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7ddedebb TI |
1 | ====================== |
2 | Writing an ALSA Driver | |
3 | ====================== | |
4 | ||
5 | :Author: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> | |
7ddedebb TI |
6 | |
7 | Preface | |
8 | ======= | |
9 | ||
10 | This document describes how to write an `ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound | |
11 | Architecture) <http://www.alsa-project.org/>`__ driver. The document | |
12 | focuses mainly on PCI soundcards. In the case of other device types, the | |
13 | API might be different, too. However, at least the ALSA kernel API is | |
14 | consistent, and therefore it would be still a bit help for writing them. | |
15 | ||
16 | This document targets people who already have enough C language skills | |
17 | and have basic linux kernel programming knowledge. This document doesn't | |
18 | explain the general topic of linux kernel coding and doesn't cover | |
19 | low-level driver implementation details. It only describes the standard | |
20 | way to write a PCI sound driver on ALSA. | |
21 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
22 | This document is still a draft version. Any feedback and corrections, |
23 | please!! | |
24 | ||
25 | File Tree Structure | |
26 | =================== | |
27 | ||
28 | General | |
29 | ------- | |
30 | ||
f90afe79 | 31 | The file tree structure of ALSA driver is depicted below. |
7ddedebb TI |
32 | |
33 | :: | |
34 | ||
35 | sound | |
36 | /core | |
37 | /oss | |
38 | /seq | |
39 | /oss | |
7ddedebb TI |
40 | /include |
41 | /drivers | |
42 | /mpu401 | |
43 | /opl3 | |
44 | /i2c | |
7ddedebb TI |
45 | /synth |
46 | /emux | |
47 | /pci | |
48 | /(cards) | |
49 | /isa | |
50 | /(cards) | |
51 | /arm | |
52 | /ppc | |
53 | /sparc | |
54 | /usb | |
55 | /pcmcia /(cards) | |
f90afe79 | 56 | /soc |
7ddedebb TI |
57 | /oss |
58 | ||
59 | ||
60 | core directory | |
61 | -------------- | |
62 | ||
63 | This directory contains the middle layer which is the heart of ALSA | |
64 | drivers. In this directory, the native ALSA modules are stored. The | |
65 | sub-directories contain different modules and are dependent upon the | |
66 | kernel config. | |
67 | ||
68 | core/oss | |
69 | ~~~~~~~~ | |
70 | ||
71 | The codes for PCM and mixer OSS emulation modules are stored in this | |
72 | directory. The rawmidi OSS emulation is included in the ALSA rawmidi | |
73 | code since it's quite small. The sequencer code is stored in | |
74 | ``core/seq/oss`` directory (see `below <#core-seq-oss>`__). | |
75 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
76 | core/seq |
77 | ~~~~~~~~ | |
78 | ||
79 | This directory and its sub-directories are for the ALSA sequencer. This | |
80 | directory contains the sequencer core and primary sequencer modules such | |
81 | like snd-seq-midi, snd-seq-virmidi, etc. They are compiled only when | |
82 | ``CONFIG_SND_SEQUENCER`` is set in the kernel config. | |
83 | ||
84 | core/seq/oss | |
85 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
86 | ||
87 | This contains the OSS sequencer emulation codes. | |
88 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
89 | include directory |
90 | ----------------- | |
91 | ||
92 | This is the place for the public header files of ALSA drivers, which are | |
93 | to be exported to user-space, or included by several files at different | |
94 | directories. Basically, the private header files should not be placed in | |
95 | this directory, but you may still find files there, due to historical | |
96 | reasons :) | |
97 | ||
98 | drivers directory | |
99 | ----------------- | |
100 | ||
101 | This directory contains code shared among different drivers on different | |
102 | architectures. They are hence supposed not to be architecture-specific. | |
103 | For example, the dummy pcm driver and the serial MIDI driver are found | |
104 | in this directory. In the sub-directories, there is code for components | |
105 | which are independent from bus and cpu architectures. | |
106 | ||
107 | drivers/mpu401 | |
108 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
109 | ||
110 | The MPU401 and MPU401-UART modules are stored here. | |
111 | ||
112 | drivers/opl3 and opl4 | |
113 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
114 | ||
115 | The OPL3 and OPL4 FM-synth stuff is found here. | |
116 | ||
117 | i2c directory | |
118 | ------------- | |
119 | ||
120 | This contains the ALSA i2c components. | |
121 | ||
122 | Although there is a standard i2c layer on Linux, ALSA has its own i2c | |
123 | code for some cards, because the soundcard needs only a simple operation | |
124 | and the standard i2c API is too complicated for such a purpose. | |
125 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
126 | synth directory |
127 | --------------- | |
128 | ||
129 | This contains the synth middle-level modules. | |
130 | ||
131 | So far, there is only Emu8000/Emu10k1 synth driver under the | |
132 | ``synth/emux`` sub-directory. | |
133 | ||
134 | pci directory | |
135 | ------------- | |
136 | ||
137 | This directory and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules | |
138 | for PCI soundcards and the code specific to the PCI BUS. | |
139 | ||
140 | The drivers compiled from a single file are stored directly in the pci | |
141 | directory, while the drivers with several source files are stored on | |
142 | their own sub-directory (e.g. emu10k1, ice1712). | |
143 | ||
144 | isa directory | |
145 | ------------- | |
146 | ||
147 | This directory and its sub-directories hold the top-level card modules | |
148 | for ISA soundcards. | |
149 | ||
150 | arm, ppc, and sparc directories | |
151 | ------------------------------- | |
152 | ||
153 | They are used for top-level card modules which are specific to one of | |
154 | these architectures. | |
155 | ||
156 | usb directory | |
157 | ------------- | |
158 | ||
159 | This directory contains the USB-audio driver. In the latest version, the | |
160 | USB MIDI driver is integrated in the usb-audio driver. | |
161 | ||
162 | pcmcia directory | |
163 | ---------------- | |
164 | ||
165 | The PCMCIA, especially PCCard drivers will go here. CardBus drivers will | |
166 | be in the pci directory, because their API is identical to that of | |
167 | standard PCI cards. | |
168 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
169 | soc directory |
170 | ------------- | |
171 | ||
172 | This directory contains the codes for ASoC (ALSA System on Chip) | |
173 | layer including ASoC core, codec and machine drivers. | |
174 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
175 | oss directory |
176 | ------------- | |
177 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
178 | Here contains OSS/Lite codes. |
179 | All codes have been deprecated except for dmasound on m68k as of | |
180 | writing this. | |
181 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
182 | |
183 | Basic Flow for PCI Drivers | |
184 | ========================== | |
185 | ||
186 | Outline | |
187 | ------- | |
188 | ||
189 | The minimum flow for PCI soundcards is as follows: | |
190 | ||
191 | - define the PCI ID table (see the section `PCI Entries`_). | |
192 | ||
193 | - create ``probe`` callback. | |
194 | ||
195 | - create ``remove`` callback. | |
196 | ||
197 | - create a :c:type:`struct pci_driver <pci_driver>` structure | |
198 | containing the three pointers above. | |
199 | ||
200 | - create an ``init`` function just calling the | |
201 | :c:func:`pci_register_driver()` to register the pci_driver | |
202 | table defined above. | |
203 | ||
204 | - create an ``exit`` function to call the | |
205 | :c:func:`pci_unregister_driver()` function. | |
206 | ||
207 | Full Code Example | |
208 | ----------------- | |
209 | ||
210 | The code example is shown below. Some parts are kept unimplemented at | |
211 | this moment but will be filled in the next sections. The numbers in the | |
212 | comment lines of the :c:func:`snd_mychip_probe()` function refer | |
213 | to details explained in the following section. | |
214 | ||
215 | :: | |
216 | ||
217 | #include <linux/init.h> | |
218 | #include <linux/pci.h> | |
219 | #include <linux/slab.h> | |
220 | #include <sound/core.h> | |
221 | #include <sound/initval.h> | |
222 | ||
223 | /* module parameters (see "Module Parameters") */ | |
224 | /* SNDRV_CARDS: maximum number of cards supported by this module */ | |
225 | static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX; | |
226 | static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR; | |
227 | static bool enable[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_ENABLE_PNP; | |
228 | ||
229 | /* definition of the chip-specific record */ | |
230 | struct mychip { | |
231 | struct snd_card *card; | |
232 | /* the rest of the implementation will be in section | |
233 | * "PCI Resource Management" | |
234 | */ | |
235 | }; | |
236 | ||
237 | /* chip-specific destructor | |
238 | * (see "PCI Resource Management") | |
239 | */ | |
240 | static int snd_mychip_free(struct mychip *chip) | |
241 | { | |
242 | .... /* will be implemented later... */ | |
243 | } | |
244 | ||
245 | /* component-destructor | |
246 | * (see "Management of Cards and Components") | |
247 | */ | |
248 | static int snd_mychip_dev_free(struct snd_device *device) | |
249 | { | |
250 | return snd_mychip_free(device->device_data); | |
251 | } | |
252 | ||
253 | /* chip-specific constructor | |
254 | * (see "Management of Cards and Components") | |
255 | */ | |
256 | static int snd_mychip_create(struct snd_card *card, | |
257 | struct pci_dev *pci, | |
258 | struct mychip **rchip) | |
259 | { | |
260 | struct mychip *chip; | |
261 | int err; | |
262 | static struct snd_device_ops ops = { | |
263 | .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free, | |
264 | }; | |
265 | ||
266 | *rchip = NULL; | |
267 | ||
268 | /* check PCI availability here | |
269 | * (see "PCI Resource Management") | |
270 | */ | |
271 | .... | |
272 | ||
273 | /* allocate a chip-specific data with zero filled */ | |
274 | chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL); | |
275 | if (chip == NULL) | |
276 | return -ENOMEM; | |
277 | ||
278 | chip->card = card; | |
279 | ||
280 | /* rest of initialization here; will be implemented | |
281 | * later, see "PCI Resource Management" | |
282 | */ | |
283 | .... | |
284 | ||
285 | err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops); | |
286 | if (err < 0) { | |
287 | snd_mychip_free(chip); | |
288 | return err; | |
289 | } | |
290 | ||
291 | *rchip = chip; | |
292 | return 0; | |
293 | } | |
294 | ||
295 | /* constructor -- see "Driver Constructor" sub-section */ | |
296 | static int snd_mychip_probe(struct pci_dev *pci, | |
297 | const struct pci_device_id *pci_id) | |
298 | { | |
299 | static int dev; | |
300 | struct snd_card *card; | |
301 | struct mychip *chip; | |
302 | int err; | |
303 | ||
304 | /* (1) */ | |
305 | if (dev >= SNDRV_CARDS) | |
306 | return -ENODEV; | |
307 | if (!enable[dev]) { | |
308 | dev++; | |
309 | return -ENOENT; | |
310 | } | |
311 | ||
312 | /* (2) */ | |
313 | err = snd_card_new(&pci->dev, index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, | |
314 | 0, &card); | |
315 | if (err < 0) | |
316 | return err; | |
317 | ||
318 | /* (3) */ | |
319 | err = snd_mychip_create(card, pci, &chip); | |
f90afe79 TI |
320 | if (err < 0) |
321 | goto error; | |
7ddedebb TI |
322 | |
323 | /* (4) */ | |
324 | strcpy(card->driver, "My Chip"); | |
325 | strcpy(card->shortname, "My Own Chip 123"); | |
326 | sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i", | |
327 | card->shortname, chip->ioport, chip->irq); | |
328 | ||
329 | /* (5) */ | |
330 | .... /* implemented later */ | |
331 | ||
332 | /* (6) */ | |
333 | err = snd_card_register(card); | |
f90afe79 TI |
334 | if (err < 0) |
335 | goto error; | |
7ddedebb TI |
336 | |
337 | /* (7) */ | |
338 | pci_set_drvdata(pci, card); | |
339 | dev++; | |
340 | return 0; | |
f90afe79 TI |
341 | |
342 | error: | |
343 | snd_card_free(card); | |
344 | return err; | |
7ddedebb TI |
345 | } |
346 | ||
347 | /* destructor -- see the "Destructor" sub-section */ | |
348 | static void snd_mychip_remove(struct pci_dev *pci) | |
349 | { | |
350 | snd_card_free(pci_get_drvdata(pci)); | |
7ddedebb TI |
351 | } |
352 | ||
353 | ||
354 | ||
355 | Driver Constructor | |
356 | ------------------ | |
357 | ||
358 | The real constructor of PCI drivers is the ``probe`` callback. The | |
359 | ``probe`` callback and other component-constructors which are called | |
360 | from the ``probe`` callback cannot be used with the ``__init`` prefix | |
361 | because any PCI device could be a hotplug device. | |
362 | ||
363 | In the ``probe`` callback, the following scheme is often used. | |
364 | ||
365 | 1) Check and increment the device index. | |
366 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
367 | ||
368 | :: | |
369 | ||
370 | static int dev; | |
371 | .... | |
372 | if (dev >= SNDRV_CARDS) | |
373 | return -ENODEV; | |
374 | if (!enable[dev]) { | |
375 | dev++; | |
376 | return -ENOENT; | |
377 | } | |
378 | ||
379 | ||
380 | where ``enable[dev]`` is the module option. | |
381 | ||
382 | Each time the ``probe`` callback is called, check the availability of | |
383 | the device. If not available, simply increment the device index and | |
384 | returns. dev will be incremented also later (`step 7 | |
385 | <#set-the-pci-driver-data-and-return-zero>`__). | |
386 | ||
387 | 2) Create a card instance | |
