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65f3c785 | 1 | .TH fio 1 "October 2013" "User Manual" |
d60e92d1 AC |
2 | .SH NAME |
3 | fio \- flexible I/O tester | |
4 | .SH SYNOPSIS | |
5 | .B fio | |
6 | [\fIoptions\fR] [\fIjobfile\fR]... | |
7 | .SH DESCRIPTION | |
8 | .B fio | |
9 | is a tool that will spawn a number of threads or processes doing a | |
10 | particular type of I/O action as specified by the user. | |
11 | The typical use of fio is to write a job file matching the I/O load | |
12 | one wants to simulate. | |
13 | .SH OPTIONS | |
14 | .TP | |
49da1240 JA |
15 | .BI \-\-debug \fR=\fPtype |
16 | Enable verbose tracing of various fio actions. May be `all' for all types | |
17 | or individual types separated by a comma (eg \-\-debug=io,file). `help' will | |
18 | list all available tracing options. | |
19 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
20 | .BI \-\-output \fR=\fPfilename |
21 | Write output to \fIfilename\fR. | |
22 | .TP | |
b2cecdc2 | 23 | .BI \-\-runtime \fR=\fPruntime |
24 | Limit run time to \fIruntime\fR seconds. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
25 | .TP |
26 | .B \-\-latency\-log | |
27 | Generate per-job latency logs. | |
28 | .TP | |
29 | .B \-\-bandwidth\-log | |
30 | Generate per-job bandwidth logs. | |
31 | .TP | |
32 | .B \-\-minimal | |
d1429b5c | 33 | Print statistics in a terse, semicolon-delimited format. |
d60e92d1 | 34 | .TP |
2b8c71b0 CE |
35 | .B \-\-append-terse |
36 | Print statistics in selected mode AND terse, semicolon-delimited format. | |
37 | .TP | |
49da1240 JA |
38 | .B \-\-version |
39 | Display version information and exit. | |
40 | .TP | |
065248bf | 41 | .BI \-\-terse\-version \fR=\fPversion |
4d658652 | 42 | Set terse version output format (Current version 3, or older version 2). |
49da1240 JA |
43 | .TP |
44 | .B \-\-help | |
45 | Display usage information and exit. | |
46 | .TP | |
fec0f21c JA |
47 | .B \-\-cpuclock-test |
48 | Perform test and validation of internal CPU clock | |
49 | .TP | |
50 | .BI \-\-crctest[\fR=\fPtest] | |
51 | Test the speed of the builtin checksumming functions. If no argument is given, | |
52 | all of them are tested. Or a comma separated list can be passed, in which | |
53 | case the given ones are tested. | |
54 | .TP | |
49da1240 JA |
55 | .BI \-\-cmdhelp \fR=\fPcommand |
56 | Print help information for \fIcommand\fR. May be `all' for all commands. | |
57 | .TP | |
de890a1e SL |
58 | .BI \-\-enghelp \fR=\fPioengine[,command] |
59 | List all commands defined by \fIioengine\fR, or print help for \fIcommand\fR defined by \fIioengine\fR. | |
60 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
61 | .BI \-\-showcmd \fR=\fPjobfile |
62 | Convert \fIjobfile\fR to a set of command-line options. | |
63 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
64 | .BI \-\-eta \fR=\fPwhen |
65 | Specifies when real-time ETA estimate should be printed. \fIwhen\fR may | |
66 | be one of `always', `never' or `auto'. | |
67 | .TP | |
30b5d57f JA |
68 | .BI \-\-eta\-newline \fR=\fPtime |
69 | Force an ETA newline for every `time` period passed. | |
70 | .TP | |
71 | .BI \-\-status\-interval \fR=\fPtime | |
72 | Report full output status every `time` period passed. | |
73 | .TP | |
49da1240 JA |
74 | .BI \-\-readonly |
75 | Turn on safety read-only checks, preventing any attempted write. | |
76 | .TP | |
c0a5d35e | 77 | .BI \-\-section \fR=\fPsec |
49da1240 | 78 | Only run section \fIsec\fR from job file. Multiple of these options can be given, adding more sections to run. |
c0a5d35e | 79 | .TP |
49da1240 JA |
80 | .BI \-\-alloc\-size \fR=\fPkb |
81 | Set the internal smalloc pool size to \fIkb\fP kilobytes. | |
d60e92d1 | 82 | .TP |
49da1240 JA |
83 | .BI \-\-warnings\-fatal |
84 | All fio parser warnings are fatal, causing fio to exit with an error. | |
9183788d | 85 | .TP |
49da1240 | 86 | .BI \-\-max\-jobs \fR=\fPnr |
57e118a2 | 87 | Set the maximum allowed number of jobs (threads/processes) to support. |
d60e92d1 | 88 | .TP |
49da1240 JA |
89 | .BI \-\-server \fR=\fPargs |
90 | Start a backend server, with \fIargs\fP specifying what to listen to. See client/server section. | |
f57a9c59 | 91 | .TP |
49da1240 JA |
92 | .BI \-\-daemonize \fR=\fPpidfile |
93 | Background a fio server, writing the pid to the given pid file. | |
94 | .TP | |
95 | .BI \-\-client \fR=\fPhost | |
96 | Instead of running the jobs locally, send and run them on the given host. | |
f2a2ce0e HL |
97 | .TP |
98 | .BI \-\-idle\-prof \fR=\fPoption | |
99 | Report cpu idleness on a system or percpu basis (\fIoption\fP=system,percpu) or run unit work calibration only (\fIoption\fP=calibrate). | |
d60e92d1 AC |
100 | .SH "JOB FILE FORMAT" |
101 | Job files are in `ini' format. They consist of one or more | |
102 | job definitions, which begin with a job name in square brackets and | |
103 | extend to the next job name. The job name can be any ASCII string | |
104 | except `global', which has a special meaning. Following the job name is | |
105 | a sequence of zero or more parameters, one per line, that define the | |
106 | behavior of the job. Any line starting with a `;' or `#' character is | |
d1429b5c | 107 | considered a comment and ignored. |
d9956b64 AC |
108 | .P |
109 | If \fIjobfile\fR is specified as `-', the job file will be read from | |
110 | standard input. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
111 | .SS "Global Section" |
112 | The global section contains default parameters for jobs specified in the | |
113 | job file. A job is only affected by global sections residing above it, | |
114 | and there may be any number of global sections. Specific job definitions | |
115 | may override any parameter set in global sections. | |
116 | .SH "JOB PARAMETERS" | |
117 | .SS Types | |
118 | Some parameters may take arguments of a specific type. The types used are: | |
119 | .TP | |
120 | .I str | |
121 | String: a sequence of alphanumeric characters. | |
122 | .TP | |
123 | .I int | |
d60e92d1 | 124 | SI integer: a whole number, possibly containing a suffix denoting the base unit |
b09da8fa JA |
125 | of the value. Accepted suffixes are `k', 'M', 'G', 'T', and 'P', denoting |
126 | kilo (1024), mega (1024^2), giga (1024^3), tera (1024^4), and peta (1024^5) | |
74454ce4 CE |
127 | respectively. If prefixed with '0x', the value is assumed to be base 16 |
128 | (hexadecimal). A suffix may include a trailing 'b', for instance 'kb' is | |
129 | identical to 'k'. You can specify a base 10 value by using 'KiB', 'MiB','GiB', | |
130 | etc. This is useful for disk drives where values are often given in base 10 | |
131 | values. Specifying '30GiB' will get you 30*1000^3 bytes. | |
132 | When specifying times the default suffix meaning changes, still denoting the | |
133 | base unit of the value, but accepted suffixes are 'D' (days), 'H' (hours), 'M' | |
0de5b26f JA |
134 | (minutes), 'S' Seconds, 'ms' (or msec) milli seconds, 'us' (or 'usec') micro |
135 | seconds. Time values without a unit specify seconds. | |
74454ce4 | 136 | The suffixes are not case sensitive. |
d60e92d1 AC |
137 | .TP |
138 | .I bool | |
139 | Boolean: a true or false value. `0' denotes false, `1' denotes true. | |
140 | .TP | |
141 | .I irange | |
142 | Integer range: a range of integers specified in the format | |
d1429b5c AC |
143 | \fIlower\fR:\fIupper\fR or \fIlower\fR\-\fIupper\fR. \fIlower\fR and |
144 | \fIupper\fR may contain a suffix as described above. If an option allows two | |
145 | sets of ranges, they are separated with a `,' or `/' character. For example: | |
146 | `8\-8k/8M\-4G'. | |
83349190 YH |
147 | .TP |
148 | .I float_list | |
149 | List of floating numbers: A list of floating numbers, separated by | |
cecbfd47 | 150 | a ':' character. |
d60e92d1 AC |
151 | .SS "Parameter List" |
152 | .TP | |
153 | .BI name \fR=\fPstr | |
d9956b64 | 154 | May be used to override the job name. On the command line, this parameter |
d60e92d1 AC |
155 | has the special purpose of signalling the start of a new job. |
156 | .TP | |
157 | .BI description \fR=\fPstr | |
158 | Human-readable description of the job. It is printed when the job is run, but | |
159 | otherwise has no special purpose. | |
160 | .TP | |
161 | .BI directory \fR=\fPstr | |
162 | Prefix filenames with this directory. Used to place files in a location other | |
163 | than `./'. | |
bcbfeefa CE |
164 | You can specify a number of directories by separating the names with a ':' |
165 | character. These directories will be assigned equally distributed to job clones | |
166 | creates with \fInumjobs\fR as long as they are using generated filenames. | |
167 | If specific \fIfilename(s)\fR are set fio will use the first listed directory, | |
168 | and thereby matching the \fIfilename\fR semantic which generates a file each | |
67445b63 JA |
169 | clone if not specified, but let all clones use the same if set. See |
170 | \fIfilename\fR for considerations regarding escaping certain characters on | |
171 | some platforms. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
172 | .TP |
173 | .BI filename \fR=\fPstr | |
174 | .B fio | |
175 | normally makes up a file name based on the job name, thread number, and file | |
d1429b5c | 176 | number. If you want to share files between threads in a job or several jobs, |
de890a1e SL |
177 | specify a \fIfilename\fR for each of them to override the default. |
178 | If the I/O engine is file-based, you can specify | |
d1429b5c AC |
179 | a number of files by separating the names with a `:' character. `\-' is a |
180 | reserved name, meaning stdin or stdout, depending on the read/write direction | |
67445b63 JA |
181 | set. On Windows, disk devices are accessed as \\.\PhysicalDrive0 for the first |
182 | device, \\.\PhysicalDrive1 for the second etc. Note: Windows and FreeBSD | |
183 | prevent write access to areas of the disk containing in-use data | |
184 | (e.g. filesystems). If the wanted filename does need to include a colon, then | |
185 | escape that with a '\' character. For instance, if the filename is | |
186 | "/dev/dsk/foo@3,0:c", then you would use filename="/dev/dsk/foo@3,0\:c". | |
d60e92d1 | 187 | .TP |
de98bd30 | 188 | .BI filename_format \fR=\fPstr |
ce594fbe | 189 | If sharing multiple files between jobs, it is usually necessary to have |
de98bd30 JA |
190 | fio generate the exact names that you want. By default, fio will name a file |
191 | based on the default file format specification of | |
192 | \fBjobname.jobnumber.filenumber\fP. With this option, that can be | |
193 | customized. Fio will recognize and replace the following keywords in this | |
194 | string: | |
195 | .RS | |
196 | .RS | |
197 | .TP | |
198 | .B $jobname | |
199 | The name of the worker thread or process. | |
200 | .TP | |
201 | .B $jobnum | |
202 | The incremental number of the worker thread or process. | |
203 | .TP | |
204 | .B $filenum | |
205 | The incremental number of the file for that worker thread or process. | |
206 | .RE | |
207 | .P | |
208 | To have dependent jobs share a set of files, this option can be set to | |
209 | have fio generate filenames that are shared between the two. For instance, | |
210 | if \fBtestfiles.$filenum\fR is specified, file number 4 for any job will | |
