6 A filesystem in which data and metadata are provided by an ordinary
7 userspace process. The filesystem can be accessed normally through
12 The process(es) providing the data and metadata of the filesystem.
14 Non-privileged mount (or user mount):
16 A userspace filesystem mounted by a non-privileged (non-root) user.
17 The filesystem daemon is running with the privileges of the mounting
18 user. NOTE: this is not the same as mounts allowed with the "user"
19 option in /etc/fstab, which is not discussed here.
21 Filesystem connection:
23 A connection between the filesystem daemon and the kernel. The
24 connection exists until either the daemon dies, or the filesystem is
25 umounted. Note that detaching (or lazy umounting) the filesystem
26 does _not_ break the connection, in this case it will exist until
27 the last reference to the filesystem is released.
31 The user who does the mounting.
35 The user who is performing filesystem operations.
40 FUSE is a userspace filesystem framework. It consists of a kernel
41 module (fuse.ko), a userspace library (libfuse.*) and a mount utility
44 One of the most important features of FUSE is allowing secure,
45 non-privileged mounts. This opens up new possibilities for the use of
46 filesystems. A good example is sshfs: a secure network filesystem
47 using the sftp protocol.
49 The userspace library and utilities are available from the FUSE
52 http://fuse.sourceforge.net/
57 The filesystem type given to mount(2) can be one of the following:
61 This is the usual way to mount a FUSE filesystem. The first
62 argument of the mount system call may contain an arbitrary string,
63 which is not interpreted by the kernel.
67 The filesystem is block device based. The first argument of the
68 mount system call is interpreted as the name of the device.
75 The file descriptor to use for communication between the userspace
76 filesystem and the kernel. The file descriptor must have been
77 obtained by opening the FUSE device ('/dev/fuse').
81 The file mode of the filesystem's root in octal representation.
85 The numeric user id of the mount owner.
89 The numeric group id of the mount owner.
93 By default FUSE doesn't check file access permissions, the
94 filesystem is free to implement it's access policy or leave it to
95 the underlying file access mechanism (e.g. in case of network
96 filesystems). This option enables permission checking, restricting
97 access based on file mode. It is usually useful together with the
98 'allow_other' mount option.
102 This option overrides the security measure restricting file access
103 to the user mounting the filesystem. This option is by default only
104 allowed to root, but this restriction can be removed with a
105 (userspace) configuration option.
109 With this option the maximum size of read operations can be set.
110 The default is infinite. Note that the size of read requests is
111 limited anyway to 32 pages (which is 128kbyte on i386).
115 Set the block size for the filesystem. The default is 512. This
116 option is only valid for 'fuseblk' type mounts.
121 There's a control filesystem for FUSE, which can be mounted by:
123 mount -t fusectl none /sys/fs/fuse/connections
125 Mounting it under the '/sys/fs/fuse/connections' directory makes it
126 backwards compatible with earlier versions.
128 Under the fuse control filesystem each connection has a directory
129 named by a unique number.
131 For each connection the following files exist within this directory:
135 The number of requests which are waiting to be transferred to
136 userspace or being processed by the filesystem daemon. If there is
137 no filesystem activity and 'waiting' is non-zero, then the
138 filesystem is hung or deadlocked.
142 Writing anything into this file will abort the filesystem
143 connection. This means that all waiting requests will be aborted an
144 error returned for all aborted and new requests.
146 Only the owner of the mount may read or write these files.
148 Interrupting filesystem operations
149 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
151 If a process issuing a FUSE filesystem request is interrupted, the
152 following will happen:
154 1) If the request is not yet sent to userspace AND the signal is
155 fatal (SIGKILL or unhandled fatal signal), then the request is
156 dequeued and returns immediately.
158 2) If the request is not yet sent to userspace AND the signal is not
159 fatal, then an 'interrupted' flag is set for the request. When
160 the request has been successfully transferred to userspace and
161 this flag is set, an INTERRUPT request is queued.