388 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
389 | ||
390 | :: | |
391 | ||
392 | struct snd_card *card; | |
393 | int err; | |
394 | .... | |
395 | err = snd_card_new(&pci->dev, index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, | |
396 | 0, &card); | |
397 | ||
398 | ||
399 | The details will be explained in the section `Management of Cards and | |
400 | Components`_. | |
401 | ||
402 | 3) Create a main component | |
403 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
404 | ||
405 | In this part, the PCI resources are allocated. | |
406 | ||
407 | :: | |
408 | ||
409 | struct mychip *chip; | |
410 | .... | |
411 | err = snd_mychip_create(card, pci, &chip); | |
f90afe79 TI |
412 | if (err < 0) |
413 | goto error; | |
7ddedebb TI |
414 | |
415 | The details will be explained in the section `PCI Resource | |
416 | Management`_. | |
417 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
418 | When something goes wrong, the probe function needs to deal with the |
419 | error. In this example, we have a single error handling path placed | |
420 | at the end of the function. | |
421 | ||
422 | :: | |
423 | ||
424 | error: | |
425 | snd_card_free(card); | |
426 | return err; | |
427 | ||
428 | Since each component can be properly freed, the single | |
429 | :c:func:`snd_card_free()` call should suffice in most cases. | |
430 | ||
431 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
432 | 4) Set the driver ID and name strings. |
433 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
434 | ||
435 | :: | |
436 | ||
437 | strcpy(card->driver, "My Chip"); | |
438 | strcpy(card->shortname, "My Own Chip 123"); | |
439 | sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i", | |
440 | card->shortname, chip->ioport, chip->irq); | |
441 | ||
442 | The driver field holds the minimal ID string of the chip. This is used | |
443 | by alsa-lib's configurator, so keep it simple but unique. Even the | |
444 | same driver can have different driver IDs to distinguish the | |
445 | functionality of each chip type. | |
446 | ||
447 | The shortname field is a string shown as more verbose name. The longname | |
448 | field contains the information shown in ``/proc/asound/cards``. | |
449 | ||
450 | 5) Create other components, such as mixer, MIDI, etc. | |
451 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
452 | ||
453 | Here you define the basic components such as `PCM <#PCM-Interface>`__, | |
454 | mixer (e.g. `AC97 <#API-for-AC97-Codec>`__), MIDI (e.g. | |
455 | `MPU-401 <#MIDI-MPU401-UART-Interface>`__), and other interfaces. | |
456 | Also, if you want a `proc file <#Proc-Interface>`__, define it here, | |
457 | too. | |
458 | ||
459 | 6) Register the card instance. | |
460 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
461 | ||
462 | :: | |
463 | ||
464 | err = snd_card_register(card); | |
f90afe79 TI |
465 | if (err < 0) |
466 | goto error; | |
7ddedebb TI |
467 | |
468 | Will be explained in the section `Management of Cards and | |
469 | Components`_, too. | |
470 | ||
471 | 7) Set the PCI driver data and return zero. | |
472 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
473 | ||
474 | :: | |
475 | ||
476 | pci_set_drvdata(pci, card); | |
477 | dev++; | |
478 | return 0; | |
479 | ||
480 | In the above, the card record is stored. This pointer is used in the | |
481 | remove callback and power-management callbacks, too. | |
482 | ||
483 | Destructor | |
484 | ---------- | |
485 | ||
486 | The destructor, remove callback, simply releases the card instance. Then | |
487 | the ALSA middle layer will release all the attached components | |
488 | automatically. | |
489 | ||
f90afe79 | 490 | It would be typically just :c:func:`calling snd_card_free()`: |
7ddedebb TI |
491 | |
492 | :: | |
493 | ||
494 | static void snd_mychip_remove(struct pci_dev *pci) | |
495 | { | |
496 | snd_card_free(pci_get_drvdata(pci)); | |
7ddedebb TI |
497 | } |
498 | ||
499 | ||
500 | The above code assumes that the card pointer is set to the PCI driver | |
501 | data. | |
502 | ||
503 | Header Files | |
504 | ------------ | |
505 | ||
506 | For the above example, at least the following include files are | |
507 | necessary. | |
508 | ||
509 | :: | |
510 | ||
511 | #include <linux/init.h> | |
512 | #include <linux/pci.h> | |
513 | #include <linux/slab.h> | |
514 | #include <sound/core.h> | |
515 | #include <sound/initval.h> | |
516 | ||
517 | where the last one is necessary only when module options are defined | |
518 | in the source file. If the code is split into several files, the files | |
519 | without module options don't need them. | |
520 | ||
521 | In addition to these headers, you'll need ``<linux/interrupt.h>`` for | |
f90afe79 | 522 | interrupt handling, and ``<linux/io.h>`` for I/O access. If you use the |
7ddedebb TI |
523 | :c:func:`mdelay()` or :c:func:`udelay()` functions, you'll need |
524 | to include ``<linux/delay.h>`` too. | |
525 | ||
526 | The ALSA interfaces like the PCM and control APIs are defined in other | |
527 | ``<sound/xxx.h>`` header files. They have to be included after | |
528 | ``<sound/core.h>``. | |
529 | ||
530 | Management of Cards and Components | |
531 | ================================== | |
532 | ||
533 | Card Instance | |
534 | ------------- | |
535 | ||
536 | For each soundcard, a “card” record must be allocated. | |
537 | ||
538 | A card record is the headquarters of the soundcard. It manages the whole | |
539 | list of devices (components) on the soundcard, such as PCM, mixers, | |
540 | MIDI, synthesizer, and so on. Also, the card record holds the ID and the | |
541 | name strings of the card, manages the root of proc files, and controls | |
542 | the power-management states and hotplug disconnections. The component | |
543 | list on the card record is used to manage the correct release of | |
544 | resources at destruction. | |
545 | ||
546 | As mentioned above, to create a card instance, call | |
547 | :c:func:`snd_card_new()`. | |
548 | ||
549 | :: | |
550 | ||
551 | struct snd_card *card; | |
552 | int err; | |
553 | err = snd_card_new(&pci->dev, index, id, module, extra_size, &card); | |
554 | ||
555 | ||
556 | The function takes six arguments: the parent device pointer, the | |
557 | card-index number, the id string, the module pointer (usually | |
558 | ``THIS_MODULE``), the size of extra-data space, and the pointer to | |
559 | return the card instance. The extra_size argument is used to allocate | |
560 | card->private_data for the chip-specific data. Note that these data are | |
561 | allocated by :c:func:`snd_card_new()`. | |
562 | ||
563 | The first argument, the pointer of struct :c:type:`struct device | |
564 | <device>`, specifies the parent device. For PCI devices, typically | |
565 | ``&pci->`` is passed there. | |
566 | ||
567 | Components | |
568 | ---------- | |
569 | ||
570 | After the card is created, you can attach the components (devices) to | |
571 | the card instance. In an ALSA driver, a component is represented as a | |
572 | :c:type:`struct snd_device <snd_device>` object. A component | |
573 | can be a PCM instance, a control interface, a raw MIDI interface, etc. | |
574 | Each such instance has one component entry. | |
575 | ||
576 | A component can be created via :c:func:`snd_device_new()` | |
577 | function. | |
578 | ||
579 | :: | |
580 | ||
581 | snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_XXX, chip, &ops); | |
582 | ||
583 | This takes the card pointer, the device-level (``SNDRV_DEV_XXX``), the | |
584 | data pointer, and the callback pointers (``&ops``). The device-level | |
585 | defines the type of components and the order of registration and | |
586 | de-registration. For most components, the device-level is already | |
587 | defined. For a user-defined component, you can use | |
588 | ``SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL``. | |
589 | ||
590 | This function itself doesn't allocate the data space. The data must be | |
591 | allocated manually beforehand, and its pointer is passed as the | |
592 | argument. This pointer (``chip`` in the above example) is used as the | |
593 | identifier for the instance. | |
594 | ||
595 | Each pre-defined ALSA component such as ac97 and pcm calls | |
596 | :c:func:`snd_device_new()` inside its constructor. The destructor | |
597 | for each component is defined in the callback pointers. Hence, you don't | |
598 | need to take care of calling a destructor for such a component. | |
599 | ||
600 | If you wish to create your own component, you need to set the destructor | |
601 | function to the dev_free callback in the ``ops``, so that it can be | |
602 | released automatically via :c:func:`snd_card_free()`. The next | |
603 | example will show an implementation of chip-specific data. | |
604 | ||
605 | Chip-Specific Data | |
606 | ------------------ | |
607 | ||
608 | Chip-specific information, e.g. the I/O port address, its resource | |
609 | pointer, or the irq number, is stored in the chip-specific record. | |
610 | ||
611 | :: | |
612 | ||
613 | struct mychip { | |
614 | .... | |
615 | }; | |
616 | ||
617 | ||
618 | In general, there are two ways of allocating the chip record. | |
619 | ||
620 | 1. Allocating via :c:func:`snd_card_new()`. | |
621 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
622 | ||
623 | As mentioned above, you can pass the extra-data-length to the 5th | |
624 | argument of :c:func:`snd_card_new()`, i.e. | |
625 | ||
626 | :: | |
627 | ||
628 | err = snd_card_new(&pci->dev, index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, | |
629 | sizeof(struct mychip), &card); | |
630 | ||
631 | :c:type:`struct mychip <mychip>` is the type of the chip record. | |
632 | ||
633 | In return, the allocated record can be accessed as | |
634 | ||
635 | :: | |
636 | ||
637 | struct mychip *chip = card->private_data; | |
638 | ||
639 | With this method, you don't have to allocate twice. The record is | |
640 | released together with the card instance. | |
641 | ||
642 | 2. Allocating an extra device. | |
643 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
644 | ||
645 | After allocating a card instance via :c:func:`snd_card_new()` | |
646 | (with ``0`` on the 4th arg), call :c:func:`kzalloc()`. | |
647 | ||
648 | :: | |
649 | ||
650 | struct snd_card *card; | |
651 | struct mychip *chip; | |
652 | err = snd_card_new(&pci->dev, index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, | |
653 | 0, &card); | |
654 | ..... | |
655 | chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL); | |
656 | ||
657 | The chip record should have the field to hold the card pointer at least, | |
658 | ||
659 | :: | |
660 | ||
661 | struct mychip { | |
662 | struct snd_card *card; | |
663 | .... | |
664 | }; | |
665 | ||
666 | ||
667 | Then, set the card pointer in the returned chip instance. | |
668 | ||
669 | :: | |
670 | ||
671 | chip->card = card; | |
672 | ||
673 | Next, initialize the fields, and register this chip record as a | |
674 | low-level device with a specified ``ops``, | |
675 | ||
676 | :: | |
677 | ||
678 | static struct snd_device_ops ops = { | |
679 | .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free, | |
680 | }; | |
681 | .... | |
682 | snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops); | |
683 | ||
684 | :c:func:`snd_mychip_dev_free()` is the device-destructor | |
685 | function, which will call the real destructor. | |
686 | ||
687 | :: | |
688 | ||
689 | static int snd_mychip_dev_free(struct snd_device *device) | |
690 | { | |
691 | return snd_mychip_free(device->device_data); | |
692 | } | |
693 | ||
694 | where :c:func:`snd_mychip_free()` is the real destructor. | |
695 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
696 | The demerit of this method is the obviously more amount of codes. |
697 | The merit is, however, you can trigger the own callback at registering | |
698 | and disconnecting the card via setting in snd_device_ops. | |
699 | About the registering and disconnecting the card, see the subsections | |
700 | below. | |
701 | ||
702 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
703 | Registration and Release |
704 | ------------------------ | |
705 | ||
706 | After all components are assigned, register the card instance by calling | |
707 | :c:func:`snd_card_register()`. Access to the device files is | |
708 | enabled at this point. That is, before | |
709 | :c:func:`snd_card_register()` is called, the components are safely | |
710 | inaccessible from external side. If this call fails, exit the probe | |
711 | function after releasing the card via :c:func:`snd_card_free()`. | |
712 | ||
713 | For releasing the card instance, you can call simply | |
714 | :c:func:`snd_card_free()`. As mentioned earlier, all components | |
715 | are released automatically by this call. | |
716 | ||
717 | For a device which allows hotplugging, you can use | |
718 | :c:func:`snd_card_free_when_closed()`. This one will postpone | |
719 | the destruction until all devices are closed. | |
720 | ||
721 | PCI Resource Management | |
722 | ======================= | |
723 | ||
724 | Full Code Example | |
725 | ----------------- | |
726 | ||
727 | In this section, we'll complete the chip-specific constructor, | |
728 | destructor and PCI entries. Example code is shown first, below. | |
729 | ||
730 | :: | |
731 | ||
732 | struct mychip { | |
733 | struct snd_card *card; | |
734 | struct pci_dev *pci; | |
735 | ||
736 | unsigned long port; | |
737 | int irq; | |
738 | }; | |
739 | ||