211 | be named \fBtestfiles.4\fR. The default of \fB$jobname.$jobnum.$filenum\fR | |
212 | will be used if no other format specifier is given. | |
213 | .RE | |
214 | .P | |
215 | .TP | |
3ce9dcaf JA |
216 | .BI lockfile \fR=\fPstr |
217 | Fio defaults to not locking any files before it does IO to them. If a file or | |
218 | file descriptor is shared, fio can serialize IO to that file to make the end | |
219 | result consistent. This is usual for emulating real workloads that share files. | |
220 | The lock modes are: | |
221 | .RS | |
222 | .RS | |
223 | .TP | |
224 | .B none | |
225 | No locking. This is the default. | |
226 | .TP | |
227 | .B exclusive | |
228 | Only one thread or process may do IO at the time, excluding all others. | |
229 | .TP | |
230 | .B readwrite | |
231 | Read-write locking on the file. Many readers may access the file at the same | |
232 | time, but writes get exclusive access. | |
233 | .RE | |
ce594fbe | 234 | .RE |
3ce9dcaf | 235 | .P |
d60e92d1 AC |
236 | .BI opendir \fR=\fPstr |
237 | Recursively open any files below directory \fIstr\fR. | |
238 | .TP | |
239 | .BI readwrite \fR=\fPstr "\fR,\fP rw" \fR=\fPstr | |
240 | Type of I/O pattern. Accepted values are: | |
241 | .RS | |
242 | .RS | |
243 | .TP | |
244 | .B read | |
d1429b5c | 245 | Sequential reads. |
d60e92d1 AC |
246 | .TP |
247 | .B write | |
d1429b5c | 248 | Sequential writes. |
d60e92d1 | 249 | .TP |
fa769d44 SW |
250 | .B trim |
251 | Sequential trim (Linux block devices only). | |
252 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 | 253 | .B randread |
d1429b5c | 254 | Random reads. |
d60e92d1 AC |
255 | .TP |
256 | .B randwrite | |
d1429b5c | 257 | Random writes. |
d60e92d1 | 258 | .TP |
fa769d44 SW |
259 | .B randtrim |
260 | Random trim (Linux block devices only). | |
261 | .TP | |
10b023db | 262 | .B rw, readwrite |
d1429b5c | 263 | Mixed sequential reads and writes. |
d60e92d1 AC |
264 | .TP |
265 | .B randrw | |
d1429b5c | 266 | Mixed random reads and writes. |
d60e92d1 AC |
267 | .RE |
268 | .P | |
38dad62d JA |
269 | For mixed I/O, the default split is 50/50. For certain types of io the result |
270 | may still be skewed a bit, since the speed may be different. It is possible to | |
3b7fa9ec | 271 | specify a number of IO's to do before getting a new offset, this is done by |
38dad62d JA |
272 | appending a `:\fI<nr>\fR to the end of the string given. For a random read, it |
273 | would look like \fBrw=randread:8\fR for passing in an offset modifier with a | |
059b0802 JA |
274 | value of 8. If the postfix is used with a sequential IO pattern, then the value |
275 | specified will be added to the generated offset for each IO. For instance, | |
276 | using \fBrw=write:4k\fR will skip 4k for every write. It turns sequential IO | |
277 | into sequential IO with holes. See the \fBrw_sequencer\fR option. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
278 | .RE |
279 | .TP | |
38dad62d JA |
280 | .BI rw_sequencer \fR=\fPstr |
281 | If an offset modifier is given by appending a number to the \fBrw=<str>\fR line, | |
282 | then this option controls how that number modifies the IO offset being | |
283 | generated. Accepted values are: | |
284 | .RS | |
285 | .RS | |
286 | .TP | |
287 | .B sequential | |
288 | Generate sequential offset | |
289 | .TP | |
290 | .B identical | |
291 | Generate the same offset | |
292 | .RE | |
293 | .P | |
294 | \fBsequential\fR is only useful for random IO, where fio would normally | |
295 | generate a new random offset for every IO. If you append eg 8 to randread, you | |
296 | would get a new random offset for every 8 IO's. The result would be a seek for | |
297 | only every 8 IO's, instead of for every IO. Use \fBrw=randread:8\fR to specify | |
298 | that. As sequential IO is already sequential, setting \fBsequential\fR for that | |
299 | would not result in any differences. \fBidentical\fR behaves in a similar | |
300 | fashion, except it sends the same offset 8 number of times before generating a | |
301 | new offset. | |
302 | .RE | |
303 | .P | |
304 | .TP | |
90fef2d1 JA |
305 | .BI kb_base \fR=\fPint |
306 | The base unit for a kilobyte. The defacto base is 2^10, 1024. Storage | |
307 | manufacturers like to use 10^3 or 1000 as a base ten unit instead, for obvious | |
5c9323fb | 308 | reasons. Allowed values are 1024 or 1000, with 1024 being the default. |
90fef2d1 | 309 | .TP |
771e58be JA |
310 | .BI unified_rw_reporting \fR=\fPbool |
311 | Fio normally reports statistics on a per data direction basis, meaning that | |
312 | read, write, and trim are accounted and reported separately. If this option is | |
313 | set, the fio will sum the results and report them as "mixed" instead. | |
314 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 | 315 | .BI randrepeat \fR=\fPbool |
56e2a5fc CE |
316 | Seed the random number generator used for random I/O patterns in a predictable |
317 | way so the pattern is repeatable across runs. Default: true. | |
318 | .TP | |
319 | .BI allrandrepeat \fR=\fPbool | |
320 | Seed all random number generators in a predictable way so results are | |
321 | repeatable across runs. Default: false. | |
d60e92d1 | 322 | .TP |
04778baf JA |
323 | .BI randseed \fR=\fPint |
324 | Seed the random number generators based on this seed value, to be able to | |
325 | control what sequence of output is being generated. If not set, the random | |
326 | sequence depends on the \fBrandrepeat\fR setting. | |
327 | .TP | |
2615cc4b JA |
328 | .BI use_os_rand \fR=\fPbool |
329 | Fio can either use the random generator supplied by the OS to generator random | |
330 | offsets, or it can use it's own internal generator (based on Tausworthe). | |
331 | Default is to use the internal generator, which is often of better quality and | |
332 | faster. Default: false. | |
333 | .TP | |
a596f047 EG |
334 | .BI fallocate \fR=\fPstr |
335 | Whether pre-allocation is performed when laying down files. Accepted values | |
336 | are: | |
337 | .RS | |
338 | .RS | |
339 | .TP | |
340 | .B none | |
341 | Do not pre-allocate space. | |
342 | .TP | |
343 | .B posix | |
ccc2b328 | 344 | Pre-allocate via \fBposix_fallocate\fR\|(3). |
a596f047 EG |
345 | .TP |
346 | .B keep | |
ccc2b328 | 347 | Pre-allocate via \fBfallocate\fR\|(2) with FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE set. |
a596f047 EG |
348 | .TP |
349 | .B 0 | |
350 | Backward-compatible alias for 'none'. | |
351 | .TP | |
352 | .B 1 | |
353 | Backward-compatible alias for 'posix'. | |
354 | .RE | |
355 | .P | |
356 | May not be available on all supported platforms. 'keep' is only | |
357 | available on Linux. If using ZFS on Solaris this must be set to 'none' | |
358 | because ZFS doesn't support it. Default: 'posix'. | |
359 | .RE | |
7bc8c2cf | 360 | .TP |
d60e92d1 | 361 | .BI fadvise_hint \fR=\fPbool |
ccc2b328 | 362 | Use of \fBposix_fadvise\fR\|(2) to advise the kernel what I/O patterns |
d1429b5c | 363 | are likely to be issued. Default: true. |
d60e92d1 | 364 | .TP |
f7fa2653 | 365 | .BI size \fR=\fPint |
d60e92d1 | 366 | Total size of I/O for this job. \fBfio\fR will run until this many bytes have |
ca45881f | 367 | been transferred, unless limited by other options (\fBruntime\fR, for instance). |
d7c8be03 | 368 | Unless \fBnrfiles\fR and \fBfilesize\fR options are given, this amount will be |
d6667268 | 369 | divided between the available files for the job. If not set, fio will use the |
cecbfd47 | 370 | full size of the given files or devices. If the files do not exist, size |
7bb59102 JA |
371 | must be given. It is also possible to give size as a percentage between 1 and |
372 | 100. If size=20% is given, fio will use 20% of the full size of the given files | |
373 | or devices. | |
d60e92d1 | 374 | .TP |
74586c1e | 375 | .BI fill_device \fR=\fPbool "\fR,\fB fill_fs" \fR=\fPbool |
3ce9dcaf JA |
376 | Sets size to something really large and waits for ENOSPC (no space left on |
377 | device) as the terminating condition. Only makes sense with sequential write. | |
378 | For a read workload, the mount point will be filled first then IO started on | |
4f12432e JA |
379 | the result. This option doesn't make sense if operating on a raw device node, |
380 | since the size of that is already known by the file system. Additionally, | |
381 | writing beyond end-of-device will not return ENOSPC there. | |
3ce9dcaf | 382 | .TP |
d60e92d1 AC |
383 | .BI filesize \fR=\fPirange |
384 | Individual file sizes. May be a range, in which case \fBfio\fR will select sizes | |
d1429b5c AC |
385 | for files at random within the given range, limited to \fBsize\fR in total (if |
386 | that is given). If \fBfilesize\fR is not specified, each created file is the | |
387 | same size. | |
d60e92d1 | 388 | .TP |
bedc9dc2 JA |
389 | .BI file_append \fR=\fPbool |
390 | Perform IO after the end of the file. Normally fio will operate within the | |
391 | size of a file. If this option is set, then fio will append to the file | |
392 | instead. This has identical behavior to setting \fRoffset\fP to the size | |
0aae4ce7 | 393 | of a file. This option is ignored on non-regular files. |
bedc9dc2 | 394 | .TP |
f7fa2653 | 395 | .BI blocksize \fR=\fPint[,int] "\fR,\fB bs" \fR=\fPint[,int] |
d9472271 JA |
396 | Block size for I/O units. Default: 4k. Values for reads, writes, and trims |
397 | can be specified separately in the format \fIread\fR,\fIwrite\fR,\fItrim\fR | |
398 | either of which may be empty to leave that value at its default. If a trailing | |
399 | comma isn't given, the remainder will inherit the last value set. | |
d60e92d1 | 400 | .TP |
9183788d | 401 | .BI blocksize_range \fR=\fPirange[,irange] "\fR,\fB bsrange" \fR=\fPirange[,irange] |
d1429b5c AC |
402 | Specify a range of I/O block sizes. The issued I/O unit will always be a |
403 | multiple of the minimum size, unless \fBblocksize_unaligned\fR is set. Applies | |
9183788d | 404 | to both reads and writes if only one range is given, but can be specified |
de8f6de9 | 405 | separately with a comma separating the values. Example: bsrange=1k-4k,2k-8k. |
9183788d JA |
406 | Also (see \fBblocksize\fR). |
407 | .TP | |
408 | .BI bssplit \fR=\fPstr | |
409 | This option allows even finer grained control of the block sizes issued, | |
410 | not just even splits between them. With this option, you can weight various | |
411 | block sizes for exact control of the issued IO for a job that has mixed | |
412 | block sizes. The format of the option is bssplit=blocksize/percentage, | |
5982a925 | 413 | optionally adding as many definitions as needed separated by a colon. |
9183788d | 414 | Example: bssplit=4k/10:64k/50:32k/40 would issue 50% 64k blocks, 10% 4k |
c83cdd3e JA |
415 | blocks and 40% 32k blocks. \fBbssplit\fR also supports giving separate |
416 | splits to reads and writes. The format is identical to what the | |
417 | \fBbs\fR option accepts, the read and write parts are separated with a | |
418 | comma. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
419 | .TP |
420 | .B blocksize_unaligned\fR,\fP bs_unaligned | |
d1429b5c AC |
421 | If set, any size in \fBblocksize_range\fR may be used. This typically won't |
422 | work with direct I/O, as that normally requires sector alignment. | |
d60e92d1 | 423 | .TP |