163 3) If the request is already sent to userspace, then an INTERRUPT
166 INTERRUPT requests take precedence over other requests, so the
167 userspace filesystem will receive queued INTERRUPTs before any others.
169 The userspace filesystem may ignore the INTERRUPT requests entirely,
170 or may honor them by sending a reply to the _original_ request, with
171 the error set to EINTR.
173 It is also possible that there's a race between processing the
174 original request and it's INTERRUPT request. There are two possibilities:
176 1) The INTERRUPT request is processed before the original request is
179 2) The INTERRUPT request is processed after the original request has
182 If the filesystem cannot find the original request, it should wait for
183 some timeout and/or a number of new requests to arrive, after which it
184 should reply to the INTERRUPT request with an EAGAIN error. In case
185 1) the INTERRUPT request will be requeued. In case 2) the INTERRUPT
186 reply will be ignored.
188 Aborting a filesystem connection
189 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
191 It is possible to get into certain situations where the filesystem is
192 not responding. Reasons for this may be:
194 a) Broken userspace filesystem implementation
196 b) Network connection down
198 c) Accidental deadlock
200 d) Malicious deadlock
202 (For more on c) and d) see later sections)
204 In either of these cases it may be useful to abort the connection to
205 the filesystem. There are several ways to do this:
207 - Kill the filesystem daemon. Works in case of a) and b)
209 - Kill the filesystem daemon and all users of the filesystem. Works
210 in all cases except some malicious deadlocks
212 - Use forced umount (umount -f). Works in all cases but only if
213 filesystem is still attached (it hasn't been lazy unmounted)
215 - Abort filesystem through the FUSE control filesystem. Most
216 powerful method, always works.
218 How do non-privileged mounts work?
219 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
221 Since the mount() system call is a privileged operation, a helper
222 program (fusermount) is needed, which is installed setuid root.
224 The implication of providing non-privileged mounts is that the mount
225 owner must not be able to use this capability to compromise the
226 system. Obvious requirements arising from this are:
228 A) mount owner should not be able to get elevated privileges with the
229 help of the mounted filesystem
231 B) mount owner should not get illegitimate access to information from
232 other users' and the super user's processes
234 C) mount owner should not be able to induce undesired behavior in
235 other users' or the super user's processes
237 How are requirements fulfilled?
238 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
240 A) The mount owner could gain elevated privileges by either:
242 1) creating a filesystem containing a device file, then opening
245 2) creating a filesystem containing a suid or sgid application,
246 then executing this application
248 The solution is not to allow opening device files and ignore
249 setuid and setgid bits when executing programs. To ensure this
250 fusermount always adds "nosuid" and "nodev" to the mount options
251 for non-privileged mounts.
253 B) If another user is accessing files or directories in the
254 filesystem, the filesystem daemon serving requests can record the
255 exact sequence and timing of operations performed. This
256 information is otherwise inaccessible to the mount owner, so this
257 counts as an information leak.
259 The solution to this problem will be presented in point 2) of C).
261 C) There are several ways in which the mount owner can induce
262 undesired behavior in other users' processes, such as:
264 1) mounting a filesystem over a file or directory which the mount
265 owner could otherwise not be able to modify (or could only
266 make limited modifications).
268 This is solved in fusermount, by checking the access
269 permissions on the mountpoint and only allowing the mount if
270 the mount owner can do unlimited modification (has write
271 access to the mountpoint, and mountpoint is not a "sticky"
274 2) Even if 1) is solved the mount owner can change the behavior
275 of other users' processes.
277 i) It can slow down or indefinitely delay the execution of a
278 filesystem operation creating a DoS against the user or the
279 whole system. For example a suid application locking a
280 system file, and then accessing a file on the mount owner's
281 filesystem could be stopped, and thus causing the system
282 file to be locked forever.
