 waiting to spin on mutex owner, only to go directly to slowpath upon
62 obtaining the MCS lock.
65 (iii) slowpath: last resort, if the lock is still unable to be acquired,
66 the task is added to the wait-queue and sleeps until woken up by the
67 unlock path. Under normal circumstances it blocks as TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE.
69 While formally kernel mutexes are sleepable locks, it is path (ii) that
70 makes them more practically a hybrid type. By simply not interrupting a
71 task and busy-waiting for a few cycles instead of immediately sleeping,
72 the performance of this lock has been seen to significantly improve a
73 number of workloads. Note that this technique is also used for rw-semaphores.
78 The mutex subsystem checks and enforces the following rules:
80 - Only one task can hold the mutex at a time.
81 - Only the owner can unlock the mutex.
82 - Multiple unlocks are not permitted.
83 - Recursive locking/unlocking is not permitted.
84 - A mutex must only be initialized via the API (see below).
85 - A task may not exit with a mutex held.
86 - Memory areas where held locks reside must not be freed.
87 - Held mutexes must not be reinitialized.
88 - Mutexes may not be used in hardware or software interrupt
89 contexts such as tasklets and timers.
91 These semantics are fully enforced when CONFIG DEBUG_MUTEXES is enabled.
92 In addition, the mutex debugging code also implements a number of other
93 features that make lock debugging easier and faster:
95 - Uses symbolic names of mutexes, whenever they are printed
97 - Point-of-acquire tracking, symbolic lookup of function names,
98 list of all locks held in the system, printout of them.
100 - Detects self-recursing locks and prints out all relevant info.
101 - Detects multi-task circular deadlocks and prints out all affected
102 locks and tasks (and only those tasks).
107 Statically define the mutex::
111 Dynamically initialize the mutex::
115 Acquire the mutex, uninterruptible::
117 void mutex_lock(struct mutex *lock);
118 void mutex_lock_nested(struct mutex *lock, unsigned int subclass);
119 int mutex_trylock(struct mutex *lock);
121 Acquire the mutex, interruptible::
123 int mutex_lock_interruptible_nested(struct mutex *lock,
124 unsigned int subclass);
125 int mutex_lock_interruptible(struct mutex *lock);
127 Acquire the mutex, interruptible, if dec to 0::
129 int atomic_dec_and_mutex_lock(atomic_t *cnt, struct mutex *lock);
133 void mutex_unlock(struct mutex *lock);
135 Test if the mutex is taken::
137 int mutex_is_locked(struct mutex *lock);
142 Unlike its original design and purpose, 'struct mutex' is among the largest
143 locks in the kernel. E.g: on x86-64 it is 32 bytes, where 'struct semaphore'
144 is 24 bytes and rw_semaphore is 40 bytes. Larger structure sizes mean more CPU
145 cache and memory footprint.
150 Unless the strict semantics of mutexes are unsuitable and/or the critical
151 region prevents the lock from being shared, always prefer them to any other