2b7a01d0 | 424 | .BI blockalign \fR=\fPint[,int] "\fR,\fB ba" \fR=\fPint[,int] |
639ce0f3 MS |
425 | At what boundary to align random IO offsets. Defaults to the same as 'blocksize' |
426 | the minimum blocksize given. Minimum alignment is typically 512b | |
2b7a01d0 JA |
427 | for using direct IO, though it usually depends on the hardware block size. |
428 | This option is mutually exclusive with using a random map for files, so it | |
429 | will turn off that option. | |
43602667 | 430 | .TP |
6aca9b3d JA |
431 | .BI bs_is_seq_rand \fR=\fPbool |
432 | If this option is set, fio will use the normal read,write blocksize settings as | |
433 | sequential,random instead. Any random read or write will use the WRITE | |
434 | blocksize settings, and any sequential read or write will use the READ | |
435 | blocksize setting. | |
436 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
437 | .B zero_buffers |
438 | Initialise buffers with all zeros. Default: fill buffers with random data. | |
7750aac4 JA |
439 | The resulting IO buffers will not be completely zeroed, unless |
440 | \fPscramble_buffers\fR is also turned off. | |
d60e92d1 | 441 | .TP |
901bb994 JA |
442 | .B refill_buffers |
443 | If this option is given, fio will refill the IO buffers on every submit. The | |
444 | default is to only fill it at init time and reuse that data. Only makes sense | |
445 | if zero_buffers isn't specified, naturally. If data verification is enabled, | |
446 | refill_buffers is also automatically enabled. | |
447 | .TP | |
fd68418e JA |
448 | .BI scramble_buffers \fR=\fPbool |
449 | If \fBrefill_buffers\fR is too costly and the target is using data | |
450 | deduplication, then setting this option will slightly modify the IO buffer | |
451 | contents to defeat normal de-dupe attempts. This is not enough to defeat | |
452 | more clever block compression attempts, but it will stop naive dedupe | |
453 | of blocks. Default: true. | |
454 | .TP | |
c5751c62 JA |
455 | .BI buffer_compress_percentage \fR=\fPint |
456 | If this is set, then fio will attempt to provide IO buffer content (on WRITEs) | |
457 | that compress to the specified level. Fio does this by providing a mix of | |
458 | random data and zeroes. Note that this is per block size unit, for file/disk | |
459 | wide compression level that matches this setting, you'll also want to set | |
460 | \fBrefill_buffers\fR. | |
461 | .TP | |
462 | .BI buffer_compress_chunk \fR=\fPint | |
463 | See \fBbuffer_compress_percentage\fR. This setting allows fio to manage how | |
464 | big the ranges of random data and zeroed data is. Without this set, fio will | |
465 | provide \fBbuffer_compress_percentage\fR of blocksize random data, followed by | |
466 | the remaining zeroed. With this set to some chunk size smaller than the block | |
467 | size, fio can alternate random and zeroed data throughout the IO buffer. | |
468 | .TP | |
ce35b1ec JA |
469 | .BI buffer_pattern \fR=\fPstr |
470 | If set, fio will fill the io buffers with this pattern. If not set, the contents | |
471 | of io buffers is defined by the other options related to buffer contents. The | |
472 | setting can be any pattern of bytes, and can be prefixed with 0x for hex | |
473 | values. | |
474 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
475 | .BI nrfiles \fR=\fPint |
476 | Number of files to use for this job. Default: 1. | |
477 | .TP | |
478 | .BI openfiles \fR=\fPint | |
479 | Number of files to keep open at the same time. Default: \fBnrfiles\fR. | |
480 | .TP | |
481 | .BI file_service_type \fR=\fPstr | |
482 | Defines how files to service are selected. The following types are defined: | |
483 | .RS | |
484 | .RS | |
485 | .TP | |
486 | .B random | |
5c9323fb | 487 | Choose a file at random. |
d60e92d1 AC |
488 | .TP |
489 | .B roundrobin | |
490 | Round robin over open files (default). | |
5c9323fb | 491 | .TP |
6b7f6851 JA |
492 | .B sequential |
493 | Do each file in the set sequentially. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
494 | .RE |
495 | .P | |
496 | The number of I/Os to issue before switching a new file can be specified by | |
497 | appending `:\fIint\fR' to the service type. | |
498 | .RE | |
499 | .TP | |
500 | .BI ioengine \fR=\fPstr | |
501 | Defines how the job issues I/O. The following types are defined: | |
502 | .RS | |
503 | .RS | |
504 | .TP | |
505 | .B sync | |
ccc2b328 | 506 | Basic \fBread\fR\|(2) or \fBwrite\fR\|(2) I/O. \fBfseek\fR\|(2) is used to |
d60e92d1 AC |
507 | position the I/O location. |
508 | .TP | |
a31041ea | 509 | .B psync |
ccc2b328 | 510 | Basic \fBpread\fR\|(2) or \fBpwrite\fR\|(2) I/O. |
a31041ea | 511 | .TP |
9183788d | 512 | .B vsync |
ccc2b328 | 513 | Basic \fBreadv\fR\|(2) or \fBwritev\fR\|(2) I/O. Will emulate queuing by |
cecbfd47 | 514 | coalescing adjacent IOs into a single submission. |
9183788d | 515 | .TP |
a46c5e01 | 516 | .B pvsync |
ccc2b328 | 517 | Basic \fBpreadv\fR\|(2) or \fBpwritev\fR\|(2) I/O. |
a46c5e01 | 518 | .TP |
d60e92d1 | 519 | .B libaio |
de890a1e | 520 | Linux native asynchronous I/O. This ioengine defines engine specific options. |
d60e92d1 AC |
521 | .TP |
522 | .B posixaio | |
ccc2b328 | 523 | POSIX asynchronous I/O using \fBaio_read\fR\|(3) and \fBaio_write\fR\|(3). |
03e20d68 BC |
524 | .TP |
525 | .B solarisaio | |
526 | Solaris native asynchronous I/O. | |
527 | .TP | |
528 | .B windowsaio | |
529 | Windows native asynchronous I/O. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
530 | .TP |
531 | .B mmap | |
ccc2b328 SW |
532 | File is memory mapped with \fBmmap\fR\|(2) and data copied using |
533 | \fBmemcpy\fR\|(3). | |
d60e92d1 AC |
534 | .TP |
535 | .B splice | |
ccc2b328 | 536 | \fBsplice\fR\|(2) is used to transfer the data and \fBvmsplice\fR\|(2) to |
d1429b5c | 537 | transfer data from user-space to the kernel. |
d60e92d1 AC |
538 | .TP |
539 | .B syslet-rw | |
540 | Use the syslet system calls to make regular read/write asynchronous. | |
541 | .TP | |
542 | .B sg | |
543 | SCSI generic sg v3 I/O. May be either synchronous using the SG_IO ioctl, or if | |
ccc2b328 SW |
544 | the target is an sg character device, we use \fBread\fR\|(2) and |
545 | \fBwrite\fR\|(2) for asynchronous I/O. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
546 | .TP |
547 | .B null | |
548 | Doesn't transfer any data, just pretends to. Mainly used to exercise \fBfio\fR | |
549 | itself and for debugging and testing purposes. | |
550 | .TP | |
551 | .B net | |
de890a1e SL |
552 | Transfer over the network. The protocol to be used can be defined with the |
553 | \fBprotocol\fR parameter. Depending on the protocol, \fBfilename\fR, | |
554 | \fBhostname\fR, \fBport\fR, or \fBlisten\fR must be specified. | |
555 | This ioengine defines engine specific options. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
556 | .TP |
557 | .B netsplice | |
ccc2b328 | 558 | Like \fBnet\fR, but uses \fBsplice\fR\|(2) and \fBvmsplice\fR\|(2) to map data |
de890a1e | 559 | and send/receive. This ioengine defines engine specific options. |
d60e92d1 | 560 | .TP |
53aec0a4 | 561 | .B cpuio |
d60e92d1 AC |
562 | Doesn't transfer any data, but burns CPU cycles according to \fBcpuload\fR and |
563 | \fBcpucycles\fR parameters. | |
564 | .TP | |
565 | .B guasi | |
566 | The GUASI I/O engine is the Generic Userspace Asynchronous Syscall Interface | |
cecbfd47 | 567 | approach to asynchronous I/O. |
d1429b5c AC |
568 | .br |
569 | See <http://www.xmailserver.org/guasi\-lib.html>. | |
d60e92d1 | 570 | .TP |
21b8aee8 | 571 | .B rdma |
85286c5c BVA |
572 | The RDMA I/O engine supports both RDMA memory semantics (RDMA_WRITE/RDMA_READ) |
573 | and channel semantics (Send/Recv) for the InfiniBand, RoCE and iWARP protocols. | |
21b8aee8 | 574 | .TP |
d60e92d1 AC |
575 | .B external |
576 | Loads an external I/O engine object file. Append the engine filename as | |
577 | `:\fIenginepath\fR'. | |
d54fce84 DM |
578 | .TP |
579 | .B falloc | |
cecbfd47 | 580 | IO engine that does regular linux native fallocate call to simulate data |
d54fce84 DM |
581 | transfer as fio ioengine |
582 | .br | |
583 | DDIR_READ does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,) | |
584 | .br | |
0981fd71 | 585 | DIR_WRITE does fallocate(,mode = 0) |
d54fce84 DM |
586 | .br |
587 | DDIR_TRIM does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE|FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE) | |
588 | .TP | |
589 | .B e4defrag | |
590 | IO engine that does regular EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT ioctls to simulate defragment activity | |
591 | request to DDIR_WRITE event | |
0d978694 DAG |
592 | .TP |
593 | .B rbd | |
594 | IO engine supporting direct access to Ceph Rados Block Devices (RBD) via librbd | |
595 | without the need to use the kernel rbd driver. This ioengine defines engine specific | |
596 | options. | |
d60e92d1 | 597 | .RE |
595e1734 | 598 | .P |
d60e92d1 AC |
599 | .RE |
600 | .TP | |
601 | .BI iodepth \fR=\fPint | |
8489dae4 SK |
602 | Number of I/O units to keep in flight against the file. Note that increasing |
603 | iodepth beyond 1 will not affect synchronous ioengines (except for small | |
ee72ca09 JA |
604 | degress when verify_async is in use). Even async engines my impose OS |
605 | restrictions causing the desired depth not to be achieved. This may happen on | |
606 | Linux when using libaio and not setting \fBdirect\fR=1, since buffered IO is | |
607 | not async on that OS. Keep an eye on the IO depth distribution in the | |
608 | fio output to verify that the achieved depth is as expected. Default: 1. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
609 | .TP |
610 | .BI iodepth_batch \fR=\fPint | |
611 | Number of I/Os to submit at once. Default: \fBiodepth\fR. | |
612 | .TP | |
3ce9dcaf JA |
613 | .BI iodepth_batch_complete \fR=\fPint |
614 | This defines how many pieces of IO to retrieve at once. It defaults to 1 which | |
615 | means that we'll ask for a minimum of 1 IO in the retrieval process from the | |
616 | kernel. The IO retrieval will go on until we hit the limit set by | |
617 | \fBiodepth_low\fR. If this variable is set to 0, then fio will always check for | |
618 | completed events before queuing more IO. This helps reduce IO latency, at the | |
619 | cost of more retrieval system calls. | |
620 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
621 | .BI iodepth_low \fR=\fPint |
622 | Low watermark indicating when to start filling the queue again. Default: | |
623 | \fBiodepth\fR. | |
624 | .TP | |
625 | .BI direct \fR=\fPbool | |
626 | If true, use non-buffered I/O (usually O_DIRECT). Default: false. | |
627 | .TP | |
d01612f3 CM |
628 | .BI atomic \fR=\fPbool |
629 | If value is true, attempt to use atomic direct IO. Atomic writes are guaranteed | |
630 | to be stable once acknowledged by the operating system. Only Linux supports | |
631 | O_ATOMIC right now. | |
632 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
633 | .BI buffered \fR=\fPbool |
634 | If true, use buffered I/O. This is the opposite of the \fBdirect\fR parameter. | |
635 | Default: true. | |
636 | .TP | |
f7fa2653 | 637 | .BI offset \fR=\fPint |
d60e92d1 AC |
638 | Offset in the file to start I/O. Data before the offset will not be touched. |
639 | .TP | |
591e9e06 JA |