284 ii) It can present files or directories of unlimited length, or
285 directory structures of unlimited depth, possibly causing a
286 system process to eat up diskspace, memory or other
287 resources, again causing DoS.
289 The solution to this as well as B) is not to allow processes
290 to access the filesystem, which could otherwise not be
291 monitored or manipulated by the mount owner. Since if the
292 mount owner can ptrace a process, it can do all of the above
293 without using a FUSE mount, the same criteria as used in
294 ptrace can be used to check if a process is allowed to access
295 the filesystem or not.
297 Note that the ptrace check is not strictly necessary to
298 prevent B/2/i, it is enough to check if mount owner has enough
299 privilege to send signal to the process accessing the
300 filesystem, since SIGSTOP can be used to get a similar effect.
302 I think these limitations are unacceptable?
303 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
305 If a sysadmin trusts the users enough, or can ensure through other
306 measures, that system processes will never enter non-privileged
307 mounts, it can relax the last limitation with a "user_allow_other"
308 config option. If this config option is set, the mounting user can
309 add the "allow_other" mount option which disables the check for other
312 Kernel - userspace interface
313 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
315 The following diagram shows how a filesystem operation (in this
316 example unlink) is performed in FUSE.
318 NOTE: everything in this description is greatly simplified
320 | "rm /mnt/fuse/file" | FUSE filesystem daemon
325 | | [sleep on fc->waitq]
329 | [get request from |
332 | [queue req on fc->pending] |
333 | [wake up fc->waitq] | [woken up]
334 | >request_wait_answer() |
335 | [sleep on req->waitq] |
337 | | [remove req from fc->pending]
338 | | [copy req to read buffer]
339 | | [add req to fc->processing]
346 | | >fuse_dev_write()
347 | | [look up req in fc->processing]
348 | | [remove from fc->processing]
349 | | [copy write buffer to req]
350 | [woken up] | [wake up req->waitq]
351 | | <fuse_dev_write()
353 | <request_wait_answer() |
360 There are a couple of ways in which to deadlock a FUSE filesystem.
361 Since we are talking about unprivileged userspace programs,
362 something must be done about these.
364 Scenario 1 - Simple deadlock
365 -----------------------------
367 | "rm /mnt/fuse/file" | FUSE filesystem daemon
369 | >sys_unlink("/mnt/fuse/file") |
370 | [acquire inode semaphore |
373 | [sleep on req->waitq] |
375 | | >sys_unlink("/mnt/fuse/file")
376 | | [acquire inode semaphore
380 The solution for this is to allow the filesystem to be aborted.
382 Scenario 2 - Tricky deadlock
383 ----------------------------
385 This one needs a carefully crafted filesystem. It's a variation on
386 the above, only the call back to the filesystem is not explicit,
387 but is caused by a pagefault.
389 | Kamikaze filesystem thread 1 | Kamikaze filesystem thread 2
391 | [fd = open("/mnt/fuse/file")] | [request served normally]
392 | [mmap fd to 'addr'] |
393 | [close fd] | [FLUSH triggers 'magic' flag]
394 | [read a byte from addr] |
396 | [find or create page] |
399 | [queue READ request] |
400 | [sleep on req->waitq] |
401 | | [read request to buffer]
402 | | [create reply header before addr]
403 | | >sys_write(addr - headerlength)
404 | | >fuse_dev_write()
405 | | [look up req in fc->processing]
406 | | [remove from fc->processing]
407 | | [copy write buffer to req]
409 | | [find or create page]
413 Solution is basically the same as above.
415 An additional problem is that while the write buffer is being copied
416 to the request, the request must not be interrupted/aborted. This is
417 because the destination address of the copy may not be valid after the
418 request has returned.
420 This is solved with doing the copy atomically, and allowing abort
421 while the page(s) belonging to the write buffer are faulted with
422 get_user_pages(). The 'req->locked' flag indicates when the copy is
423 taking place, and abort is delayed until this flag is unset.