740 | static int snd_mychip_free(struct mychip *chip) | |
741 | { | |
742 | /* disable hardware here if any */ | |
743 | .... /* (not implemented in this document) */ | |
744 | ||
745 | /* release the irq */ | |
746 | if (chip->irq >= 0) | |
747 | free_irq(chip->irq, chip); | |
748 | /* release the I/O ports & memory */ | |
749 | pci_release_regions(chip->pci); | |
750 | /* disable the PCI entry */ | |
751 | pci_disable_device(chip->pci); | |
752 | /* release the data */ | |
753 | kfree(chip); | |
754 | return 0; | |
755 | } | |
756 | ||
757 | /* chip-specific constructor */ | |
758 | static int snd_mychip_create(struct snd_card *card, | |
759 | struct pci_dev *pci, | |
760 | struct mychip **rchip) | |
761 | { | |
762 | struct mychip *chip; | |
763 | int err; | |
764 | static struct snd_device_ops ops = { | |
765 | .dev_free = snd_mychip_dev_free, | |
766 | }; | |
767 | ||
768 | *rchip = NULL; | |
769 | ||
770 | /* initialize the PCI entry */ | |
771 | err = pci_enable_device(pci); | |
772 | if (err < 0) | |
773 | return err; | |
774 | /* check PCI availability (28bit DMA) */ | |
775 | if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0 || | |
776 | pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0) { | |
777 | printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n"); | |
778 | pci_disable_device(pci); | |
779 | return -ENXIO; | |
780 | } | |
781 | ||
782 | chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL); | |
783 | if (chip == NULL) { | |
784 | pci_disable_device(pci); | |
785 | return -ENOMEM; | |
786 | } | |
787 | ||
788 | /* initialize the stuff */ | |
789 | chip->card = card; | |
790 | chip->pci = pci; | |
791 | chip->irq = -1; | |
792 | ||
793 | /* (1) PCI resource allocation */ | |
794 | err = pci_request_regions(pci, "My Chip"); | |
795 | if (err < 0) { | |
796 | kfree(chip); | |
797 | pci_disable_device(pci); | |
798 | return err; | |
799 | } | |
800 | chip->port = pci_resource_start(pci, 0); | |
801 | if (request_irq(pci->irq, snd_mychip_interrupt, | |
802 | IRQF_SHARED, KBUILD_MODNAME, chip)) { | |
803 | printk(KERN_ERR "cannot grab irq %d\n", pci->irq); | |
804 | snd_mychip_free(chip); | |
805 | return -EBUSY; | |
806 | } | |
807 | chip->irq = pci->irq; | |
808 | ||
809 | /* (2) initialization of the chip hardware */ | |
810 | .... /* (not implemented in this document) */ | |
811 | ||
812 | err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops); | |
813 | if (err < 0) { | |
814 | snd_mychip_free(chip); | |
815 | return err; | |
816 | } | |
817 | ||
818 | *rchip = chip; | |
819 | return 0; | |
820 | } | |
821 | ||
822 | /* PCI IDs */ | |
823 | static struct pci_device_id snd_mychip_ids[] = { | |
824 | { PCI_VENDOR_ID_FOO, PCI_DEVICE_ID_BAR, | |
825 | PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, 0, 0, 0, }, | |
826 | .... | |
827 | { 0, } | |
828 | }; | |
829 | MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, snd_mychip_ids); | |
830 | ||
831 | /* pci_driver definition */ | |
832 | static struct pci_driver driver = { | |
833 | .name = KBUILD_MODNAME, | |
834 | .id_table = snd_mychip_ids, | |
835 | .probe = snd_mychip_probe, | |
836 | .remove = snd_mychip_remove, | |
837 | }; | |
838 | ||
839 | /* module initialization */ | |
840 | static int __init alsa_card_mychip_init(void) | |
841 | { | |
842 | return pci_register_driver(&driver); | |
843 | } | |
844 | ||
845 | /* module clean up */ | |
846 | static void __exit alsa_card_mychip_exit(void) | |
847 | { | |
848 | pci_unregister_driver(&driver); | |
849 | } | |
850 | ||
851 | module_init(alsa_card_mychip_init) | |
852 | module_exit(alsa_card_mychip_exit) | |
853 | ||
854 | EXPORT_NO_SYMBOLS; /* for old kernels only */ | |
855 | ||
856 | Some Hafta's | |
857 | ------------ | |
858 | ||
859 | The allocation of PCI resources is done in the ``probe`` function, and | |
860 | usually an extra :c:func:`xxx_create()` function is written for this | |
861 | purpose. | |
862 | ||
863 | In the case of PCI devices, you first have to call the | |
864 | :c:func:`pci_enable_device()` function before allocating | |
865 | resources. Also, you need to set the proper PCI DMA mask to limit the | |
866 | accessed I/O range. In some cases, you might need to call | |
867 | :c:func:`pci_set_master()` function, too. | |
868 | ||
869 | Suppose the 28bit mask, and the code to be added would be like: | |
870 | ||
871 | :: | |
872 | ||
873 | err = pci_enable_device(pci); | |
874 | if (err < 0) | |
875 | return err; | |
876 | if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0 || | |
877 | pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(28)) < 0) { | |
878 | printk(KERN_ERR "error to set 28bit mask DMA\n"); | |
879 | pci_disable_device(pci); | |
880 | return -ENXIO; | |
881 | } | |
882 | ||
883 | ||
884 | Resource Allocation | |
885 | ------------------- | |
886 | ||
887 | The allocation of I/O ports and irqs is done via standard kernel | |
f90afe79 TI |
888 | functions. These resources must be released in the destructor |
889 | function (see below). | |
7ddedebb TI |
890 | |
891 | Now assume that the PCI device has an I/O port with 8 bytes and an | |
892 | interrupt. Then :c:type:`struct mychip <mychip>` will have the | |
893 | following fields: | |
894 | ||
895 | :: | |
896 | ||
897 | struct mychip { | |
898 | struct snd_card *card; | |
899 | ||
900 | unsigned long port; | |
901 | int irq; | |
902 | }; | |
903 | ||
904 | ||
905 | For an I/O port (and also a memory region), you need to have the | |
906 | resource pointer for the standard resource management. For an irq, you | |
907 | have to keep only the irq number (integer). But you need to initialize | |
908 | this number as -1 before actual allocation, since irq 0 is valid. The | |
909 | port address and its resource pointer can be initialized as null by | |
910 | :c:func:`kzalloc()` automatically, so you don't have to take care of | |
911 | resetting them. | |
912 | ||
913 | The allocation of an I/O port is done like this: | |
914 | ||
915 | :: | |
916 | ||
917 | err = pci_request_regions(pci, "My Chip"); | |
918 | if (err < 0) { | |
919 | kfree(chip); | |
920 | pci_disable_device(pci); | |
921 | return err; | |
922 | } | |
923 | chip->port = pci_resource_start(pci, 0); | |
924 | ||
925 | It will reserve the I/O port region of 8 bytes of the given PCI device. | |
926 | The returned value, ``chip->res_port``, is allocated via | |
927 | :c:func:`kmalloc()` by :c:func:`request_region()`. The pointer | |
928 | must be released via :c:func:`kfree()`, but there is a problem with | |
929 | this. This issue will be explained later. | |
930 | ||
931 | The allocation of an interrupt source is done like this: | |
932 | ||
933 | :: | |
934 | ||
935 | if (request_irq(pci->irq, snd_mychip_interrupt, | |
936 | IRQF_SHARED, KBUILD_MODNAME, chip)) { | |
937 | printk(KERN_ERR "cannot grab irq %d\n", pci->irq); | |
938 | snd_mychip_free(chip); | |
939 | return -EBUSY; | |
940 | } | |
941 | chip->irq = pci->irq; | |
942 | ||
943 | where :c:func:`snd_mychip_interrupt()` is the interrupt handler | |
944 | defined `later <#pcm-interface-interrupt-handler>`__. Note that | |
945 | ``chip->irq`` should be defined only when :c:func:`request_irq()` | |
946 | succeeded. | |
947 | ||
948 | On the PCI bus, interrupts can be shared. Thus, ``IRQF_SHARED`` is used | |
949 | as the interrupt flag of :c:func:`request_irq()`. | |
950 | ||
951 | The last argument of :c:func:`request_irq()` is the data pointer | |
952 | passed to the interrupt handler. Usually, the chip-specific record is | |
953 | used for that, but you can use what you like, too. | |
954 | ||
955 | I won't give details about the interrupt handler at this point, but at | |
956 | least its appearance can be explained now. The interrupt handler looks | |
957 | usually like the following: | |
958 | ||
959 | :: | |
960 | ||
961 | static irqreturn_t snd_mychip_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id) | |
962 | { | |
963 | struct mychip *chip = dev_id; | |
964 | .... | |
965 | return IRQ_HANDLED; | |
966 | } | |
967 | ||
968 | ||
969 | Now let's write the corresponding destructor for the resources above. | |
970 | The role of destructor is simple: disable the hardware (if already | |
971 | activated) and release the resources. So far, we have no hardware part, | |
972 | so the disabling code is not written here. | |
973 | ||
974 | To release the resources, the “check-and-release” method is a safer way. | |
975 | For the interrupt, do like this: | |
976 | ||
977 | :: | |
978 | ||
979 | if (chip->irq >= 0) | |
980 | free_irq(chip->irq, chip); | |
981 | ||
982 | Since the irq number can start from 0, you should initialize | |
983 | ``chip->irq`` with a negative value (e.g. -1), so that you can check | |
984 | the validity of the irq number as above. | |
985 | ||
986 | When you requested I/O ports or memory regions via | |
987 | :c:func:`pci_request_region()` or | |
988 | :c:func:`pci_request_regions()` like in this example, release the | |
989 | resource(s) using the corresponding function, | |
990 | :c:func:`pci_release_region()` or | |
991 | :c:func:`pci_release_regions()`. | |
992 | ||
993 | :: | |
994 | ||
995 | pci_release_regions(chip->pci); | |
996 | ||
997 | When you requested manually via :c:func:`request_region()` or | |
998 | :c:func:`request_mem_region()`, you can release it via | |
999 | :c:func:`release_resource()`. Suppose that you keep the resource | |
1000 | pointer returned from :c:func:`request_region()` in | |
1001 | chip->res_port, the release procedure looks like: | |
1002 | ||
1003 | :: | |
1004 | ||
1005 | release_and_free_resource(chip->res_port); | |
1006 | ||
1007 | Don't forget to call :c:func:`pci_disable_device()` before the | |
1008 | end. | |
1009 | ||
1010 | And finally, release the chip-specific record. | |
1011 | ||
1012 | :: | |
1013 | ||
1014 | kfree(chip); | |
1015 | ||
1016 | We didn't implement the hardware disabling part in the above. If you | |
1017 | need to do this, please note that the destructor may be called even | |
1018 | before the initialization of the chip is completed. It would be better | |
1019 | to have a flag to skip hardware disabling if the hardware was not | |
1020 | initialized yet. | |
1021 | ||
1022 | When the chip-data is assigned to the card using | |
1023 | :c:func:`snd_device_new()` with ``SNDRV_DEV_LOWLELVEL`` , its | |
1024 | destructor is called at the last. That is, it is assured that all other | |
1025 | components like PCMs and controls have already been released. You don't | |
1026 | have to stop PCMs, etc. explicitly, but just call low-level hardware | |
1027 | stopping. | |
1028 | ||
1029 | The management of a memory-mapped region is almost as same as the | |
1030 | management of an I/O port. You'll need three fields like the | |
1031 | following: | |
1032 | ||
1033 | :: | |
1034 | ||
1035 | struct mychip { | |
1036 | .... | |
1037 | unsigned long iobase_phys; | |
1038 | void __iomem *iobase_virt; | |
1039 | }; | |
1040 | ||
1041 | and the allocation would be like below: | |
1042 | ||
1043 | :: | |
1044 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
1045 | err = pci_request_regions(pci, "My Chip"); |
1046 | if (err < 0) { | |
7ddedebb TI |
1047 | kfree(chip); |
1048 | return err; | |
1049 | } | |
1050 | chip->iobase_phys = pci_resource_start(pci, 0); | |
1051 | chip->iobase_virt = ioremap_nocache(chip->iobase_phys, | |
1052 | pci_resource_len(pci, 0)); | |
1053 | ||
1054 | and the corresponding destructor would be: | |
1055 | ||
1056 | :: | |
1057 | ||
1058 | static int snd_mychip_free(struct mychip *chip) | |
1059 | { | |
1060 | .... | |
1061 | if (chip->iobase_virt) | |
1062 | iounmap(chip->iobase_virt); | |
1063 | .... | |
1064 | pci_release_regions(chip->pci); | |
1065 | .... | |
1066 | } | |
1067 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
1068 | Of course, a modern way with :c:func:`pci_iomap()` will make things a |
1069 | bit easier, too. | |
1070 | ||
1071 | :: | |
1072 | ||
1073 | err = pci_request_regions(pci, "My Chip"); | |
1074 | if (err < 0) { | |
1075 | kfree(chip); | |
1076 | return err; | |
1077 | } | |
1078 | chip->iobase_virt = pci_iomap(pci, 0, 0); | |
1079 | ||
1080 | which is paired with :c:func:`pci_iounmap()` at destructor. | |
1081 | ||
1082 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
1083 | PCI Entries |
1084 | ----------- | |
1085 | ||
1086 | So far, so good. Let's finish the missing PCI stuff. At first, we need a | |
1087 | :c:type:`struct pci_device_id <pci_device_id>` table for | |
1088 | this chipset. It's a table of PCI vendor/device ID number, and some | |
1089 | masks. | |
1090 | ||
1091 | For example, | |
1092 | ||
1093 | :: | |
1094 | ||
1095 | static struct pci_device_id snd_mychip_ids[] = { | |
1096 | { PCI_VENDOR_ID_FOO, PCI_DEVICE_ID_BAR, | |
1097 | PCI_ANY_ID, PCI_ANY_ID, 0, 0, 0, }, | |
1098 | .... | |
1099 | { 0, } | |
1100 | }; | |
1101 | MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, snd_mychip_ids); | |
1102 | ||
1103 | The first and second fields of the :c:type:`struct pci_device_id | |
1104 | <pci_device_id>` structure are the vendor and device IDs. If you | |
1105 | have no reason to filter the matching devices, you can leave the | |
1106 | remaining fields as above. The last field of the :c:type:`struct | |
1107 | pci_device_id <pci_device_id>` struct contains private data | |
1108 | for this entry. You can specify any value here, for example, to define | |
1109 | specific operations for supported device IDs. Such an example is found | |
1110 | in the intel8x0 driver. | |