640 | .BI offset_increment \fR=\fPint |
641 | If this is provided, then the real offset becomes the | |
642 | offset + offset_increment * thread_number, where the thread number is a counter | |
643 | that starts at 0 and is incremented for each job. This option is useful if | |
644 | there are several jobs which are intended to operate on a file in parallel in | |
645 | disjoint segments, with even spacing between the starting points. | |
646 | .TP | |
ddf24e42 JA |
647 | .BI number_ios \fR=\fPint |
648 | Fio will normally perform IOs until it has exhausted the size of the region | |
649 | set by \fBsize\fR, or if it exhaust the allocated time (or hits an error | |
650 | condition). With this setting, the range/size can be set independently of | |
651 | the number of IOs to perform. When fio reaches this number, it will exit | |
652 | normally and report status. | |
653 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 | 654 | .BI fsync \fR=\fPint |
d1429b5c AC |
655 | How many I/Os to perform before issuing an \fBfsync\fR\|(2) of dirty data. If |
656 | 0, don't sync. Default: 0. | |
d60e92d1 | 657 | .TP |
5f9099ea JA |
658 | .BI fdatasync \fR=\fPint |
659 | Like \fBfsync\fR, but uses \fBfdatasync\fR\|(2) instead to only sync the | |
660 | data parts of the file. Default: 0. | |
661 | .TP | |
fa769d44 SW |
662 | .BI write_barrier \fR=\fPint |
663 | Make every Nth write a barrier write. | |
664 | .TP | |
e76b1da4 | 665 | .BI sync_file_range \fR=\fPstr:int |
ccc2b328 SW |
666 | Use \fBsync_file_range\fR\|(2) for every \fRval\fP number of write operations. Fio will |
667 | track range of writes that have happened since the last \fBsync_file_range\fR\|(2) call. | |
e76b1da4 JA |
668 | \fRstr\fP can currently be one or more of: |
669 | .RS | |
670 | .TP | |
671 | .B wait_before | |
672 | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE | |
673 | .TP | |
674 | .B write | |
675 | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE | |
676 | .TP | |
677 | .B wait_after | |
678 | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE | |
679 | .TP | |
680 | .RE | |
681 | .P | |
682 | So if you do sync_file_range=wait_before,write:8, fio would use | |
683 | \fBSYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE\fP for every 8 writes. | |
ccc2b328 | 684 | Also see the \fBsync_file_range\fR\|(2) man page. This option is Linux specific. |
e76b1da4 | 685 | .TP |
d60e92d1 | 686 | .BI overwrite \fR=\fPbool |
d1429b5c | 687 | If writing, setup the file first and do overwrites. Default: false. |
d60e92d1 AC |
688 | .TP |
689 | .BI end_fsync \fR=\fPbool | |
dbd11ead | 690 | Sync file contents when a write stage has completed. Default: false. |
d60e92d1 AC |
691 | .TP |
692 | .BI fsync_on_close \fR=\fPbool | |
693 | If true, sync file contents on close. This differs from \fBend_fsync\fR in that | |
d1429b5c | 694 | it will happen on every close, not just at the end of the job. Default: false. |
d60e92d1 | 695 | .TP |
d60e92d1 AC |
696 | .BI rwmixread \fR=\fPint |
697 | Percentage of a mixed workload that should be reads. Default: 50. | |
698 | .TP | |
699 | .BI rwmixwrite \fR=\fPint | |
d1429b5c | 700 | Percentage of a mixed workload that should be writes. If \fBrwmixread\fR and |
c35dd7a6 JA |
701 | \fBrwmixwrite\fR are given and do not sum to 100%, the latter of the two |
702 | overrides the first. This may interfere with a given rate setting, if fio is | |
703 | asked to limit reads or writes to a certain rate. If that is the case, then | |
704 | the distribution may be skewed. Default: 50. | |
d60e92d1 | 705 | .TP |
92d42d69 JA |
706 | .BI random_distribution \fR=\fPstr:float |
707 | By default, fio will use a completely uniform random distribution when asked | |
708 | to perform random IO. Sometimes it is useful to skew the distribution in | |
709 | specific ways, ensuring that some parts of the data is more hot than others. | |
710 | Fio includes the following distribution models: | |
711 | .RS | |
712 | .TP | |
713 | .B random | |
714 | Uniform random distribution | |
715 | .TP | |
716 | .B zipf | |
717 | Zipf distribution | |
718 | .TP | |
719 | .B pareto | |
720 | Pareto distribution | |
721 | .TP | |
722 | .RE | |
723 | .P | |
724 | When using a zipf or pareto distribution, an input value is also needed to | |
725 | define the access pattern. For zipf, this is the zipf theta. For pareto, | |
726 | it's the pareto power. Fio includes a test program, genzipf, that can be | |
727 | used visualize what the given input values will yield in terms of hit rates. | |
728 | If you wanted to use zipf with a theta of 1.2, you would use | |
729 | random_distribution=zipf:1.2 as the option. If a non-uniform model is used, | |
730 | fio will disable use of the random map. | |
731 | .TP | |
211c9b89 JA |
732 | .BI percentage_random \fR=\fPint |
733 | For a random workload, set how big a percentage should be random. This defaults | |
734 | to 100%, in which case the workload is fully random. It can be set from | |
735 | anywhere from 0 to 100. Setting it to 0 would make the workload fully | |
d9472271 JA |
736 | sequential. It is possible to set different values for reads, writes, and |
737 | trim. To do so, simply use a comma separated list. See \fBblocksize\fR. | |
211c9b89 | 738 | .TP |
d60e92d1 AC |
739 | .B norandommap |
740 | Normally \fBfio\fR will cover every block of the file when doing random I/O. If | |
741 | this parameter is given, a new offset will be chosen without looking at past | |
742 | I/O history. This parameter is mutually exclusive with \fBverify\fR. | |
743 | .TP | |
744492c9 | 744 | .BI softrandommap \fR=\fPbool |
3ce9dcaf JA |
745 | See \fBnorandommap\fR. If fio runs with the random block map enabled and it |
746 | fails to allocate the map, if this option is set it will continue without a | |
747 | random block map. As coverage will not be as complete as with random maps, this | |
748 | option is disabled by default. | |
749 | .TP | |
e8b1961d JA |
750 | .BI random_generator \fR=\fPstr |
751 | Fio supports the following engines for generating IO offsets for random IO: | |
752 | .RS | |
753 | .TP | |
754 | .B tausworthe | |
755 | Strong 2^88 cycle random number generator | |
756 | .TP | |
757 | .B lfsr | |
758 | Linear feedback shift register generator | |
759 | .TP | |
760 | .RE | |
761 | .P | |
762 | Tausworthe is a strong random number generator, but it requires tracking on the | |
763 | side if we want to ensure that blocks are only read or written once. LFSR | |
764 | guarantees that we never generate the same offset twice, and it's also less | |
765 | computationally expensive. It's not a true random generator, however, though | |
766 | for IO purposes it's typically good enough. LFSR only works with single block | |
767 | sizes, not with workloads that use multiple block sizes. If used with such a | |
768 | workload, fio may read or write some blocks multiple times. | |
769 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 | 770 | .BI nice \fR=\fPint |
ccc2b328 | 771 | Run job with given nice value. See \fBnice\fR\|(2). |
d60e92d1 AC |
772 | .TP |
773 | .BI prio \fR=\fPint | |
774 | Set I/O priority value of this job between 0 (highest) and 7 (lowest). See | |
ccc2b328 | 775 | \fBionice\fR\|(1). |
d60e92d1 AC |
776 | .TP |
777 | .BI prioclass \fR=\fPint | |
ccc2b328 | 778 | Set I/O priority class. See \fBionice\fR\|(1). |
d60e92d1 AC |
779 | .TP |
780 | .BI thinktime \fR=\fPint | |
781 | Stall job for given number of microseconds between issuing I/Os. | |
782 | .TP | |
783 | .BI thinktime_spin \fR=\fPint | |
784 | Pretend to spend CPU time for given number of microseconds, sleeping the rest | |
785 | of the time specified by \fBthinktime\fR. Only valid if \fBthinktime\fR is set. | |
786 | .TP | |
787 | .BI thinktime_blocks \fR=\fPint | |
4d01ece6 JA |
788 | Only valid if thinktime is set - control how many blocks to issue, before |
789 | waiting \fBthinktime\fR microseconds. If not set, defaults to 1 which will | |
790 | make fio wait \fBthinktime\fR microseconds after every block. This | |
791 | effectively makes any queue depth setting redundant, since no more than 1 IO | |
792 | will be queued before we have to complete it and do our thinktime. In other | |
793 | words, this setting effectively caps the queue depth if the latter is larger. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
794 | Default: 1. |
795 | .TP | |
796 | .BI rate \fR=\fPint | |
c35dd7a6 JA |
797 | Cap bandwidth used by this job. The number is in bytes/sec, the normal postfix |
798 | rules apply. You can use \fBrate\fR=500k to limit reads and writes to 500k each, | |
799 | or you can specify read and writes separately. Using \fBrate\fR=1m,500k would | |
800 | limit reads to 1MB/sec and writes to 500KB/sec. Capping only reads or writes | |
801 | can be done with \fBrate\fR=,500k or \fBrate\fR=500k,. The former will only | |
802 | limit writes (to 500KB/sec), the latter will only limit reads. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
803 | .TP |
804 | .BI ratemin \fR=\fPint | |
805 | Tell \fBfio\fR to do whatever it can to maintain at least the given bandwidth. | |
c35dd7a6 JA |
806 | Failing to meet this requirement will cause the job to exit. The same format |
807 | as \fBrate\fR is used for read vs write separation. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
808 | .TP |
809 | .BI rate_iops \fR=\fPint | |
c35dd7a6 JA |
810 | Cap the bandwidth to this number of IOPS. Basically the same as rate, just |
811 | specified independently of bandwidth. The same format as \fBrate\fR is used for | |
de8f6de9 | 812 | read vs write separation. If \fBblocksize\fR is a range, the smallest block |
c35dd7a6 | 813 | size is used as the metric. |
d60e92d1 AC |
814 | .TP |
815 | .BI rate_iops_min \fR=\fPint | |
c35dd7a6 | 816 | If this rate of I/O is not met, the job will exit. The same format as \fBrate\fR |
de8f6de9 | 817 | is used for read vs write separation. |
d60e92d1 AC |
818 | .TP |
819 | .BI ratecycle \fR=\fPint | |
820 | Average bandwidth for \fBrate\fR and \fBratemin\fR over this number of | |
821 | milliseconds. Default: 1000ms. | |
822 | .TP | |
3e260a46 JA |
823 | .BI latency_target \fR=\fPint |
824 | If set, fio will attempt to find the max performance point that the given | |
825 | workload will run at while maintaining a latency below this target. The | |
826 | values is given in microseconds. See \fBlatency_window\fR and | |
827 | \fBlatency_percentile\fR. | |
828 | .TP | |
829 | .BI latency_window \fR=\fPint | |
830 | Used with \fBlatency_target\fR to specify the sample window that the job | |
831 | is run at varying queue depths to test the performance. The value is given | |
832 | in microseconds. | |
833 | .TP | |
834 | .BI latency_percentile \fR=\fPfloat | |
835 | The percentage of IOs that must fall within the criteria specified by | |
836 | \fBlatency_target\fR and \fBlatency_window\fR. If not set, this defaults | |
837 | to 100.0, meaning that all IOs must be equal or below to the value set | |
838 | by \fBlatency_target\fR. | |
839 | .TP | |
15501535 JA |
840 | .BI max_latency \fR=\fPint |
841 | If set, fio will exit the job if it exceeds this maximum latency. It will exit | |
842 | with an ETIME error. | |
843 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
844 | .BI cpumask \fR=\fPint |
845 | Set CPU affinity for this job. \fIint\fR is a bitmask of allowed CPUs the job | |
846 | may run on. See \fBsched_setaffinity\fR\|(2). | |
847 | .TP | |
848 | .BI cpus_allowed \fR=\fPstr | |
849 | Same as \fBcpumask\fR, but allows a comma-delimited list of CPU numbers. | |
850 | .TP | |
c2acfbac JA |
851 | .BI cpus_allowed_policy \fR=\fPstr |
852 | Set the policy of how fio distributes the CPUs specified by \fBcpus_allowed\fR | |
853 | or \fBcpumask\fR. Two policies are supported: | |
854 | .RS | |
855 | .RS | |
856 | .TP | |
857 | .B shared | |
858 | All jobs will share the CPU set specified. | |
859 | .TP | |
860 | .B split | |
861 | Each job will get a unique CPU from the CPU set. | |
862 | .RE | |
863 | .P | |
864 | \fBshared\fR is the default behaviour, if the option isn't specified. If | |
ada083cd JA |
865 | \fBsplit\fR is specified, then fio will assign one cpu per job. If not enough |
866 | CPUs are given for the jobs listed, then fio will roundrobin the CPUs in | |
867 | the set. | |
c2acfbac JA |
868 | .RE |
869 | .P | |
870 | .TP | |
d0b937ed | 871 | .BI numa_cpu_nodes \fR=\fPstr |
cecbfd47 | 872 | Set this job running on specified NUMA nodes' CPUs. The arguments allow |
d0b937ed YR |
873 | comma delimited list of cpu numbers, A-B ranges, or 'all'. |
874 | .TP | |
875 | .BI numa_mem_policy \fR=\fPstr | |
876 | Set this job's memory policy and corresponding NUMA nodes. Format of | |
cecbfd47 | 877 | the arguments: |
d0b937ed YR |
878 | .RS |
879 | .TP | |
880 | .B <mode>[:<nodelist>] | |
881 | .TP | |
882 | .B mode | |
883 | is one of the following memory policy: | |
884 | .TP | |
885 | .B default, prefer, bind, interleave, local | |
886 | .TP | |
887 | .RE | |
888 | For \fBdefault\fR and \fBlocal\fR memory policy, no \fBnodelist\fR is | |
889 | needed to be specified. For \fBprefer\fR, only one node is | |
890 | allowed. For \fBbind\fR and \fBinterleave\fR, \fBnodelist\fR allows | |
891 | comma delimited list of numbers, A-B ranges, or 'all'. | |
892 | .TP | |
23ed19b0 CE |
893 | .BI startdelay \fR=\fPirange |
894 | Delay start of job for the specified number of seconds. Supports all time | |
895 | suffixes to allow specification of hours, minutes, seconds and | |
896 | milliseconds - seconds are the default if a unit is ommited. | |
897 | Can be given as a range which causes each thread to choose randomly out of the | |
898 | range. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
899 | .TP |
900 | .BI runtime \fR=\fPint | |
901 | Terminate processing after the specified number of seconds. | |
902 | .TP | |
903 | .B time_based | |
904 | If given, run for the specified \fBruntime\fR duration even if the files are | |
905 | completely read or written. The same workload will be repeated as many times | |
906 | as \fBruntime\fR allows. | |
907 | .TP | |
901bb994 JA |
908 | .BI ramp_time \fR=\fPint |
909 | If set, fio will run the specified workload for this amount of time before | |
910 | logging any performance numbers. Useful for letting performance settle before | |
911 | logging results, thus minimizing the runtime required for stable results. Note | |
c35dd7a6 JA |
912 | that the \fBramp_time\fR is considered lead in time for a job, thus it will |
913 | increase the total runtime if a special timeout or runtime is specified. | |
901bb994 | 914 | .TP |
d60e92d1 AC |
915 | .BI invalidate \fR=\fPbool |
916 | Invalidate buffer-cache for the file prior to starting I/O. Default: true. | |
917 | .TP | |
918 | .BI sync \fR=\fPbool | |
919 | Use synchronous I/O for buffered writes. For the majority of I/O engines, | |
d1429b5c | 920 | this means using O_SYNC. Default: false. |
d60e92d1 AC |
921 | .TP |
922 | .BI iomem \fR=\fPstr "\fR,\fP mem" \fR=\fPstr | |
923 | Allocation method for I/O unit buffer. Allowed values are: | |
924 | .RS | |
925 | .RS | |
926 | .TP | |
927 | .B malloc | |
ccc2b328 | 928 | Allocate memory with \fBmalloc\fR\|(3). |
d60e92d1 AC |
929 | .TP |
930 | .B shm | |
ccc2b328 | 931 | Use shared memory buffers allocated through \fBshmget\fR\|(2). |
d60e92d1 AC |
932 | .TP |
933 | .B shmhuge | |
934 | Same as \fBshm\fR, but use huge pages as backing. | |
935 | .TP | |
936 | .B mmap | |
ccc2b328 | 937 | Use \fBmmap\fR\|(2) for allocation. Uses anonymous memory unless a filename |
d60e92d1 AC |
938 | is given after the option in the format `:\fIfile\fR'. |
939 | .TP | |
940 | .B mmaphuge | |
941 | Same as \fBmmap\fR, but use huge files as backing. | |
942 | .RE | |
943 | .P | |
944 | The amount of memory allocated is the maximum allowed \fBblocksize\fR for the | |
945 | job multiplied by \fBiodepth\fR. For \fBshmhuge\fR or \fBmmaphuge\fR to work, | |
946 | the system must have free huge pages allocated. \fBmmaphuge\fR also needs to | |
2e266ba6 JA |
947 | have hugetlbfs mounted, and \fIfile\fR must point there. At least on Linux, |
948 | huge pages must be manually allocated. See \fB/proc/sys/vm/nr_hugehages\fR | |
949 | and the documentation for that. Normally you just need to echo an appropriate | |
950 | number, eg echoing 8 will ensure that the OS has 8 huge pages ready for | |
951 | use. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
952 | .RE |
953 | .TP | |
d392365e | 954 | .BI iomem_align \fR=\fPint "\fR,\fP mem_align" \fR=\fPint |
cecbfd47 | 955 | This indicates the memory alignment of the IO memory buffers. Note that the |
d529ee19 JA |
956 | given alignment is applied to the first IO unit buffer, if using \fBiodepth\fR |
957 | the alignment of the following buffers are given by the \fBbs\fR used. In | |
958 | other words, if using a \fBbs\fR that is a multiple of the page sized in the | |
959 | system, all buffers will be aligned to this value. If using a \fBbs\fR that | |
960 | is not page aligned, the alignment of subsequent IO memory buffers is the | |
961 | sum of the \fBiomem_align\fR and \fBbs\fR used. | |
962 | .TP | |
f7fa2653 | 963 | .BI hugepage\-size \fR=\fPint |
d60e92d1 | 964 | Defines the size of a huge page. Must be at least equal to the system setting. |
b22989b9 | 965 | Should be a multiple of 1MB. Default: 4MB. |
d60e92d1 AC |
966 | .TP |
967 | .B exitall | |
968 | Terminate all jobs when one finishes. Default: wait for each job to finish. | |
969 | .TP | |
970 | .BI bwavgtime \fR=\fPint | |
971 | Average bandwidth calculations over the given time in milliseconds. Default: | |
972 | 500ms. | |
973 | .TP | |
c8eeb9df JA |
974 | .BI iopsavgtime \fR=\fPint |
975 | Average IOPS calculations over the given time in milliseconds. Default: | |
976 | 500ms. | |
977 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 | 978 | .BI create_serialize \fR=\fPbool |
d1429b5c | 979 | If true, serialize file creation for the jobs. Default: true. |
d60e92d1 AC |
980 | .TP |
981 | .BI create_fsync \fR=\fPbool | |
ccc2b328 | 982 | \fBfsync\fR\|(2) data file after creation. Default: true. |
d60e92d1 | 983 | .TP |
6b7f6851 JA |
984 | .BI create_on_open \fR=\fPbool |
985 | If true, the files are not created until they are opened for IO by the job. | |
986 | .TP | |
25460cf6 JA |
987 | .BI create_only \fR=\fPbool |
988 | If true, fio will only run the setup phase of the job. If files need to be | |
989 | laid out or updated on disk, only that will be done. The actual job contents | |
990 | are not executed. | |
991 | .TP | |
e9f48479 JA |
992 | .BI pre_read \fR=\fPbool |
993 | If this is given, files will be pre-read into memory before starting the given | |
994 | IO operation. This will also clear the \fR \fBinvalidate\fR flag, since it is | |
9c0d2241 JA |
995 | pointless to pre-read and then drop the cache. This will only work for IO |
996 | engines that are seekable, since they allow you to read the same data | |
997 | multiple times. Thus it will not work on eg network or splice IO. | |
e9f48479 | 998 | .TP |
d60e92d1 AC |
999 | .BI unlink \fR=\fPbool |
1000 | Unlink job files when done. Default: false. | |
1001 | .TP | |
1002 | .BI loops \fR=\fPint | |
1003 | Specifies the number of iterations (runs of the same workload) of this job. | |
1004 | Default: 1. | |
1005 | .TP | |
5e4c7118 JA |
1006 | .BI verify_only \fR=\fPbool |
1007 | Do not perform the specified workload, only verify data still matches previous | |
1008 | invocation of this workload. This option allows one to check data multiple | |
1009 | times at a later date without overwriting it. This option makes sense only for | |
1010 | workloads that write data, and does not support workloads with the | |
1011 | \fBtime_based\fR option set. | |
1012 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1013 | .BI do_verify \fR=\fPbool |
1014 | Run the verify phase after a write phase. Only valid if \fBverify\fR is set. | |
1015 | Default: true. | |
1016 | .TP | |
1017 | .BI verify \fR=\fPstr | |
1018 | Method of verifying file contents after each iteration of the job. Allowed | |
1019 | values are: | |
1020 | .RS | |
1021 | .RS | |
1022 | .TP | |
844ea602 | 1023 | .B md5 crc16 crc32 crc32c crc32c-intel crc64 crc7 sha256 sha512 sha1 xxhash |
0539d758 JA |
1024 | Store appropriate checksum in the header of each block. crc32c-intel is |
1025 | hardware accelerated SSE4.2 driven, falls back to regular crc32c if | |
1026 | not supported by the system. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1027 | .TP |
1028 | .B meta | |
1029 | Write extra information about each I/O (timestamp, block number, etc.). The | |
996093bb | 1030 | block number is verified. See \fBverify_pattern\fR as well. |
d60e92d1 AC |
1031 | .TP |
1032 | .B null | |
1033 | Pretend to verify. Used for testing internals. | |
1034 | .RE | |
b892dc08 JA |
1035 | |
1036 | This option can be used for repeated burn-in tests of a system to make sure | |
1037 | that the written data is also correctly read back. If the data direction given | |
1038 | is a read or random read, fio will assume that it should verify a previously | |
1039 | written file. If the data direction includes any form of write, the verify will | |
1040 | be of the newly written data. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1041 | .RE |
1042 | .TP | |
5c9323fb | 1043 | .BI verifysort \fR=\fPbool |
d60e92d1 AC |
1044 | If true, written verify blocks are sorted if \fBfio\fR deems it to be faster to |
1045 | read them back in a sorted manner. Default: true. | |
1046 | .TP | |
fa769d44 SW |
1047 | .BI verifysort_nr \fR=\fPint |
1048 | Pre-load and sort verify blocks for a read workload. | |
1049 | .TP | |
f7fa2653 | 1050 | .BI verify_offset \fR=\fPint |
d60e92d1 | 1051 | Swap the verification header with data somewhere else in the block before |
d1429b5c | 1052 | writing. It is swapped back before verifying. |
d60e92d1 | 1053 | .TP |
f7fa2653 | 1054 | .BI verify_interval \fR=\fPint |
d60e92d1 AC |
1055 | Write the verification header for this number of bytes, which should divide |
1056 | \fBblocksize\fR. Default: \fBblocksize\fR. | |
1057 | .TP | |
996093bb JA |
1058 | .BI verify_pattern \fR=\fPstr |
1059 | If set, fio will fill the io buffers with this pattern. Fio defaults to filling | |
1060 | with totally random bytes, but sometimes it's interesting to fill with a known | |
1061 | pattern for io verification purposes. Depending on the width of the pattern, | |