1111 | ||
1112 | The last entry of this list is the terminator. You must specify this | |
1113 | all-zero entry. | |
1114 | ||
1115 | Then, prepare the :c:type:`struct pci_driver <pci_driver>` | |
1116 | record: | |
1117 | ||
1118 | :: | |
1119 | ||
1120 | static struct pci_driver driver = { | |
1121 | .name = KBUILD_MODNAME, | |
1122 | .id_table = snd_mychip_ids, | |
1123 | .probe = snd_mychip_probe, | |
1124 | .remove = snd_mychip_remove, | |
1125 | }; | |
1126 | ||
1127 | The ``probe`` and ``remove`` functions have already been defined in | |
1128 | the previous sections. The ``name`` field is the name string of this | |
1129 | device. Note that you must not use a slash “/” in this string. | |
1130 | ||
1131 | And at last, the module entries: | |
1132 | ||
1133 | :: | |
1134 | ||
1135 | static int __init alsa_card_mychip_init(void) | |
1136 | { | |
1137 | return pci_register_driver(&driver); | |
1138 | } | |
1139 | ||
1140 | static void __exit alsa_card_mychip_exit(void) | |
1141 | { | |
1142 | pci_unregister_driver(&driver); | |
1143 | } | |
1144 | ||
1145 | module_init(alsa_card_mychip_init) | |
1146 | module_exit(alsa_card_mychip_exit) | |
1147 | ||
1148 | Note that these module entries are tagged with ``__init`` and ``__exit`` | |
1149 | prefixes. | |
1150 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
1151 | That's all! |
1152 | ||
1153 | PCM Interface | |
1154 | ============= | |
1155 | ||
1156 | General | |
1157 | ------- | |
1158 | ||
1159 | The PCM middle layer of ALSA is quite powerful and it is only necessary | |
1160 | for each driver to implement the low-level functions to access its | |
1161 | hardware. | |
1162 | ||
1163 | For accessing to the PCM layer, you need to include ``<sound/pcm.h>`` | |
1164 | first. In addition, ``<sound/pcm_params.h>`` might be needed if you | |
1165 | access to some functions related with hw_param. | |
1166 | ||
1167 | Each card device can have up to four pcm instances. A pcm instance | |
1168 | corresponds to a pcm device file. The limitation of number of instances | |
1169 | comes only from the available bit size of the Linux's device numbers. | |
1170 | Once when 64bit device number is used, we'll have more pcm instances | |
1171 | available. | |
1172 | ||
1173 | A pcm instance consists of pcm playback and capture streams, and each | |
1174 | pcm stream consists of one or more pcm substreams. Some soundcards | |
1175 | support multiple playback functions. For example, emu10k1 has a PCM | |
1176 | playback of 32 stereo substreams. In this case, at each open, a free | |
1177 | substream is (usually) automatically chosen and opened. Meanwhile, when | |
1178 | only one substream exists and it was already opened, the successful open | |
1179 | will either block or error with ``EAGAIN`` according to the file open | |
1180 | mode. But you don't have to care about such details in your driver. The | |
1181 | PCM middle layer will take care of such work. | |
1182 | ||
1183 | Full Code Example | |
1184 | ----------------- | |
1185 | ||
1186 | The example code below does not include any hardware access routines but | |
1187 | shows only the skeleton, how to build up the PCM interfaces. | |
1188 | ||
1189 | :: | |
1190 | ||
1191 | #include <sound/pcm.h> | |
1192 | .... | |
1193 | ||
1194 | /* hardware definition */ | |
1195 | static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_mychip_playback_hw = { | |
1196 | .info = (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | | |
1197 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED | | |
1198 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER | | |
1199 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID), | |
1200 | .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE, | |
1201 | .rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_8000_48000, | |
1202 | .rate_min = 8000, | |
1203 | .rate_max = 48000, | |
1204 | .channels_min = 2, | |
1205 | .channels_max = 2, | |
1206 | .buffer_bytes_max = 32768, | |
1207 | .period_bytes_min = 4096, | |
1208 | .period_bytes_max = 32768, | |
1209 | .periods_min = 1, | |
1210 | .periods_max = 1024, | |
1211 | }; | |
1212 | ||
1213 | /* hardware definition */ | |
1214 | static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_mychip_capture_hw = { | |
1215 | .info = (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | | |
1216 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED | | |
1217 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER | | |
1218 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID), | |
1219 | .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE, | |
1220 | .rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_8000_48000, | |
1221 | .rate_min = 8000, | |
1222 | .rate_max = 48000, | |
1223 | .channels_min = 2, | |
1224 | .channels_max = 2, | |
1225 | .buffer_bytes_max = 32768, | |
1226 | .period_bytes_min = 4096, | |
1227 | .period_bytes_max = 32768, | |
1228 | .periods_min = 1, | |
1229 | .periods_max = 1024, | |
1230 | }; | |
1231 | ||
1232 | /* open callback */ | |
1233 | static int snd_mychip_playback_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1234 | { | |
1235 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1236 | struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; | |
1237 | ||
1238 | runtime->hw = snd_mychip_playback_hw; | |
1239 | /* more hardware-initialization will be done here */ | |
1240 | .... | |
1241 | return 0; | |
1242 | } | |
1243 | ||
1244 | /* close callback */ | |
1245 | static int snd_mychip_playback_close(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1246 | { | |
1247 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1248 | /* the hardware-specific codes will be here */ | |
1249 | .... | |
1250 | return 0; | |
1251 | ||
1252 | } | |
1253 | ||
1254 | /* open callback */ | |
1255 | static int snd_mychip_capture_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1256 | { | |
1257 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1258 | struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; | |
1259 | ||
1260 | runtime->hw = snd_mychip_capture_hw; | |
1261 | /* more hardware-initialization will be done here */ | |
1262 | .... | |
1263 | return 0; | |
1264 | } | |
1265 | ||
1266 | /* close callback */ | |
1267 | static int snd_mychip_capture_close(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1268 | { | |
1269 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1270 | /* the hardware-specific codes will be here */ | |
1271 | .... | |
1272 | return 0; | |
1273 | ||
1274 | } | |
1275 | ||
1276 | /* hw_params callback */ | |
1277 | static int snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, | |
1278 | struct snd_pcm_hw_params *hw_params) | |
1279 | { | |
1280 | return snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages(substream, | |
1281 | params_buffer_bytes(hw_params)); | |
1282 | } | |
1283 | ||
1284 | /* hw_free callback */ | |
1285 | static int snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1286 | { | |
1287 | return snd_pcm_lib_free_pages(substream); | |
1288 | } | |
1289 | ||
1290 | /* prepare callback */ | |
1291 | static int snd_mychip_pcm_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1292 | { | |
1293 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1294 | struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; | |
1295 | ||
1296 | /* set up the hardware with the current configuration | |
1297 | * for example... | |
1298 | */ | |
1299 | mychip_set_sample_format(chip, runtime->format); | |
1300 | mychip_set_sample_rate(chip, runtime->rate); | |
1301 | mychip_set_channels(chip, runtime->channels); | |
1302 | mychip_set_dma_setup(chip, runtime->dma_addr, | |
1303 | chip->buffer_size, | |
1304 | chip->period_size); | |
1305 | return 0; | |
1306 | } | |
1307 | ||
1308 | /* trigger callback */ | |
1309 | static int snd_mychip_pcm_trigger(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, | |
1310 | int cmd) | |
1311 | { | |
1312 | switch (cmd) { | |
1313 | case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_START: | |
1314 | /* do something to start the PCM engine */ | |
1315 | .... | |
1316 | break; | |
1317 | case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_STOP: | |
1318 | /* do something to stop the PCM engine */ | |
1319 | .... | |
1320 | break; | |
1321 | default: | |
1322 | return -EINVAL; | |
1323 | } | |
1324 | } | |
1325 | ||
1326 | /* pointer callback */ | |
1327 | static snd_pcm_uframes_t | |
1328 | snd_mychip_pcm_pointer(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1329 | { | |
1330 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1331 | unsigned int current_ptr; | |
1332 | ||
1333 | /* get the current hardware pointer */ | |
1334 | current_ptr = mychip_get_hw_pointer(chip); | |
1335 | return current_ptr; | |
1336 | } | |
1337 | ||
1338 | /* operators */ | |
1339 | static struct snd_pcm_ops snd_mychip_playback_ops = { | |
1340 | .open = snd_mychip_playback_open, | |
1341 | .close = snd_mychip_playback_close, | |
1342 | .ioctl = snd_pcm_lib_ioctl, | |
1343 | .hw_params = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params, | |
1344 | .hw_free = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free, | |
1345 | .prepare = snd_mychip_pcm_prepare, | |
1346 | .trigger = snd_mychip_pcm_trigger, | |
1347 | .pointer = snd_mychip_pcm_pointer, | |
1348 | }; | |
1349 | ||
1350 | /* operators */ | |
1351 | static struct snd_pcm_ops snd_mychip_capture_ops = { | |
1352 | .open = snd_mychip_capture_open, | |
1353 | .close = snd_mychip_capture_close, | |
1354 | .ioctl = snd_pcm_lib_ioctl, | |
1355 | .hw_params = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params, | |
1356 | .hw_free = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free, | |
1357 | .prepare = snd_mychip_pcm_prepare, | |
1358 | .trigger = snd_mychip_pcm_trigger, | |
1359 | .pointer = snd_mychip_pcm_pointer, | |
1360 | }; | |
1361 | ||
1362 | /* | |
1363 | * definitions of capture are omitted here... | |
1364 | */ | |
1365 | ||
1366 | /* create a pcm device */ | |
1367 | static int snd_mychip_new_pcm(struct mychip *chip) | |
1368 | { | |
1369 | struct snd_pcm *pcm; | |
1370 | int err; | |
1371 | ||
1372 | err = snd_pcm_new(chip->card, "My Chip", 0, 1, 1, &pcm); | |
1373 | if (err < 0) | |
1374 | return err; | |
1375 | pcm->private_data = chip; | |
1376 | strcpy(pcm->name, "My Chip"); | |
1377 | chip->pcm = pcm; | |
1378 | /* set operators */ | |
1379 | snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, | |
1380 | &snd_mychip_playback_ops); | |
1381 | snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, | |
1382 | &snd_mychip_capture_ops); | |
1383 | /* pre-allocation of buffers */ | |
1384 | /* NOTE: this may fail */ | |
1385 | snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, | |
1386 | snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci), | |
1387 | 64*1024, 64*1024); | |
1388 | return 0; | |
1389 | } | |
1390 | ||
1391 | ||
1392 | PCM Constructor | |
1393 | --------------- | |
1394 | ||
1395 | A pcm instance is allocated by the :c:func:`snd_pcm_new()` | |
1396 | function. It would be better to create a constructor for pcm, namely, | |
1397 | ||
1398 | :: | |
1399 | ||
1400 | static int snd_mychip_new_pcm(struct mychip *chip) | |
1401 | { | |
1402 | struct snd_pcm *pcm; | |
1403 | int err; | |
1404 | ||
1405 | err = snd_pcm_new(chip->card, "My Chip", 0, 1, 1, &pcm); | |
1406 | if (err < 0) | |
1407 | return err; | |
1408 | pcm->private_data = chip; | |
1409 | strcpy(pcm->name, "My Chip"); | |
1410 | chip->pcm = pcm; | |
1411 | .... | |
1412 | return 0; | |
1413 | } | |
1414 | ||
1415 | The :c:func:`snd_pcm_new()` function takes four arguments. The | |
1416 | first argument is the card pointer to which this pcm is assigned, and | |
1417 | the second is the ID string. | |
1418 | ||
1419 | The third argument (``index``, 0 in the above) is the index of this new | |
1420 | pcm. It begins from zero. If you create more than one pcm instances, | |
1421 | specify the different numbers in this argument. For example, ``index = | |
1422 | 1`` for the second PCM device. | |
1423 | ||
1424 | The fourth and fifth arguments are the number of substreams for playback | |
1425 | and capture, respectively. Here 1 is used for both arguments. When no | |
1426 | playback or capture substreams are available, pass 0 to the | |
1427 | corresponding argument. | |
1428 | ||
1429 | If a chip supports multiple playbacks or captures, you can specify more | |
1430 | numbers, but they must be handled properly in open/close, etc. | |
1431 | callbacks. When you need to know which substream you are referring to, | |
1432 | then it can be obtained from :c:type:`struct snd_pcm_substream | |
1433 | <snd_pcm_substream>` data passed to each callback as follows: | |
1434 | ||
1435 | :: | |
1436 | ||
1437 | struct snd_pcm_substream *substream; | |
1438 | int index = substream->number; | |
1439 | ||
1440 | ||
1441 | After the pcm is created, you need to set operators for each pcm stream. | |
1442 | ||
1443 | :: | |
1444 | ||
1445 | snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, | |
1446 | &snd_mychip_playback_ops); | |
1447 | snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, | |
1448 | &snd_mychip_capture_ops); | |
1449 | ||
1450 | The operators are defined typically like this: | |
1451 | ||
1452 | :: | |
1453 | ||
1454 | static struct snd_pcm_ops snd_mychip_playback_ops = { | |
1455 | .open = snd_mychip_pcm_open, | |
1456 | .close = snd_mychip_pcm_close, | |
1457 | .ioctl = snd_pcm_lib_ioctl, | |