1062 | fio will fill 1/2/3/4 bytes of the buffer at the time(it can be either a | |
1063 | decimal or a hex number). The verify_pattern if larger than a 32-bit quantity | |
1064 | has to be a hex number that starts with either "0x" or "0X". Use with | |
1065 | \fBverify\fP=meta. | |
1066 | .TP | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1067 | .BI verify_fatal \fR=\fPbool |
1068 | If true, exit the job on the first observed verification failure. Default: | |
1069 | false. | |
1070 | .TP | |
b463e936 JA |
1071 | .BI verify_dump \fR=\fPbool |
1072 | If set, dump the contents of both the original data block and the data block we | |
1073 | read off disk to files. This allows later analysis to inspect just what kind of | |
ef71e317 | 1074 | data corruption occurred. Off by default. |
b463e936 | 1075 | .TP |
e8462bd8 JA |
1076 | .BI verify_async \fR=\fPint |
1077 | Fio will normally verify IO inline from the submitting thread. This option | |
1078 | takes an integer describing how many async offload threads to create for IO | |
1079 | verification instead, causing fio to offload the duty of verifying IO contents | |
c85c324c JA |
1080 | to one or more separate threads. If using this offload option, even sync IO |
1081 | engines can benefit from using an \fBiodepth\fR setting higher than 1, as it | |
1082 | allows them to have IO in flight while verifies are running. | |
e8462bd8 JA |
1083 | .TP |
1084 | .BI verify_async_cpus \fR=\fPstr | |
1085 | Tell fio to set the given CPU affinity on the async IO verification threads. | |
1086 | See \fBcpus_allowed\fP for the format used. | |
1087 | .TP | |
6f87418f JA |
1088 | .BI verify_backlog \fR=\fPint |
1089 | Fio will normally verify the written contents of a job that utilizes verify | |
1090 | once that job has completed. In other words, everything is written then | |
1091 | everything is read back and verified. You may want to verify continually | |
1092 | instead for a variety of reasons. Fio stores the meta data associated with an | |
1093 | IO block in memory, so for large verify workloads, quite a bit of memory would | |
092f707f DN |
1094 | be used up holding this meta data. If this option is enabled, fio will write |
1095 | only N blocks before verifying these blocks. | |
6f87418f JA |
1096 | .TP |
1097 | .BI verify_backlog_batch \fR=\fPint | |
1098 | Control how many blocks fio will verify if verify_backlog is set. If not set, | |
1099 | will default to the value of \fBverify_backlog\fR (meaning the entire queue is | |
092f707f DN |
1100 | read back and verified). If \fBverify_backlog_batch\fR is less than |
1101 | \fBverify_backlog\fR then not all blocks will be verified, if | |
1102 | \fBverify_backlog_batch\fR is larger than \fBverify_backlog\fR, some blocks | |
1103 | will be verified more than once. | |
6f87418f | 1104 | .TP |
fa769d44 SW |
1105 | .BI trim_percentage \fR=\fPint |
1106 | Number of verify blocks to discard/trim. | |
1107 | .TP | |
1108 | .BI trim_verify_zero \fR=\fPbool | |
1109 | Verify that trim/discarded blocks are returned as zeroes. | |
1110 | .TP | |
1111 | .BI trim_backlog \fR=\fPint | |
1112 | Trim after this number of blocks are written. | |
1113 | .TP | |
1114 | .BI trim_backlog_batch \fR=\fPint | |
1115 | Trim this number of IO blocks. | |
1116 | .TP | |
1117 | .BI experimental_verify \fR=\fPbool | |
1118 | Enable experimental verification. | |
1119 | .TP | |
d392365e | 1120 | .B stonewall "\fR,\fP wait_for_previous" |
5982a925 | 1121 | Wait for preceding jobs in the job file to exit before starting this one. |
d60e92d1 AC |
1122 | \fBstonewall\fR implies \fBnew_group\fR. |
1123 | .TP | |
1124 | .B new_group | |
1125 | Start a new reporting group. If not given, all jobs in a file will be part | |
1126 | of the same reporting group, unless separated by a stonewall. | |
1127 | .TP | |
1128 | .BI numjobs \fR=\fPint | |
1129 | Number of clones (processes/threads performing the same workload) of this job. | |
1130 | Default: 1. | |
1131 | .TP | |
1132 | .B group_reporting | |
1133 | If set, display per-group reports instead of per-job when \fBnumjobs\fR is | |
1134 | specified. | |
1135 | .TP | |
1136 | .B thread | |
1137 | Use threads created with \fBpthread_create\fR\|(3) instead of processes created | |
1138 | with \fBfork\fR\|(2). | |
1139 | .TP | |
f7fa2653 | 1140 | .BI zonesize \fR=\fPint |
d60e92d1 AC |
1141 | Divide file into zones of the specified size in bytes. See \fBzoneskip\fR. |
1142 | .TP | |
fa769d44 SW |
1143 | .BI zonerange \fR=\fPint |
1144 | Give size of an IO zone. See \fBzoneskip\fR. | |
1145 | .TP | |
f7fa2653 | 1146 | .BI zoneskip \fR=\fPint |
d1429b5c | 1147 | Skip the specified number of bytes when \fBzonesize\fR bytes of data have been |
d60e92d1 AC |
1148 | read. |
1149 | .TP | |
1150 | .BI write_iolog \fR=\fPstr | |
5b42a488 SH |
1151 | Write the issued I/O patterns to the specified file. Specify a separate file |
1152 | for each job, otherwise the iologs will be interspersed and the file may be | |
1153 | corrupt. | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1154 | .TP |
1155 | .BI read_iolog \fR=\fPstr | |
1156 | Replay the I/O patterns contained in the specified file generated by | |
1157 | \fBwrite_iolog\fR, or may be a \fBblktrace\fR binary file. | |
1158 | .TP | |
64bbb865 DN |
1159 | .BI replay_no_stall \fR=\fPint |
1160 | While replaying I/O patterns using \fBread_iolog\fR the default behavior | |
1161 | attempts to respect timing information between I/Os. Enabling | |
1162 | \fBreplay_no_stall\fR causes I/Os to be replayed as fast as possible while | |
1163 | still respecting ordering. | |
1164 | .TP | |
d1c46c04 DN |
1165 | .BI replay_redirect \fR=\fPstr |
1166 | While replaying I/O patterns using \fBread_iolog\fR the default behavior | |
1167 | is to replay the IOPS onto the major/minor device that each IOP was recorded | |
1168 | from. Setting \fBreplay_redirect\fR causes all IOPS to be replayed onto the | |
1169 | single specified device regardless of the device it was recorded from. | |
1170 | .TP | |
836bad52 | 1171 | .BI write_bw_log \fR=\fPstr |
901bb994 JA |
1172 | If given, write a bandwidth log of the jobs in this job file. Can be used to |
1173 | store data of the bandwidth of the jobs in their lifetime. The included | |
1174 | fio_generate_plots script uses gnuplot to turn these text files into nice | |
26b26fca | 1175 | graphs. See \fBwrite_lat_log\fR for behaviour of given filename. For this |
901bb994 | 1176 | option, the postfix is _bw.log. |
d60e92d1 | 1177 | .TP |
836bad52 | 1178 | .BI write_lat_log \fR=\fPstr |
901bb994 JA |
1179 | Same as \fBwrite_bw_log\fR, but writes I/O completion latencies. If no |
1180 | filename is given with this option, the default filename of "jobname_type.log" | |
1181 | is used. Even if the filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. | |
1182 | .TP | |
c8eeb9df JA |
1183 | .BI write_iops_log \fR=\fPstr |
1184 | Same as \fBwrite_bw_log\fR, but writes IOPS. If no filename is given with this | |
1185 | option, the default filename of "jobname_type.log" is used. Even if the | |
1186 | filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. | |
1187 | .TP | |
b8bc8cba JA |
1188 | .BI log_avg_msec \fR=\fPint |
1189 | By default, fio will log an entry in the iops, latency, or bw log for every | |
1190 | IO that completes. When writing to the disk log, that can quickly grow to a | |
1191 | very large size. Setting this option makes fio average the each log entry | |
1192 | over the specified period of time, reducing the resolution of the log. | |
1193 | Defaults to 0. | |
1194 | .TP | |
836bad52 | 1195 | .BI disable_lat \fR=\fPbool |
02af0988 | 1196 | Disable measurements of total latency numbers. Useful only for cutting |
ccc2b328 | 1197 | back the number of calls to \fBgettimeofday\fR\|(2), as that does impact performance at |
901bb994 JA |
1198 | really high IOPS rates. Note that to really get rid of a large amount of these |
1199 | calls, this option must be used with disable_slat and disable_bw as well. | |
1200 | .TP | |
836bad52 | 1201 | .BI disable_clat \fR=\fPbool |
c95f9daf | 1202 | Disable measurements of completion latency numbers. See \fBdisable_lat\fR. |
02af0988 | 1203 | .TP |
836bad52 | 1204 | .BI disable_slat \fR=\fPbool |
02af0988 | 1205 | Disable measurements of submission latency numbers. See \fBdisable_lat\fR. |
901bb994 | 1206 | .TP |
836bad52 | 1207 | .BI disable_bw_measurement \fR=\fPbool |
02af0988 | 1208 | Disable measurements of throughput/bandwidth numbers. See \fBdisable_lat\fR. |
d60e92d1 | 1209 | .TP |
f7fa2653 | 1210 | .BI lockmem \fR=\fPint |
d60e92d1 | 1211 | Pin the specified amount of memory with \fBmlock\fR\|(2). Can be used to |
81c6b6cd | 1212 | simulate a smaller amount of memory. The amount specified is per worker. |
d60e92d1 AC |
1213 | .TP |
1214 | .BI exec_prerun \fR=\fPstr | |
1215 | Before running the job, execute the specified command with \fBsystem\fR\|(3). | |
ce486495 EV |
1216 | .RS |
1217 | Output is redirected in a file called \fBjobname.prerun.txt\fR | |
1218 | .RE | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1219 | .TP |
1220 | .BI exec_postrun \fR=\fPstr | |
1221 | Same as \fBexec_prerun\fR, but the command is executed after the job completes. | |
ce486495 EV |
1222 | .RS |
1223 | Output is redirected in a file called \fBjobname.postrun.txt\fR | |
1224 | .RE | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1225 | .TP |
1226 | .BI ioscheduler \fR=\fPstr | |
1227 | Attempt to switch the device hosting the file to the specified I/O scheduler. | |
1228 | .TP | |
1229 | .BI cpuload \fR=\fPint | |
1230 | If the job is a CPU cycle-eater, attempt to use the specified percentage of | |
1231 | CPU cycles. | |
1232 | .TP | |
1233 | .BI cpuchunks \fR=\fPint | |
1234 | If the job is a CPU cycle-eater, split the load into cycles of the | |
1235 | given time in milliseconds. | |
1236 | .TP | |
1237 | .BI disk_util \fR=\fPbool | |
d1429b5c | 1238 | Generate disk utilization statistics if the platform supports it. Default: true. |
901bb994 | 1239 | .TP |
23893646 JA |
1240 | .BI clocksource \fR=\fPstr |
1241 | Use the given clocksource as the base of timing. The supported options are: | |
1242 | .RS | |
1243 | .TP | |
1244 | .B gettimeofday | |
ccc2b328 | 1245 | \fBgettimeofday\fR\|(2) |
23893646 JA |
1246 | .TP |
1247 | .B clock_gettime | |
ccc2b328 | 1248 | \fBclock_gettime\fR\|(2) |
23893646 JA |
1249 | .TP |
1250 | .B cpu | |
1251 | Internal CPU clock source | |
1252 | .TP | |
1253 | .RE | |
1254 | .P | |
1255 | \fBcpu\fR is the preferred clocksource if it is reliable, as it is very fast | |
1256 | (and fio is heavy on time calls). Fio will automatically use this clocksource | |
1257 | if it's supported and considered reliable on the system it is running on, | |
1258 | unless another clocksource is specifically set. For x86/x86-64 CPUs, this | |
1259 | means supporting TSC Invariant. | |
1260 | .TP | |
901bb994 | 1261 | .BI gtod_reduce \fR=\fPbool |
ccc2b328 | 1262 | Enable all of the \fBgettimeofday\fR\|(2) reducing options (disable_clat, disable_slat, |
901bb994 | 1263 | disable_bw) plus reduce precision of the timeout somewhat to really shrink the |
ccc2b328 | 1264 | \fBgettimeofday\fR\|(2) call count. With this option enabled, we only do about 0.4% of |
901bb994 JA |
1265 | the gtod() calls we would have done if all time keeping was enabled. |
1266 | .TP | |
1267 | .BI gtod_cpu \fR=\fPint | |
1268 | Sometimes it's cheaper to dedicate a single thread of execution to just getting | |
1269 | the current time. Fio (and databases, for instance) are very intensive on | |
ccc2b328 | 1270 | \fBgettimeofday\fR\|(2) calls. With this option, you can set one CPU aside for doing |
901bb994 JA |
1271 | nothing but logging current time to a shared memory location. Then the other |
1272 | threads/processes that run IO workloads need only copy that segment, instead of | |
ccc2b328 | 1273 | entering the kernel with a \fBgettimeofday\fR\|(2) call. The CPU set aside for doing |
901bb994 JA |
1274 | these time calls will be excluded from other uses. Fio will manually clear it |
1275 | from the CPU mask of other jobs. | |
f2bba182 | 1276 | .TP |
8b28bd41 DM |
1277 | .BI ignore_error \fR=\fPstr |
1278 | Sometimes you want to ignore some errors during test in that case you can specify | |
1279 | error list for each error type. | |
1280 | .br | |
1281 | ignore_error=READ_ERR_LIST,WRITE_ERR_LIST,VERIFY_ERR_LIST | |
1282 | .br | |
1283 | errors for given error type is separated with ':'. | |
1284 | Error may be symbol ('ENOSPC', 'ENOMEM') or an integer. | |
1285 | .br | |
1286 | Example: ignore_error=EAGAIN,ENOSPC:122 . | |
1287 | .br | |
1288 | This option will ignore EAGAIN from READ, and ENOSPC and 122(EDQUOT) from WRITE. | |
1289 | .TP | |
1290 | .BI error_dump \fR=\fPbool | |
1291 | If set dump every error even if it is non fatal, true by default. If disabled | |
1292 | only fatal error will be dumped | |
1293 | .TP | |
fa769d44 SW |
1294 | .BI profile \fR=\fPstr |
1295 | Select a specific builtin performance test. | |
1296 | .TP | |
a696fa2a JA |
1297 | .BI cgroup \fR=\fPstr |
1298 | Add job to this control group. If it doesn't exist, it will be created. | |
6adb38a1 JA |
1299 | The system must have a mounted cgroup blkio mount point for this to work. If |
1300 | your system doesn't have it mounted, you can do so with: | |
1301 | ||
5982a925 | 1302 | # mount \-t cgroup \-o blkio none /cgroup |
a696fa2a JA |
1303 | .TP |
1304 | .BI cgroup_weight \fR=\fPint | |
1305 | Set the weight of the cgroup to this value. See the documentation that comes | |
1306 | with the kernel, allowed values are in the range of 100..1000. | |
e0b0d892 | 1307 | .TP |
7de87099 VG |
1308 | .BI cgroup_nodelete \fR=\fPbool |
1309 | Normally fio will delete the cgroups it has created after the job completion. | |
1310 | To override this behavior and to leave cgroups around after the job completion, | |
1311 | set cgroup_nodelete=1. This can be useful if one wants to inspect various | |
1312 | cgroup files after job completion. Default: false | |
1313 | .TP | |
e0b0d892 JA |
1314 | .BI uid \fR=\fPint |
1315 | Instead of running as the invoking user, set the user ID to this value before | |
1316 | the thread/process does any work. | |
1317 | .TP | |
1318 | .BI gid \fR=\fPint | |
1319 | Set group ID, see \fBuid\fR. | |
83349190 | 1320 | .TP |
fa769d44 SW |
1321 | .BI unit_base \fR=\fPint |
1322 | Base unit for reporting. Allowed values are: | |
1323 | .RS | |
1324 | .TP | |
1325 | .B 0 | |
1326 | Use auto-detection (default). | |
1327 | .TP | |
1328 | .B 8 | |
1329 | Byte based. | |
1330 | .TP | |
1331 | .B 1 | |
1332 | Bit based. | |
1333 | .RE | |
1334 | .P | |
1335 | .TP | |
9e684a49 DE |
1336 | .BI flow_id \fR=\fPint |
1337 | The ID of the flow. If not specified, it defaults to being a global flow. See | |
1338 | \fBflow\fR. | |
1339 | .TP | |
1340 | .BI flow \fR=\fPint | |
1341 | Weight in token-based flow control. If this value is used, then there is a | |
1342 | \fBflow counter\fR which is used to regulate the proportion of activity between | |
1343 | two or more jobs. fio attempts to keep this flow counter near zero. The | |
1344 | \fBflow\fR parameter stands for how much should be added or subtracted to the | |
1345 | flow counter on each iteration of the main I/O loop. That is, if one job has | |
1346 | \fBflow=8\fR and another job has \fBflow=-1\fR, then there will be a roughly | |
1347 | 1:8 ratio in how much one runs vs the other. | |
1348 | .TP | |
1349 | .BI flow_watermark \fR=\fPint | |
1350 | The maximum value that the absolute value of the flow counter is allowed to | |
1351 | reach before the job must wait for a lower value of the counter. | |
1352 | .TP | |
1353 | .BI flow_sleep \fR=\fPint | |
1354 | The period of time, in microseconds, to wait after the flow watermark has been | |
1355 | exceeded before retrying operations | |
1356 | .TP | |
83349190 YH |
1357 | .BI clat_percentiles \fR=\fPbool |
1358 | Enable the reporting of percentiles of completion latencies. | |
1359 | .TP | |
1360 | .BI percentile_list \fR=\fPfloat_list | |
1361 | Overwrite the default list of percentiles for completion | |
1362 | latencies. Each number is a floating number in the range (0,100], and | |
1363 | the maximum length of the list is 20. Use ':' to separate the | |
3eb07285 | 1364 | numbers. For example, \-\-percentile_list=99.5:99.9 will cause fio to |
83349190 YH |
1365 | report the values of completion latency below which 99.5% and 99.9% of |
1366 | the observed latencies fell, respectively. | |
de890a1e SL |
1367 | .SS "Ioengine Parameters List" |
1368 | Some parameters are only valid when a specific ioengine is in use. These are | |
1369 | used identically to normal parameters, with the caveat that when used on the | |
1370 | command line, the must come after the ioengine that defines them is selected. | |
1371 | .TP | |
e4585935 JA |
1372 | .BI (cpu)cpuload \fR=\fPint |
1373 | Attempt to use the specified percentage of CPU cycles. | |
1374 | .TP | |
1375 | .BI (cpu)cpuchunks \fR=\fPint | |
1376 | Split the load into cycles of the given time. In microseconds. | |
1377 | .TP | |
de890a1e SL |
1378 | .BI (libaio)userspace_reap |
1379 | Normally, with the libaio engine in use, fio will use | |
1380 | the io_getevents system call to reap newly returned events. | |
1381 | With this flag turned on, the AIO ring will be read directly | |
1382 | from user-space to reap events. The reaping mode is only | |
1383 | enabled when polling for a minimum of 0 events (eg when | |
1384 | iodepth_batch_complete=0). | |
1385 | .TP | |
1386 | .BI (net,netsplice)hostname \fR=\fPstr | |
1387 | The host name or IP address to use for TCP or UDP based IO. | |
1388 | If the job is a TCP listener or UDP reader, the hostname is not | |
b511c9aa | 1389 | used and must be omitted unless it is a valid UDP multicast address. |
de890a1e SL |
1390 | .TP |
1391 | .BI (net,netsplice)port \fR=\fPint | |
1392 | The TCP or UDP port to bind to or connect to. | |
1393 | .TP | |
b93b6a2e SB |
1394 | .BI (net,netsplice)interface \fR=\fPstr |
1395 | The IP address of the network interface used to send or receive UDP multicast | |
1396 | packets. | |
1397 | .TP | |
d3a623de SB |
1398 | .BI (net,netsplice)ttl \fR=\fPint |
1399 | Time-to-live value for outgoing UDP multicast packets. Default: 1 | |
1400 | .TP | |
1d360ffb JA |
1401 | .BI (net,netsplice)nodelay \fR=\fPbool |
1402 | Set TCP_NODELAY on TCP connections. | |
1403 | .TP | |
de890a1e SL |
1404 | .BI (net,netsplice)protocol \fR=\fPstr "\fR,\fP proto" \fR=\fPstr |
1405 | The network protocol to use. Accepted values are: | |
1406 | .RS | |
1407 | .RS | |
1408 | .TP | |
1409 | .B tcp | |
1410 | Transmission control protocol | |
1411 | .TP | |
49ccb8c1 JA |
1412 | .B tcpv6 |
1413 | Transmission control protocol V6 | |
1414 | .TP | |
de890a1e | 1415 | .B udp |
f5cc3d0e | 1416 | User datagram protocol |
de890a1e | 1417 | .TP |
49ccb8c1 JA |
1418 | .B udpv6 |
1419 | User datagram protocol V6 | |
1420 | .TP | |
de890a1e SL |
1421 | .B unix |
1422 | UNIX domain socket | |
1423 | .RE | |
1424 | .P | |
1425 | When the protocol is TCP or UDP, the port must also be given, | |
1426 | as well as the hostname if the job is a TCP listener or UDP | |
1427 | reader. For unix sockets, the normal filename option should be | |
1428 | used and the port is invalid. | |
1429 | .RE | |
1430 | .TP | |
1431 | .BI (net,netsplice)listen | |
1432 | For TCP network connections, tell fio to listen for incoming | |
1433 | connections rather than initiating an outgoing connection. The | |
1434 | hostname must be omitted if this option is used. | |
d54fce84 | 1435 | .TP |
7aeb1e94 | 1436 | .BI (net, pingpong) \fR=\fPbool |
cecbfd47 | 1437 | Normally a network writer will just continue writing data, and a network reader |
7aeb1e94 JA |
1438 | will just consume packages. If pingpong=1 is set, a writer will send its normal |
1439 | payload to the reader, then wait for the reader to send the same payload back. | |
1440 | This allows fio to measure network latencies. The submission and completion | |
1441 | latencies then measure local time spent sending or receiving, and the | |
1442 | completion latency measures how long it took for the other end to receive and | |
b511c9aa SB |
1443 | send back. For UDP multicast traffic pingpong=1 should only be set for a single |
1444 | reader when multiple readers are listening to the same address. | |
7aeb1e94 | 1445 | .TP |
d54fce84 DM |
1446 | .BI (e4defrag,donorname) \fR=\fPstr |
1447 | File will be used as a block donor (swap extents between files) | |
1448 | .TP | |
1449 | .BI (e4defrag,inplace) \fR=\fPint | |
1450 | Configure donor file block allocation strategy | |
1451 | .RS | |
1452 | .BI 0(default) : | |
1453 | Preallocate donor's file on init | |
1454 | .TP | |
1455 | .BI 1: | |
cecbfd47 | 1456 | allocate space immediately inside defragment event, and free right after event |
d54fce84 | 1457 | .RE |
0d978694 DAG |
1458 | .TP |
1459 | .BI (rbd)rbdname \fR=\fPstr | |
1460 | Specifies the name of the RBD. | |
1461 | .TP | |
1462 | .BI (rbd)pool \fR=\fPstr | |
1463 | Specifies the name of the Ceph pool containing the RBD. | |
1464 | .TP | |
1465 | .BI (rbd)clientname \fR=\fPstr | |
1466 | Specifies the username (without the 'client.' prefix) used to access the Ceph cluster. | |
d60e92d1 | 1467 | .SH OUTPUT |
d1429b5c AC |
1468 | While running, \fBfio\fR will display the status of the created jobs. For |
1469 | example: | |
d60e92d1 | 1470 | .RS |
d1429b5c | 1471 | .P |
d60e92d1 AC |
1472 | Threads: 1: [_r] [24.8% done] [ 13509/ 8334 kb/s] [eta 00h:01m:31s] |
1473 | .RE | |
1474 | .P | |
d1429b5c AC |
1475 | The characters in the first set of brackets denote the current status of each |
1476 | threads. The possible values are: | |
1477 | .P | |
1478 | .PD 0 | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1479 | .RS |
1480 | .TP | |
1481 | .B P | |
1482 | Setup but not started. | |
1483 | .TP | |
1484 | .B C | |
1485 | Thread created. | |
1486 | .TP | |
1487 | .B I | |
1488 | Initialized, waiting. | |
1489 | .TP | |
1490 | .B R | |
1491 | Running, doing sequential reads. | |
1492 | .TP | |
1493 | .B r | |
1494 | Running, doing random reads. | |
1495 | .TP | |
1496 | .B W | |
1497 | Running, doing sequential writes. | |
1498 | .TP | |
1499 | .B w | |
1500 | Running, doing random writes. | |
1501 | .TP | |
1502 | .B M | |
1503 | Running, doing mixed sequential reads/writes. | |
1504 | .TP | |
1505 | .B m | |
1506 | Running, doing mixed random reads/writes. | |