1458 | .hw_params = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_params, | |
1459 | .hw_free = snd_mychip_pcm_hw_free, | |
1460 | .prepare = snd_mychip_pcm_prepare, | |
1461 | .trigger = snd_mychip_pcm_trigger, | |
1462 | .pointer = snd_mychip_pcm_pointer, | |
1463 | }; | |
1464 | ||
1465 | All the callbacks are described in the Operators_ subsection. | |
1466 | ||
1467 | After setting the operators, you probably will want to pre-allocate the | |
1468 | buffer. For the pre-allocation, simply call the following: | |
1469 | ||
1470 | :: | |
1471 | ||
1472 | snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, | |
1473 | snd_dma_pci_data(chip->pci), | |
1474 | 64*1024, 64*1024); | |
1475 | ||
1476 | It will allocate a buffer up to 64kB as default. Buffer management | |
1477 | details will be described in the later section `Buffer and Memory | |
1478 | Management`_. | |
1479 | ||
1480 | Additionally, you can set some extra information for this pcm in | |
1481 | ``pcm->info_flags``. The available values are defined as | |
1482 | ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_XXX`` in ``<sound/asound.h>``, which is used for the | |
1483 | hardware definition (described later). When your soundchip supports only | |
1484 | half-duplex, specify like this: | |
1485 | ||
1486 | :: | |
1487 | ||
1488 | pcm->info_flags = SNDRV_PCM_INFO_HALF_DUPLEX; | |
1489 | ||
1490 | ||
1491 | ... And the Destructor? | |
1492 | ----------------------- | |
1493 | ||
1494 | The destructor for a pcm instance is not always necessary. Since the pcm | |
1495 | device will be released by the middle layer code automatically, you | |
1496 | don't have to call the destructor explicitly. | |
1497 | ||
1498 | The destructor would be necessary if you created special records | |
1499 | internally and needed to release them. In such a case, set the | |
1500 | destructor function to ``pcm->private_free``: | |
1501 | ||
1502 | :: | |
1503 | ||
1504 | static void mychip_pcm_free(struct snd_pcm *pcm) | |
1505 | { | |
1506 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_chip(pcm); | |
1507 | /* free your own data */ | |
1508 | kfree(chip->my_private_pcm_data); | |
1509 | /* do what you like else */ | |
1510 | .... | |
1511 | } | |
1512 | ||
1513 | static int snd_mychip_new_pcm(struct mychip *chip) | |
1514 | { | |
1515 | struct snd_pcm *pcm; | |
1516 | .... | |
1517 | /* allocate your own data */ | |
1518 | chip->my_private_pcm_data = kmalloc(...); | |
1519 | /* set the destructor */ | |
1520 | pcm->private_data = chip; | |
1521 | pcm->private_free = mychip_pcm_free; | |
1522 | .... | |
1523 | } | |
1524 | ||
1525 | ||
1526 | ||
1527 | Runtime Pointer - The Chest of PCM Information | |
1528 | ---------------------------------------------- | |
1529 | ||
1530 | When the PCM substream is opened, a PCM runtime instance is allocated | |
1531 | and assigned to the substream. This pointer is accessible via | |
1532 | ``substream->runtime``. This runtime pointer holds most information you | |
1533 | need to control the PCM: the copy of hw_params and sw_params | |
1534 | configurations, the buffer pointers, mmap records, spinlocks, etc. | |
1535 | ||
1536 | The definition of runtime instance is found in ``<sound/pcm.h>``. Here | |
1537 | are the contents of this file: | |
1538 | ||
1539 | :: | |
1540 | ||
1541 | struct _snd_pcm_runtime { | |
1542 | /* -- Status -- */ | |
1543 | struct snd_pcm_substream *trigger_master; | |
1544 | snd_timestamp_t trigger_tstamp; /* trigger timestamp */ | |
1545 | int overrange; | |
1546 | snd_pcm_uframes_t avail_max; | |
1547 | snd_pcm_uframes_t hw_ptr_base; /* Position at buffer restart */ | |
1548 | snd_pcm_uframes_t hw_ptr_interrupt; /* Position at interrupt time*/ | |
1549 | ||
1550 | /* -- HW params -- */ | |
1551 | snd_pcm_access_t access; /* access mode */ | |
1552 | snd_pcm_format_t format; /* SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_* */ | |
1553 | snd_pcm_subformat_t subformat; /* subformat */ | |
1554 | unsigned int rate; /* rate in Hz */ | |
1555 | unsigned int channels; /* channels */ | |
1556 | snd_pcm_uframes_t period_size; /* period size */ | |
1557 | unsigned int periods; /* periods */ | |
1558 | snd_pcm_uframes_t buffer_size; /* buffer size */ | |
1559 | unsigned int tick_time; /* tick time */ | |
1560 | snd_pcm_uframes_t min_align; /* Min alignment for the format */ | |
1561 | size_t byte_align; | |
1562 | unsigned int frame_bits; | |
1563 | unsigned int sample_bits; | |
1564 | unsigned int info; | |
1565 | unsigned int rate_num; | |
1566 | unsigned int rate_den; | |
1567 | ||
1568 | /* -- SW params -- */ | |
1569 | struct timespec tstamp_mode; /* mmap timestamp is updated */ | |
1570 | unsigned int period_step; | |
1571 | unsigned int sleep_min; /* min ticks to sleep */ | |
1572 | snd_pcm_uframes_t start_threshold; | |
1573 | snd_pcm_uframes_t stop_threshold; | |
1574 | snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_threshold; /* Silence filling happens when | |
1575 | noise is nearest than this */ | |
1576 | snd_pcm_uframes_t silence_size; /* Silence filling size */ | |
1577 | snd_pcm_uframes_t boundary; /* pointers wrap point */ | |
1578 | ||
1579 | snd_pcm_uframes_t silenced_start; | |
1580 | snd_pcm_uframes_t silenced_size; | |
1581 | ||
1582 | snd_pcm_sync_id_t sync; /* hardware synchronization ID */ | |
1583 | ||
1584 | /* -- mmap -- */ | |
1585 | volatile struct snd_pcm_mmap_status *status; | |
1586 | volatile struct snd_pcm_mmap_control *control; | |
1587 | atomic_t mmap_count; | |
1588 | ||
1589 | /* -- locking / scheduling -- */ | |
1590 | spinlock_t lock; | |
1591 | wait_queue_head_t sleep; | |
1592 | struct timer_list tick_timer; | |
1593 | struct fasync_struct *fasync; | |
1594 | ||
1595 | /* -- private section -- */ | |
1596 | void *private_data; | |
1597 | void (*private_free)(struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime); | |
1598 | ||
1599 | /* -- hardware description -- */ | |
1600 | struct snd_pcm_hardware hw; | |
1601 | struct snd_pcm_hw_constraints hw_constraints; | |
1602 | ||
1603 | /* -- timer -- */ | |
1604 | unsigned int timer_resolution; /* timer resolution */ | |
1605 | ||
1606 | /* -- DMA -- */ | |
1607 | unsigned char *dma_area; /* DMA area */ | |
1608 | dma_addr_t dma_addr; /* physical bus address (not accessible from main CPU) */ | |
1609 | size_t dma_bytes; /* size of DMA area */ | |
1610 | ||
1611 | struct snd_dma_buffer *dma_buffer_p; /* allocated buffer */ | |
1612 | ||
1613 | #if defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS_MODULE) | |
1614 | /* -- OSS things -- */ | |
1615 | struct snd_pcm_oss_runtime oss; | |
1616 | #endif | |
1617 | }; | |
1618 | ||
1619 | ||
1620 | For the operators (callbacks) of each sound driver, most of these | |
1621 | records are supposed to be read-only. Only the PCM middle-layer changes | |
1622 | / updates them. The exceptions are the hardware description (hw) DMA | |
1623 | buffer information and the private data. Besides, if you use the | |
1624 | standard buffer allocation method via | |
1625 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()`, you don't need to set the | |
1626 | DMA buffer information by yourself. | |
1627 | ||
1628 | In the sections below, important records are explained. | |
1629 | ||
1630 | Hardware Description | |
1631 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1632 | ||
1633 | The hardware descriptor (:c:type:`struct snd_pcm_hardware | |
1634 | <snd_pcm_hardware>`) contains the definitions of the fundamental | |
1635 | hardware configuration. Above all, you'll need to define this in the | |
1636 | `PCM open callback`_. Note that the runtime instance holds the copy of | |
1637 | the descriptor, not the pointer to the existing descriptor. That is, | |
1638 | in the open callback, you can modify the copied descriptor | |
1639 | (``runtime->hw``) as you need. For example, if the maximum number of | |
1640 | channels is 1 only on some chip models, you can still use the same | |
1641 | hardware descriptor and change the channels_max later: | |
1642 | ||
1643 | :: | |
1644 | ||
1645 | struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; | |
1646 | ... | |
1647 | runtime->hw = snd_mychip_playback_hw; /* common definition */ | |
1648 | if (chip->model == VERY_OLD_ONE) | |
1649 | runtime->hw.channels_max = 1; | |
1650 | ||
1651 | Typically, you'll have a hardware descriptor as below: | |
1652 | ||
1653 | :: | |
1654 | ||
1655 | static struct snd_pcm_hardware snd_mychip_playback_hw = { | |
1656 | .info = (SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | | |
1657 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED | | |
1658 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER | | |
1659 | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID), | |
1660 | .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE, | |
1661 | .rates = SNDRV_PCM_RATE_8000_48000, | |
1662 | .rate_min = 8000, | |
1663 | .rate_max = 48000, | |
1664 | .channels_min = 2, | |
1665 | .channels_max = 2, | |
1666 | .buffer_bytes_max = 32768, | |
1667 | .period_bytes_min = 4096, | |
1668 | .period_bytes_max = 32768, | |
1669 | .periods_min = 1, | |
1670 | .periods_max = 1024, | |
1671 | }; | |
1672 | ||
1673 | - The ``info`` field contains the type and capabilities of this | |
1674 | pcm. The bit flags are defined in ``<sound/asound.h>`` as | |
1675 | ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_XXX``. Here, at least, you have to specify whether | |
1676 | the mmap is supported and which interleaved format is | |
1677 | supported. When the hardware supports mmap, add the | |
1678 | ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP`` flag here. When the hardware supports the | |
1679 | interleaved or the non-interleaved formats, | |
1680 | ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED`` or ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_NONINTERLEAVED`` | |
1681 | flag must be set, respectively. If both are supported, you can set | |
1682 | both, too. | |
1683 | ||
1684 | In the above example, ``MMAP_VALID`` and ``BLOCK_TRANSFER`` are | |
1685 | specified for the OSS mmap mode. Usually both are set. Of course, | |
1686 | ``MMAP_VALID`` is set only if the mmap is really supported. | |
1687 | ||
1688 | The other possible flags are ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE`` and | |
1689 | ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME``. The ``PAUSE`` bit means that the pcm | |
1690 | supports the “pause” operation, while the ``RESUME`` bit means that | |
1691 | the pcm supports the full “suspend/resume” operation. If the | |
1692 | ``PAUSE`` flag is set, the ``trigger`` callback below must handle | |
1693 | the corresponding (pause push/release) commands. The suspend/resume | |
1694 | trigger commands can be defined even without the ``RESUME`` | |
1695 | flag. See `Power Management`_ section for details. | |
1696 | ||
1697 | When the PCM substreams can be synchronized (typically, | |
1698 | synchronized start/stop of a playback and a capture streams), you | |
1699 | can give ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_SYNC_START``, too. In this case, you'll | |
1700 | need to check the linked-list of PCM substreams in the trigger | |
1701 | callback. This will be described in the later section. | |
1702 | ||
1703 | - ``formats`` field contains the bit-flags of supported formats | |
1704 | (``SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_XXX``). If the hardware supports more than one | |
1705 | format, give all or'ed bits. In the example above, the signed 16bit | |
1706 | little-endian format is specified. | |
1707 | ||
1708 | - ``rates`` field contains the bit-flags of supported rates | |
1709 | (``SNDRV_PCM_RATE_XXX``). When the chip supports continuous rates, | |
1710 | pass ``CONTINUOUS`` bit additionally. The pre-defined rate bits are | |
1711 | provided only for typical rates. If your chip supports | |
1712 | unconventional rates, you need to add the ``KNOT`` bit and set up | |
1713 | the hardware constraint manually (explained later). | |
1714 | ||
1715 | - ``rate_min`` and ``rate_max`` define the minimum and maximum sample | |
1716 | rate. This should correspond somehow to ``rates`` bits. | |
1717 | ||
1718 | - ``channel_min`` and ``channel_max`` define, as you might already | |
1719 | expected, the minimum and maximum number of channels. | |
1720 | ||
1721 | - ``buffer_bytes_max`` defines the maximum buffer size in | |
1722 | bytes. There is no ``buffer_bytes_min`` field, since it can be | |
1723 | calculated from the minimum period size and the minimum number of | |
1724 | periods. Meanwhile, ``period_bytes_min`` and define the minimum and | |
1725 | maximum size of the period in bytes. ``periods_max`` and | |
1726 | ``periods_min`` define the maximum and minimum number of periods in | |
1727 | the buffer. | |
1728 | ||
1729 | The “period” is a term that corresponds to a fragment in the OSS | |
1730 | world. The period defines the size at which a PCM interrupt is | |
1731 | generated. This size strongly depends on the hardware. Generally, | |
1732 | the smaller period size will give you more interrupts, that is, | |
1733 | more controls. In the case of capture, this size defines the input | |
1734 | latency. On the other hand, the whole buffer size defines the | |
1735 | output latency for the playback direction. | |
1736 | ||
1737 | - There is also a field ``fifo_size``. This specifies the size of the | |
1738 | hardware FIFO, but currently it is neither used in the driver nor | |