1507 | .TP | |
1508 | .B F | |
1509 | Running, currently waiting for \fBfsync\fR\|(2). | |
1510 | .TP | |
1511 | .B V | |
1512 | Running, verifying written data. | |
1513 | .TP | |
1514 | .B E | |
1515 | Exited, not reaped by main thread. | |
1516 | .TP | |
1517 | .B \- | |
1518 | Exited, thread reaped. | |
1519 | .RE | |
d1429b5c | 1520 | .PD |
d60e92d1 AC |
1521 | .P |
1522 | The second set of brackets shows the estimated completion percentage of | |
1523 | the current group. The third set shows the read and write I/O rate, | |
1524 | respectively. Finally, the estimated run time of the job is displayed. | |
1525 | .P | |
1526 | When \fBfio\fR completes (or is interrupted by Ctrl-C), it will show data | |
1527 | for each thread, each group of threads, and each disk, in that order. | |
1528 | .P | |
1529 | Per-thread statistics first show the threads client number, group-id, and | |
1530 | error code. The remaining figures are as follows: | |
1531 | .RS | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1532 | .TP |
1533 | .B io | |
1534 | Number of megabytes of I/O performed. | |
1535 | .TP | |
1536 | .B bw | |
1537 | Average data rate (bandwidth). | |
1538 | .TP | |
1539 | .B runt | |
1540 | Threads run time. | |
1541 | .TP | |
1542 | .B slat | |
1543 | Submission latency minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation. This is | |
1544 | the time it took to submit the I/O. | |
1545 | .TP | |
1546 | .B clat | |
1547 | Completion latency minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation. This | |
1548 | is the time between submission and completion. | |
1549 | .TP | |
1550 | .B bw | |
1551 | Bandwidth minimum, maximum, percentage of aggregate bandwidth received, average | |
1552 | and standard deviation. | |
1553 | .TP | |
1554 | .B cpu | |
1555 | CPU usage statistics. Includes user and system time, number of context switches | |
1556 | this thread went through and number of major and minor page faults. | |
1557 | .TP | |
1558 | .B IO depths | |
1559 | Distribution of I/O depths. Each depth includes everything less than (or equal) | |
1560 | to it, but greater than the previous depth. | |
1561 | .TP | |
1562 | .B IO issued | |
1563 | Number of read/write requests issued, and number of short read/write requests. | |
1564 | .TP | |
1565 | .B IO latencies | |
1566 | Distribution of I/O completion latencies. The numbers follow the same pattern | |
1567 | as \fBIO depths\fR. | |
1568 | .RE | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1569 | .P |
1570 | The group statistics show: | |
d1429b5c | 1571 | .PD 0 |
d60e92d1 AC |
1572 | .RS |
1573 | .TP | |
1574 | .B io | |
1575 | Number of megabytes I/O performed. | |
1576 | .TP | |
1577 | .B aggrb | |
1578 | Aggregate bandwidth of threads in the group. | |
1579 | .TP | |
1580 | .B minb | |
1581 | Minimum average bandwidth a thread saw. | |
1582 | .TP | |
1583 | .B maxb | |
1584 | Maximum average bandwidth a thread saw. | |
1585 | .TP | |
1586 | .B mint | |
d1429b5c | 1587 | Shortest runtime of threads in the group. |
d60e92d1 AC |
1588 | .TP |
1589 | .B maxt | |
1590 | Longest runtime of threads in the group. | |
1591 | .RE | |
d1429b5c | 1592 | .PD |
d60e92d1 AC |
1593 | .P |
1594 | Finally, disk statistics are printed with reads first: | |
d1429b5c | 1595 | .PD 0 |
d60e92d1 AC |
1596 | .RS |
1597 | .TP | |
1598 | .B ios | |
1599 | Number of I/Os performed by all groups. | |
1600 | .TP | |
1601 | .B merge | |
1602 | Number of merges in the I/O scheduler. | |
1603 | .TP | |
1604 | .B ticks | |
1605 | Number of ticks we kept the disk busy. | |
1606 | .TP | |
1607 | .B io_queue | |
1608 | Total time spent in the disk queue. | |
1609 | .TP | |
1610 | .B util | |
1611 | Disk utilization. | |
1612 | .RE | |
d1429b5c | 1613 | .PD |
8423bd11 JA |
1614 | .P |
1615 | It is also possible to get fio to dump the current output while it is | |
1616 | running, without terminating the job. To do that, send fio the \fBUSR1\fR | |
1617 | signal. | |
d60e92d1 | 1618 | .SH TERSE OUTPUT |
2b8c71b0 CE |
1619 | If the \fB\-\-minimal\fR / \fB\-\-append-terse\fR options are given, the |
1620 | results will be printed/appended in a semicolon-delimited format suitable for | |
1621 | scripted use. | |
1622 | A job description (if provided) follows on a new line. Note that the first | |
525c2bfa JA |
1623 | number in the line is the version number. If the output has to be changed |
1624 | for some reason, this number will be incremented by 1 to signify that | |
1625 | change. The fields are: | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1626 | .P |
1627 | .RS | |
5e726d0a | 1628 | .B terse version, fio version, jobname, groupid, error |
d60e92d1 AC |
1629 | .P |
1630 | Read status: | |
1631 | .RS | |
312b4af2 | 1632 | .B Total I/O \fR(KB)\fP, bandwidth \fR(KB/s)\fP, IOPS, runtime \fR(ms)\fP |
d60e92d1 AC |
1633 | .P |
1634 | Submission latency: | |
1635 | .RS | |
1636 | .B min, max, mean, standard deviation | |
1637 | .RE | |
1638 | Completion latency: | |
1639 | .RS | |
1640 | .B min, max, mean, standard deviation | |
1641 | .RE | |
1db92cb6 JA |
1642 | Completion latency percentiles (20 fields): |
1643 | .RS | |
1644 | .B Xth percentile=usec | |
1645 | .RE | |
525c2bfa JA |
1646 | Total latency: |
1647 | .RS | |
1648 | .B min, max, mean, standard deviation | |
1649 | .RE | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1650 | Bandwidth: |
1651 | .RS | |
1652 | .B min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, standard deviation | |
1653 | .RE | |
1654 | .RE | |
1655 | .P | |
1656 | Write status: | |
1657 | .RS | |
312b4af2 | 1658 | .B Total I/O \fR(KB)\fP, bandwidth \fR(KB/s)\fP, IOPS, runtime \fR(ms)\fP |
d60e92d1 AC |
1659 | .P |
1660 | Submission latency: | |
1661 | .RS | |
1662 | .B min, max, mean, standard deviation | |
1663 | .RE | |
1664 | Completion latency: | |
1665 | .RS | |
1666 | .B min, max, mean, standard deviation | |
1667 | .RE | |
1db92cb6 JA |
1668 | Completion latency percentiles (20 fields): |
1669 | .RS | |
1670 | .B Xth percentile=usec | |
1671 | .RE | |
525c2bfa JA |
1672 | Total latency: |
1673 | .RS | |
1674 | .B min, max, mean, standard deviation | |
1675 | .RE | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1676 | Bandwidth: |
1677 | .RS | |
1678 | .B min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, standard deviation | |
1679 | .RE | |
1680 | .RE | |
1681 | .P | |
d1429b5c | 1682 | CPU usage: |
d60e92d1 | 1683 | .RS |
bd2626f0 | 1684 | .B user, system, context switches, major page faults, minor page faults |
d60e92d1 AC |
1685 | .RE |
1686 | .P | |
1687 | IO depth distribution: | |
1688 | .RS | |
1689 | .B <=1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, >=64 | |
1690 | .RE | |
1691 | .P | |
562c2d2f | 1692 | IO latency distribution: |
d60e92d1 | 1693 | .RS |
562c2d2f DN |
1694 | Microseconds: |
1695 | .RS | |
1696 | .B <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 | |
1697 | .RE | |
1698 | Milliseconds: | |
1699 | .RS | |
1700 | .B <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, >=2000 | |
1701 | .RE | |
1702 | .RE | |
1703 | .P | |
f2f788dd JA |
1704 | Disk utilization (1 for each disk used): |
1705 | .RS | |
1706 | .B name, read ios, write ios, read merges, write merges, read ticks, write ticks, read in-queue time, write in-queue time, disk utilization percentage | |
1707 | .RE | |
1708 | .P | |
5982a925 | 1709 | Error Info (dependent on continue_on_error, default off): |
562c2d2f DN |
1710 | .RS |
1711 | .B total # errors, first error code | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1712 | .RE |
1713 | .P | |
562c2d2f | 1714 | .B text description (if provided in config - appears on newline) |
d60e92d1 | 1715 | .RE |
49da1240 JA |
1716 | .SH CLIENT / SERVER |
1717 | Normally you would run fio as a stand-alone application on the machine | |
1718 | where the IO workload should be generated. However, it is also possible to | |
1719 | run the frontend and backend of fio separately. This makes it possible to | |
1720 | have a fio server running on the machine(s) where the IO workload should | |
1721 | be running, while controlling it from another machine. | |
1722 | ||
1723 | To start the server, you would do: | |
1724 | ||
1725 | \fBfio \-\-server=args\fR | |
1726 | ||
1727 | on that machine, where args defines what fio listens to. The arguments | |
811826be | 1728 | are of the form 'type:hostname or IP:port'. 'type' is either 'ip' (or ip4) |
20c67f10 MS |
1729 | for TCP/IP v4, 'ip6' for TCP/IP v6, or 'sock' for a local unix domain |
1730 | socket. 'hostname' is either a hostname or IP address, and 'port' is the port to | |
811826be | 1731 | listen to (only valid for TCP/IP, not a local socket). Some examples: |
49da1240 | 1732 | |
e01e9745 | 1733 | 1) fio \-\-server |
49da1240 JA |
1734 | |
1735 | Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on the default port (8765). | |
1736 | ||
e01e9745 | 1737 | 2) fio \-\-server=ip:hostname,4444 |
49da1240 JA |
1738 | |
1739 | Start a fio server, listening on IP belonging to hostname and on port 4444. | |
1740 | ||
e01e9745 | 1741 | 3) fio \-\-server=ip6:::1,4444 |
811826be JA |
1742 | |
1743 | Start a fio server, listening on IPv6 localhost ::1 and on port 4444. | |
1744 | ||
e01e9745 | 1745 | 4) fio \-\-server=,4444 |
49da1240 JA |
1746 | |
1747 | Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on port 4444. | |
1748 | ||
e01e9745 | 1749 | 5) fio \-\-server=1.2.3.4 |
49da1240 JA |
1750 | |
1751 | Start a fio server, listening on IP 1.2.3.4 on the default port. | |
1752 | ||
e01e9745 | 1753 | 6) fio \-\-server=sock:/tmp/fio.sock |
49da1240 JA |
1754 | |
1755 | Start a fio server, listening on the local socket /tmp/fio.sock. | |
1756 | ||
1757 | When a server is running, you can connect to it from a client. The client | |
1758 | is run with: | |
1759 | ||
e01e9745 | 1760 | fio \-\-local-args \-\-client=server \-\-remote-args <job file(s)> |
49da1240 | 1761 | |
e01e9745 MS |
1762 | where \-\-local-args are arguments that are local to the client where it is |
1763 | running, 'server' is the connect string, and \-\-remote-args and <job file(s)> | |
49da1240 JA |
1764 | are sent to the server. The 'server' string follows the same format as it |
1765 | does on the server side, to allow IP/hostname/socket and port strings. | |
1766 | You can connect to multiple clients as well, to do that you could run: | |
1767 | ||
e01e9745 | 1768 | fio \-\-client=server2 \-\-client=server2 <job file(s)> |
d60e92d1 | 1769 | .SH AUTHORS |
49da1240 | 1770 | |
d60e92d1 | 1771 | .B fio |
aa58d252 JA |
1772 | was written by Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>, |
1773 | now Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>. | |
d1429b5c AC |
1774 | .br |
1775 | This man page was written by Aaron Carroll <aaronc@cse.unsw.edu.au> based | |
d60e92d1 AC |
1776 | on documentation by Jens Axboe. |
1777 | .SH "REPORTING BUGS" | |
482900c9 | 1778 | Report bugs to the \fBfio\fR mailing list <fio@vger.kernel.org>. |
d1429b5c | 1779 | See \fBREADME\fR. |
d60e92d1 | 1780 | .SH "SEE ALSO" |
d1429b5c AC |
1781 | For further documentation see \fBHOWTO\fR and \fBREADME\fR. |
1782 | .br | |
1783 | Sample jobfiles are available in the \fBexamples\fR directory. | |
d60e92d1 | 1784 |