1739 | in the alsa-lib. So, you can ignore this field. | |
1740 | ||
1741 | PCM Configurations | |
1742 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1743 | ||
1744 | Ok, let's go back again to the PCM runtime records. The most | |
1745 | frequently referred records in the runtime instance are the PCM | |
1746 | configurations. The PCM configurations are stored in the runtime | |
1747 | instance after the application sends ``hw_params`` data via | |
1748 | alsa-lib. There are many fields copied from hw_params and sw_params | |
1749 | structs. For example, ``format`` holds the format type chosen by the | |
1750 | application. This field contains the enum value | |
1751 | ``SNDRV_PCM_FORMAT_XXX``. | |
1752 | ||
1753 | One thing to be noted is that the configured buffer and period sizes | |
1754 | are stored in “frames” in the runtime. In the ALSA world, ``1 frame = | |
1755 | channels \* samples-size``. For conversion between frames and bytes, | |
1756 | you can use the :c:func:`frames_to_bytes()` and | |
1757 | :c:func:`bytes_to_frames()` helper functions. | |
1758 | ||
1759 | :: | |
1760 | ||
1761 | period_bytes = frames_to_bytes(runtime, runtime->period_size); | |
1762 | ||
1763 | Also, many software parameters (sw_params) are stored in frames, too. | |
1764 | Please check the type of the field. ``snd_pcm_uframes_t`` is for the | |
1765 | frames as unsigned integer while ``snd_pcm_sframes_t`` is for the | |
1766 | frames as signed integer. | |
1767 | ||
1768 | DMA Buffer Information | |
1769 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1770 | ||
1771 | The DMA buffer is defined by the following four fields, ``dma_area``, | |
1772 | ``dma_addr``, ``dma_bytes`` and ``dma_private``. The ``dma_area`` | |
1773 | holds the buffer pointer (the logical address). You can call | |
1774 | :c:func:`memcpy()` from/to this pointer. Meanwhile, ``dma_addr`` holds | |
1775 | the physical address of the buffer. This field is specified only when | |
1776 | the buffer is a linear buffer. ``dma_bytes`` holds the size of buffer | |
1777 | in bytes. ``dma_private`` is used for the ALSA DMA allocator. | |
1778 | ||
1779 | If you use a standard ALSA function, | |
1780 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()`, for allocating the buffer, | |
1781 | these fields are set by the ALSA middle layer, and you should *not* | |
1782 | change them by yourself. You can read them but not write them. On the | |
1783 | other hand, if you want to allocate the buffer by yourself, you'll | |
1784 | need to manage it in hw_params callback. At least, ``dma_bytes`` is | |
1785 | mandatory. ``dma_area`` is necessary when the buffer is mmapped. If | |
1786 | your driver doesn't support mmap, this field is not | |
1787 | necessary. ``dma_addr`` is also optional. You can use dma_private as | |
1788 | you like, too. | |
1789 | ||
1790 | Running Status | |
1791 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1792 | ||
1793 | The running status can be referred via ``runtime->status``. This is | |
1794 | the pointer to the :c:type:`struct snd_pcm_mmap_status | |
1795 | <snd_pcm_mmap_status>` record. For example, you can get the current | |
1796 | DMA hardware pointer via ``runtime->status->hw_ptr``. | |
1797 | ||
1798 | The DMA application pointer can be referred via ``runtime->control``, | |
1799 | which points to the :c:type:`struct snd_pcm_mmap_control | |
1800 | <snd_pcm_mmap_control>` record. However, accessing directly to | |
1801 | this value is not recommended. | |
1802 | ||
1803 | Private Data | |
1804 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1805 | ||
1806 | You can allocate a record for the substream and store it in | |
1807 | ``runtime->private_data``. Usually, this is done in the `PCM open | |
1808 | callback`_. Don't mix this with ``pcm->private_data``. The | |
1809 | ``pcm->private_data`` usually points to the chip instance assigned | |
1810 | statically at the creation of PCM, while the ``runtime->private_data`` | |
1811 | points to a dynamic data structure created at the PCM open | |
1812 | callback. | |
1813 | ||
1814 | :: | |
1815 | ||
1816 | static int snd_xxx_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1817 | { | |
1818 | struct my_pcm_data *data; | |
1819 | .... | |
1820 | data = kmalloc(sizeof(*data), GFP_KERNEL); | |
1821 | substream->runtime->private_data = data; | |
1822 | .... | |
1823 | } | |
1824 | ||
1825 | ||
1826 | The allocated object must be released in the `close callback`_. | |
1827 | ||
1828 | Operators | |
1829 | --------- | |
1830 | ||
1831 | OK, now let me give details about each pcm callback (``ops``). In | |
1832 | general, every callback must return 0 if successful, or a negative | |
1833 | error number such as ``-EINVAL``. To choose an appropriate error | |
1834 | number, it is advised to check what value other parts of the kernel | |
1835 | return when the same kind of request fails. | |
1836 | ||
1837 | The callback function takes at least the argument with :c:type:`struct | |
1838 | snd_pcm_substream <snd_pcm_substream>` pointer. To retrieve the chip | |
1839 | record from the given substream instance, you can use the following | |
1840 | macro. | |
1841 | ||
1842 | :: | |
1843 | ||
1844 | int xxx() { | |
1845 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1846 | .... | |
1847 | } | |
1848 | ||
1849 | The macro reads ``substream->private_data``, which is a copy of | |
1850 | ``pcm->private_data``. You can override the former if you need to | |
1851 | assign different data records per PCM substream. For example, the | |
1852 | cmi8330 driver assigns different ``private_data`` for playback and | |
1853 | capture directions, because it uses two different codecs (SB- and | |
1854 | AD-compatible) for different directions. | |
1855 | ||
1856 | PCM open callback | |
1857 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1858 | ||
1859 | :: | |
1860 | ||
1861 | static int snd_xxx_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream); | |
1862 | ||
1863 | This is called when a pcm substream is opened. | |
1864 | ||
1865 | At least, here you have to initialize the ``runtime->hw`` | |
1866 | record. Typically, this is done by like this: | |
1867 | ||
1868 | :: | |
1869 | ||
1870 | static int snd_xxx_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1871 | { | |
1872 | struct mychip *chip = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream); | |
1873 | struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; | |
1874 | ||
1875 | runtime->hw = snd_mychip_playback_hw; | |
1876 | return 0; | |
1877 | } | |
1878 | ||
1879 | where ``snd_mychip_playback_hw`` is the pre-defined hardware | |
1880 | description. | |
1881 | ||
1882 | You can allocate a private data in this callback, as described in | |
1883 | `Private Data`_ section. | |
1884 | ||
1885 | If the hardware configuration needs more constraints, set the hardware | |
1886 | constraints here, too. See Constraints_ for more details. | |
1887 | ||
1888 | close callback | |
1889 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1890 | ||
1891 | :: | |
1892 | ||
1893 | static int snd_xxx_close(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream); | |
1894 | ||
1895 | ||
1896 | Obviously, this is called when a pcm substream is closed. | |
1897 | ||
1898 | Any private instance for a pcm substream allocated in the ``open`` | |
1899 | callback will be released here. | |
1900 | ||
1901 | :: | |
1902 | ||
1903 | static int snd_xxx_close(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
1904 | { | |
1905 | .... | |
1906 | kfree(substream->runtime->private_data); | |
1907 | .... | |
1908 | } | |
1909 | ||
1910 | ioctl callback | |
1911 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1912 | ||
1913 | This is used for any special call to pcm ioctls. But usually you can | |
1914 | pass a generic ioctl callback, :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_ioctl()`. | |
1915 | ||
1916 | hw_params callback | |
1917 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1918 | ||
1919 | :: | |
1920 | ||
1921 | static int snd_xxx_hw_params(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, | |
1922 | struct snd_pcm_hw_params *hw_params); | |
1923 | ||
1924 | This is called when the hardware parameter (``hw_params``) is set up | |
1925 | by the application, that is, once when the buffer size, the period | |
1926 | size, the format, etc. are defined for the pcm substream. | |
1927 | ||
1928 | Many hardware setups should be done in this callback, including the | |
1929 | allocation of buffers. | |
1930 | ||
1931 | Parameters to be initialized are retrieved by | |
1932 | :c:func:`params_xxx()` macros. To allocate buffer, you can call a | |
1933 | helper function, | |
1934 | ||
1935 | :: | |
1936 | ||
1937 | snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages(substream, params_buffer_bytes(hw_params)); | |
1938 | ||
1939 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()` is available only when the | |
1940 | DMA buffers have been pre-allocated. See the section `Buffer Types`_ | |
1941 | for more details. | |
1942 | ||
1943 | Note that this and ``prepare`` callbacks may be called multiple times | |
1944 | per initialization. For example, the OSS emulation may call these | |
1945 | callbacks at each change via its ioctl. | |
1946 | ||
1947 | Thus, you need to be careful not to allocate the same buffers many | |
1948 | times, which will lead to memory leaks! Calling the helper function | |
1949 | above many times is OK. It will release the previous buffer | |
1950 | automatically when it was already allocated. | |
1951 | ||
1952 | Another note is that this callback is non-atomic (schedulable) as | |
1953 | default, i.e. when no ``nonatomic`` flag set. This is important, | |
1954 | because the ``trigger`` callback is atomic (non-schedulable). That is, | |
1955 | mutexes or any schedule-related functions are not available in | |
1956 | ``trigger`` callback. Please see the subsection Atomicity_ for | |
1957 | details. | |
1958 | ||
1959 | hw_free callback | |
1960 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1961 | ||
1962 | :: | |
1963 | ||
1964 | static int snd_xxx_hw_free(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream); | |
1965 | ||
1966 | This is called to release the resources allocated via | |
1967 | ``hw_params``. For example, releasing the buffer via | |
1968 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()` is done by calling the | |
1969 | following: | |
1970 | ||
1971 | :: | |
1972 | ||
1973 | snd_pcm_lib_free_pages(substream); | |
1974 | ||
1975 | This function is always called before the close callback is called. | |
1976 | Also, the callback may be called multiple times, too. Keep track | |
1977 | whether the resource was already released. | |
1978 | ||
1979 | prepare callback | |
1980 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
1981 | ||
1982 | :: | |
1983 | ||
1984 | static int snd_xxx_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream); | |
1985 | ||
1986 | This callback is called when the pcm is “prepared”. You can set the | |
1987 | format type, sample rate, etc. here. The difference from ``hw_params`` | |
1988 | is that the ``prepare`` callback will be called each time | |
1989 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_prepare()` is called, i.e. when recovering after | |
1990 | underruns, etc. | |
1991 | ||
1992 | Note that this callback is now non-atomic. You can use | |
1993 | schedule-related functions safely in this callback. | |
1994 | ||
1995 | In this and the following callbacks, you can refer to the values via | |
1996 | the runtime record, ``substream->runtime``. For example, to get the | |
1997 | current rate, format or channels, access to ``runtime->rate``, | |
1998 | ``runtime->format`` or ``runtime->channels``, respectively. The | |
1999 | physical address of the allocated buffer is set to | |
2000 | ``runtime->dma_area``. The buffer and period sizes are in | |
2001 | ``runtime->buffer_size`` and ``runtime->period_size``, respectively. | |
2002 | ||
2003 | Be careful that this callback will be called many times at each setup, | |
2004 | too. | |
2005 | ||
2006 | trigger callback | |
2007 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2008 | ||
2009 | :: | |
2010 | ||
2011 | static int snd_xxx_trigger(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int cmd); | |
2012 | ||
2013 | This is called when the pcm is started, stopped or paused. | |
2014 | ||
2015 | Which action is specified in the second argument, | |
2016 | ``SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_XXX`` in ``<sound/pcm.h>``. At least, the ``START`` | |
2017 | and ``STOP`` commands must be defined in this callback. | |
2018 | ||
2019 | :: | |
2020 | ||
2021 | switch (cmd) { | |
2022 | case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_START: | |
2023 | /* do something to start the PCM engine */ | |
2024 | break; | |
2025 | case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_STOP: | |
2026 | /* do something to stop the PCM engine */ | |
2027 | break; | |
2028 | default: | |
2029 | return -EINVAL; | |
2030 | } | |
2031 | ||
2032 | When the pcm supports the pause operation (given in the info field of | |
2033 | the hardware table), the ``PAUSE_PUSH`` and ``PAUSE_RELEASE`` commands | |
2034 | must be handled here, too. The former is the command to pause the pcm, | |
2035 | and the latter to restart the pcm again. | |
2036 | ||
2037 | When the pcm supports the suspend/resume operation, regardless of full | |
2038 | or partial suspend/resume support, the ``SUSPEND`` and ``RESUME`` | |
2039 | commands must be handled, too. These commands are issued when the | |
2040 | power-management status is changed. Obviously, the ``SUSPEND`` and | |
2041 | ``RESUME`` commands suspend and resume the pcm substream, and usually, | |
2042 | they are identical to the ``STOP`` and ``START`` commands, respectively. | |
2043 | See the `Power Management`_ section for details. | |
2044 | ||
2045 | As mentioned, this callback is atomic as default unless ``nonatomic`` | |
2046 | flag set, and you cannot call functions which may sleep. The | |
2047 | ``trigger`` callback should be as minimal as possible, just really | |
2048 | triggering the DMA. The other stuff should be initialized | |
2049 | ``hw_params`` and ``prepare`` callbacks properly beforehand. | |
2050 | ||
2051 | pointer callback | |
2052 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2053 | ||
2054 | :: | |
2055 | ||
2056 | static snd_pcm_uframes_t snd_xxx_pointer(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
2057 | ||
2058 | This callback is called when the PCM middle layer inquires the current | |
2059 | hardware position on the buffer. The position must be returned in | |
2060 | frames, ranging from 0 to ``buffer_size - 1``. | |
2061 | ||
2062 | This is called usually from the buffer-update routine in the pcm | |
2063 | middle layer, which is invoked when :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` | |
2064 | is called in the interrupt routine. Then the pcm middle layer updates | |
2065 | the position and calculates the available space, and wakes up the | |
2066 | sleeping poll threads, etc. | |
2067 | ||
2068 | This callback is also atomic as default. | |
2069 | ||
f7a47817 TI |
2070 | copy_user, copy_kernel and fill_silence ops |
2071 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
7ddedebb TI |
2072 | |
2073 | These callbacks are not mandatory, and can be omitted in most cases. | |
2074 | These callbacks are used when the hardware buffer cannot be in the | |
2075 | normal memory space. Some chips have their own buffer on the hardware | |
2076 | which is not mappable. In such a case, you have to transfer the data | |
2077 | manually from the memory buffer to the hardware buffer. Or, if the | |
2078 | buffer is non-contiguous on both physical and virtual memory spaces, | |
2079 | these callbacks must be defined, too. | |
2080 | ||
2081 | If these two callbacks are defined, copy and set-silence operations | |
2082 | are done by them. The detailed will be described in the later section | |
2083 | `Buffer and Memory Management`_. | |
2084 | ||
2085 | ack callback | |
2086 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2087 | ||
2088 | This callback is also not mandatory. This callback is called when the | |
2089 | ``appl_ptr`` is updated in read or write operations. Some drivers like | |
2090 | emu10k1-fx and cs46xx need to track the current ``appl_ptr`` for the | |
2091 | internal buffer, and this callback is useful only for such a purpose. | |
2092 | ||
2093 | This callback is atomic as default. | |
2094 | ||
2095 | page callback | |
2096 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2097 | ||
2098 | This callback is optional too. This callback is used mainly for | |
2099 | non-contiguous buffers. The mmap calls this callback to get the page | |
2100 | address. Some examples will be explained in the later section `Buffer | |
2101 | and Memory Management`_, too. | |
2102 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
2103 | mmap calllback |
2104 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2105 | ||
2106 | This is another optional callback for controlling mmap behavior. | |
2107 | Once when defined, PCM core calls this callback when a page is | |
2108 | memory-mapped instead of dealing via the standard helper. | |
2109 | If you need special handling (due to some architecture or | |
2110 | device-specific issues), implement everything here as you like. | |
2111 | ||
2112 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
2113 | PCM Interrupt Handler |
2114 | --------------------- | |
2115 | ||
2116 | The rest of pcm stuff is the PCM interrupt handler. The role of PCM | |
2117 | interrupt handler in the sound driver is to update the buffer position | |
2118 | and to tell the PCM middle layer when the buffer position goes across | |
2119 | the prescribed period size. To inform this, call the | |
2120 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` function. | |
2121 | ||
2122 | There are several types of sound chips to generate the interrupts. | |
2123 | ||
2124 | Interrupts at the period (fragment) boundary | |
2125 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2126 | ||
2127 | This is the most frequently found type: the hardware generates an | |
2128 | interrupt at each period boundary. In this case, you can call | |
2129 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` at each interrupt. | |
2130 | ||
2131 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` takes the substream pointer as | |
2132 | its argument. Thus, you need to keep the substream pointer accessible | |
2133 | from the chip instance. For example, define ``substream`` field in the | |
2134 | chip record to hold the current running substream pointer, and set the | |
2135 | pointer value at ``open`` callback (and reset at ``close`` callback). | |
2136 | ||
2137 | If you acquire a spinlock in the interrupt handler, and the lock is used | |
2138 | in other pcm callbacks, too, then you have to release the lock before | |
2139 | calling :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()`, because | |
2140 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` calls other pcm callbacks | |
2141 | inside. | |
2142 | ||
2143 | Typical code would be like: | |
2144 | ||
2145 | :: | |
2146 | ||
2147 | ||
2148 | static irqreturn_t snd_mychip_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id) | |
2149 | { | |
2150 | struct mychip *chip = dev_id; | |
2151 | spin_lock(&chip->lock); | |
2152 | .... | |
2153 | if (pcm_irq_invoked(chip)) { | |
2154 | /* call updater, unlock before it */ | |
2155 | spin_unlock(&chip->lock); | |
2156 | snd_pcm_period_elapsed(chip->substream); | |
2157 | spin_lock(&chip->lock); | |
2158 | /* acknowledge the interrupt if necessary */ | |
2159 | } | |
2160 | .... | |
2161 | spin_unlock(&chip->lock); | |
2162 | return IRQ_HANDLED; | |
2163 | } | |
2164 | ||
2165 | ||
2166 | ||
2167 | High frequency timer interrupts | |
2168 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2169 | ||
2170 | This happens when the hardware doesn't generate interrupts at the period | |
2171 | boundary but issues timer interrupts at a fixed timer rate (e.g. es1968 | |
2172 | or ymfpci drivers). In this case, you need to check the current hardware | |
2173 | position and accumulate the processed sample length at each interrupt. | |
2174 | When the accumulated size exceeds the period size, call | |
2175 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` and reset the accumulator. | |
2176 | ||
2177 | Typical code would be like the following. | |
2178 | ||
2179 | :: | |
2180 | ||
2181 | ||
2182 | static irqreturn_t snd_mychip_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id) | |
2183 | { | |
2184 | struct mychip *chip = dev_id; | |
2185 | spin_lock(&chip->lock); | |
2186 | .... | |
2187 | if (pcm_irq_invoked(chip)) { | |
2188 | unsigned int last_ptr, size; | |
2189 | /* get the current hardware pointer (in frames) */ | |
2190 | last_ptr = get_hw_ptr(chip); | |
2191 | /* calculate the processed frames since the | |
2192 | * last update | |
2193 | */ | |
2194 | if (last_ptr < chip->last_ptr) | |
2195 | size = runtime->buffer_size + last_ptr | |
2196 | - chip->last_ptr; | |
2197 | else | |
2198 | size = last_ptr - chip->last_ptr; | |
2199 | /* remember the last updated point */ | |
2200 | chip->last_ptr = last_ptr; | |
2201 | /* accumulate the size */ | |
2202 | chip->size += size; | |
2203 | /* over the period boundary? */ | |
2204 | if (chip->size >= runtime->period_size) { | |
2205 | /* reset the accumulator */ | |
2206 | chip->size %= runtime->period_size; | |
2207 | /* call updater */ | |
2208 | spin_unlock(&chip->lock); | |
2209 | snd_pcm_period_elapsed(substream); | |
2210 | spin_lock(&chip->lock); | |
2211 | } | |
2212 | /* acknowledge the interrupt if necessary */ | |
2213 | } | |
2214 | .... | |
2215 | spin_unlock(&chip->lock); | |
2216 | return IRQ_HANDLED; | |
2217 | } | |
2218 | ||
2219 | ||
2220 | ||
2221 | On calling :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` | |
2222 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2223 | ||
2224 | In both cases, even if more than one period are elapsed, you don't have | |
2225 | to call :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` many times. Call only | |
2226 | once. And the pcm layer will check the current hardware pointer and | |
2227 | update to the latest status. | |
2228 | ||
2229 | Atomicity | |
2230 | --------- | |
2231 | ||
2232 | One of the most important (and thus difficult to debug) problems in | |
2233 | kernel programming are race conditions. In the Linux kernel, they are | |
2234 | usually avoided via spin-locks, mutexes or semaphores. In general, if a | |
2235 | race condition can happen in an interrupt handler, it has to be managed | |
2236 | atomically, and you have to use a spinlock to protect the critical | |
2237 | session. If the critical section is not in interrupt handler code and if | |
2238 | taking a relatively long time to execute is acceptable, you should use | |
2239 | mutexes or semaphores instead. | |
2240 | ||
2241 | As already seen, some pcm callbacks are atomic and some are not. For | |
2242 | example, the ``hw_params`` callback is non-atomic, while ``trigger`` | |
2243 | callback is atomic. This means, the latter is called already in a | |
2244 | spinlock held by the PCM middle layer. Please take this atomicity into | |
2245 | account when you choose a locking scheme in the callbacks. | |
2246 | ||
2247 | In the atomic callbacks, you cannot use functions which may call | |
2248 | :c:func:`schedule()` or go to :c:func:`sleep()`. Semaphores and | |
2249 | mutexes can sleep, and hence they cannot be used inside the atomic | |
2250 | callbacks (e.g. ``trigger`` callback). To implement some delay in such a | |
2251 | callback, please use :c:func:`udelay()` or :c:func:`mdelay()`. | |
2252 | ||
2253 | All three atomic callbacks (trigger, pointer, and ack) are called with | |
2254 | local interrupts disabled. | |
2255 | ||
2256 | The recent changes in PCM core code, however, allow all PCM operations | |
2257 | to be non-atomic. This assumes that the all caller sides are in | |
2258 | non-atomic contexts. For example, the function | |
2259 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_period_elapsed()` is called typically from the | |
2260 | interrupt handler. But, if you set up the driver to use a threaded | |
2261 | interrupt handler, this call can be in non-atomic context, too. In such | |
2262 | a case, you can set ``nonatomic`` filed of :c:type:`struct snd_pcm | |
2263 | <snd_pcm>` object after creating it. When this flag is set, mutex | |
2264 | and rwsem are used internally in the PCM core instead of spin and | |
2265 | rwlocks, so that you can call all PCM functions safely in a non-atomic | |
2266 | context. | |
2267 | ||
2268 | Constraints | |
2269 | ----------- | |
2270 | ||
2271 | If your chip supports unconventional sample rates, or only the limited | |
2272 | samples, you need to set a constraint for the condition. | |
2273 | ||
2274 | For example, in order to restrict the sample rates in the some supported | |
2275 | values, use :c:func:`snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list()`. You need to | |
2276 | call this function in the open callback. | |
2277 | ||
2278 | :: | |
2279 | ||
2280 | static unsigned int rates[] = | |
2281 | {4000, 10000, 22050, 44100}; | |
2282 | static struct snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list constraints_rates = { | |
2283 | .count = ARRAY_SIZE(rates), | |
2284 | .list = rates, | |
2285 | .mask = 0, | |
2286 | }; | |
2287 | ||
2288 | static int snd_mychip_pcm_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) | |
2289 | { | |
2290 | int err; | |
2291 | .... | |
2292 | err = snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list(substream->runtime, 0, | |
2293 | SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE, | |
2294 | &constraints_rates); | |
2295 | if (err < 0) | |
2296 | return err; | |
2297 | .... | |
2298 | } | |
2299 | ||
2300 | ||
2301 | ||
2302 | There are many different constraints. Look at ``sound/pcm.h`` for a | |
2303 | complete list. You can even define your own constraint rules. For | |
2304 | example, let's suppose my_chip can manage a substream of 1 channel if | |
2305 | and only if the format is ``S16_LE``, otherwise it supports any format | |
2306 | specified in the :c:type:`struct snd_pcm_hardware | |
2307 | <snd_pcm_hardware>` structure (or in any other | |
2308 | constraint_list). You can build a rule like this: | |
2309 | ||
2310 | :: | |
2311 | ||
2312 | static int hw_rule_channels_by_format(struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params, | |
2313 | struct snd_pcm_hw_rule *rule) | |
2314 | { | |
2315 | struct snd_interval *c = hw_param_interval(params, | |
2316 | SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS); | |
2317 | struct snd_mask *f = hw_param_mask(params, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT); | |
2318 | struct snd_interval ch; | |
2319 | ||
2320 | snd_interval_any(&ch); | |
2321 | if (f->bits[0] == SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE) { | |
2322 | ch.min = ch.max = 1; | |
2323 | ch.integer = 1; | |
2324 | return snd_interval_refine(c, &ch); | |
2325 | } | |
2326 | return 0; | |
2327 | } | |
2328 | ||
2329 | ||
2330 | Then you need to call this function to add your rule: | |
2331 | ||
2332 | :: | |
2333 | ||
2334 | snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(substream->runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS, | |
2335 | hw_rule_channels_by_format, NULL, | |
2336 | SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT, -1); | |
2337 | ||
2338 | The rule function is called when an application sets the PCM format, and | |
2339 | it refines the number of channels accordingly. But an application may | |
2340 | set the number of channels before setting the format. Thus you also need | |
2341 | to define the inverse rule: | |
2342 | ||
2343 | :: | |
2344 | ||
2345 | static int hw_rule_format_by_channels(struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params, | |
2346 | struct snd_pcm_hw_rule *rule) | |
2347 | { | |
2348 | struct snd_interval *c = hw_param_interval(params, | |
2349 | SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS); | |
2350 | struct snd_mask *f = hw_param_mask(params, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT); | |
2351 | struct snd_mask fmt; | |
2352 | ||
2353 | snd_mask_any(&fmt); /* Init the struct */ | |
2354 | if (c->min < 2) { | |
2355 | fmt.bits[0] &= SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE; | |
2356 | return snd_mask_refine(f, &fmt); | |
2357 | } | |
2358 | return 0; | |
2359 | } | |
2360 | ||
2361 | ||
2362 | ... and in the open callback: | |
2363 | ||
2364 | :: | |
2365 | ||
2366 | snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(substream->runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT, | |
2367 | hw_rule_format_by_channels, NULL, | |
2368 | SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS, -1); | |
2369 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
2370 | One typical usage of the hw constraints is to align the buffer size |
2371 | with the period size. As default, ALSA PCM core doesn't enforce the | |
2372 | buffer size to be aligned with the period size. For example, it'd be | |
2373 | possible to have a combination like 256 period bytes with 999 buffer | |
2374 | bytes. | |
2375 | ||
2376 | Many device chips, however, require the buffer to be a multiple of | |
2377 | periods. In such a case, call | |
2378 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer()` for | |
2379 | ``SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS``. | |
2380 | ||
2381 | :: | |
2382 | ||
2383 | snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer(substream->runtime, | |
2384 | SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS); | |
2385 | ||
2386 | This assures that the number of periods is integer, hence the buffer | |
2387 | size is aligned with the period size. | |
2388 | ||
2389 | The hw constraint is a very much powerful mechanism to define the | |
2390 | preferred PCM configuration, and there are relevant helpers. | |
7ddedebb TI |
2391 | I won't give more details here, rather I would like to say, “Luke, use |
2392 | the source.” | |
2393 | ||
2394 | Control Interface | |
2395 | ================= | |
2396 | ||
2397 | General | |
2398 | ------- | |
2399 | ||
2400 | The control interface is used widely for many switches, sliders, etc. | |
2401 | which are accessed from user-space. Its most important use is the mixer | |
2402 | interface. In other words, since ALSA 0.9.x, all the mixer stuff is | |
2403 | implemented on the control kernel API. | |
2404 | ||
2405 | ALSA has a well-defined AC97 control module. If your chip supports only | |
2406 | the AC97 and nothing else, you can skip this section. | |
2407 | ||
2408 | The control API is defined in ``<sound/control.h>``. Include this file | |
2409 | if you want to add your own controls. | |
2410 | ||
2411 | Definition of Controls | |
2412 | ---------------------- | |
2413 | ||
2414 | To create a new control, you need to define the following three | |
2415 | callbacks: ``info``, ``get`` and ``put``. Then, define a | |
2416 | :c:type:`struct snd_kcontrol_new <snd_kcontrol_new>` record, such as: | |
2417 | ||
2418 | :: | |
2419 | ||
2420 | ||
2421 | static struct snd_kcontrol_new my_control = { | |
2422 | .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, | |
2423 | .name = "PCM Playback Switch", | |
2424 | .index = 0, | |
2425 | .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE, | |
2426 | .private_value = 0xffff, | |
2427 | .info = my_control_info, | |
2428 | .get = my_control_get, | |
2429 | .put = my_control_put | |
2430 | }; | |
2431 | ||
2432 | ||
2433 | The ``iface`` field specifies the control type, | |
2434 | ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_XXX``, which is usually ``MIXER``. Use ``CARD`` | |
2435 | for global controls that are not logically part of the mixer. If the | |
2436 | control is closely associated with some specific device on the sound | |
2437 | card, use ``HWDEP``, ``PCM``, ``RAWMIDI``, ``TIMER``, or ``SEQUENCER``, | |
2438 | and specify the device number with the ``device`` and ``subdevice`` | |
2439 | fields. | |
2440 | ||
2441 | The ``name`` is the name identifier string. Since ALSA 0.9.x, the | |
2442 | control name is very important, because its role is classified from | |
2443 | its name. There are pre-defined standard control names. The details | |
2444 | are described in the `Control Names`_ subsection. | |
2445 | ||
2446 | The ``index`` field holds the index number of this control. If there | |
2447 | are several different controls with the same name, they can be | |
2448 | distinguished by the index number. This is the case when several | |
2449 | codecs exist on the card. If the index is zero, you can omit the | |
2450 | definition above. | |
2451 | ||
2452 | The ``access`` field contains the access type of this control. Give | |
2453 | the combination of bit masks, ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_XXX``, | |
2454 | there. The details will be explained in the `Access Flags`_ | |
2455 | subsection. | |
2456 | ||
2457 | The ``private_value`` field contains an arbitrary long integer value | |
2458 | for this record. When using the generic ``info``, ``get`` and ``put`` | |
2459 | callbacks, you can pass a value through this field. If several small | |
2460 | numbers are necessary, you can combine them in bitwise. Or, it's | |
2461 | possible to give a pointer (casted to unsigned long) of some record to | |
2462 | this field, too. | |
2463 | ||
2464 | The ``tlv`` field can be used to provide metadata about the control; | |
2465 | see the `Metadata`_ subsection. | |
2466 | ||
2467 | The other three are `Control Callbacks`_. | |
2468 | ||
2469 | Control Names | |
2470 | ------------- | |
2471 | ||
2472 | There are some standards to define the control names. A control is | |
2473 | usually defined from the three parts as “SOURCE DIRECTION FUNCTION”. | |
2474 | ||
2475 | The first, ``SOURCE``, specifies the source of the control, and is a | |
2476 | string such as “Master”, “PCM”, “CD” and “Line”. There are many | |
2477 | pre-defined sources. | |
2478 | ||
2479 | The second, ``DIRECTION``, is one of the following strings according to | |
2480 | the direction of the control: “Playback”, “Capture”, “Bypass Playback” | |
2481 | and “Bypass Capture”. Or, it can be omitted, meaning both playback and | |
2482 | capture directions. | |
2483 | ||
2484 | The third, ``FUNCTION``, is one of the following strings according to | |
2485 | the function of the control: “Switch”, “Volume” and “Route”. | |
2486 | ||
2487 | The example of control names are, thus, “Master Capture Switch” or “PCM | |
2488 | Playback Volume”. | |
2489 | ||
2490 | There are some exceptions: | |
2491 | ||
2492 | Global capture and playback | |
2493 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2494 | ||
2495 | “Capture Source”, “Capture Switch” and “Capture Volume” are used for the | |
2496 | global capture (input) source, switch and volume. Similarly, “Playback | |
2497 | Switch” and “Playback Volume” are used for the global output gain switch | |
2498 | and volume. | |
2499 | ||
2500 | Tone-controls | |
2501 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2502 | ||
2503 | tone-control switch and volumes are specified like “Tone Control - XXX”, | |
2504 | e.g. “Tone Control - Switch”, “Tone Control - Bass”, “Tone Control - | |
2505 | Center”. | |
2506 | ||
2507 | 3D controls | |
2508 | ~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2509 | ||
2510 | 3D-control switches and volumes are specified like “3D Control - XXX”, | |
2511 | e.g. “3D Control - Switch”, “3D Control - Center”, “3D Control - Space”. | |
2512 | ||
2513 | Mic boost | |
2514 | ~~~~~~~~~ | |
2515 | ||
2516 | Mic-boost switch is set as “Mic Boost” or “Mic Boost (6dB)”. | |
2517 | ||
2518 | More precise information can be found in | |
f495ae3c | 2519 | ``Documentation/sound/designs/control-names.rst``. |
7ddedebb TI |
2520 | |
2521 | Access Flags | |
2522 | ------------ | |
2523 | ||
2524 | The access flag is the bitmask which specifies the access type of the | |
2525 | given control. The default access type is | |
2526 | ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE``, which means both read and write are | |
2527 | allowed to this control. When the access flag is omitted (i.e. = 0), it | |
2528 | is considered as ``READWRITE`` access as default. | |
2529 | ||
2530 | When the control is read-only, pass ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ`` | |
2531 | instead. In this case, you don't have to define the ``put`` callback. | |
2532 | Similarly, when the control is write-only (although it's a rare case), | |
2533 | you can use the ``WRITE`` flag instead, and you don't need the ``get`` | |
2534 | callback. | |
2535 | ||
2536 | If the control value changes frequently (e.g. the VU meter), | |
2537 | ``VOLATILE`` flag should be given. This means that the control may be | |
2538 | changed without `Change notification`_. Applications should poll such | |
2539 | a control constantly. | |
2540 | ||
2541 | When the control is inactive, set the ``INACTIVE`` flag, too. There are | |
2542 | ``LOCK`` and ``OWNER`` flags to change the write permissions. | |
2543 | ||
2544 | Control Callbacks | |
2545 | ----------------- | |
2546 | ||
2547 | info callback | |
2548 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2549 | ||
2550 | The ``info`` callback is used to get detailed information on this | |
2551 | control. This must store the values of the given :c:type:`struct | |
2552 | snd_ctl_elem_info <snd_ctl_elem_info>` object. For example, | |
2553 | for a boolean control with a single element: | |
2554 | ||
2555 | :: | |
2556 | ||
2557 | ||
2558 | static int snd_myctl_mono_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, | |
2559 | struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) | |
2560 | { | |
2561 | uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_BOOLEAN; | |
2562 | uinfo->count = 1; | |
2563 | uinfo->value.integer.min = 0; | |
2564 | uinfo->value.integer.max = 1; | |
2565 | return 0; | |
2566 | } | |
2567 | ||
2568 | ||
2569 | ||
2570 | The ``type`` field specifies the type of the control. There are | |
2571 | ``BOOLEAN``, ``INTEGER``, ``ENUMERATED``, ``BYTES``, ``IEC958`` and | |
2572 | ``INTEGER64``. The ``count`` field specifies the number of elements in | |
2573 | this control. For example, a stereo volume would have count = 2. The | |
2574 | ``value`` field is a union, and the values stored are depending on the | |
2575 | type. The boolean and integer types are identical. | |
2576 | ||
2577 | The enumerated type is a bit different from others. You'll need to set | |
2578 | the string for the currently given item index. | |
2579 | ||
2580 | :: | |
2581 | ||
2582 | static int snd_myctl_enum_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, | |
2583 | struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) | |
2584 | { | |
2585 | static char *texts[4] = { | |
2586 | "First", "Second", "Third", "Fourth" | |
2587 | }; | |
2588 | uinfo->type = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_ENUMERATED; | |
2589 | uinfo->count = 1; | |
2590 | uinfo->value.enumerated.items = 4; | |
2591 | if (uinfo->value.enumerated.item > 3) | |
2592 | uinfo->value.enumerated.item = 3; | |
2593 | strcpy(uinfo->value.enumerated.name, | |
2594 | texts[uinfo->value.enumerated.item]); | |
2595 | return 0; | |
2596 | } | |
2597 | ||
2598 | The above callback can be simplified with a helper function, | |
2599 | :c:func:`snd_ctl_enum_info()`. The final code looks like below. | |
2600 | (You can pass ``ARRAY_SIZE(texts)`` instead of 4 in the third argument; | |
2601 | it's a matter of taste.) | |
2602 | ||
2603 | :: | |
2604 | ||
2605 | static int snd_myctl_enum_info(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, | |
2606 | struct snd_ctl_elem_info *uinfo) | |
2607 | { | |
2608 | static char *texts[4] = { | |
2609 | "First", "Second", "Third", "Fourth" | |
2610 | }; | |
2611 | return snd_ctl_enum_info(uinfo, 1, 4, texts); | |
2612 | } | |
2613 | ||
2614 | ||
2615 | Some common info callbacks are available for your convenience: | |
2616 | :c:func:`snd_ctl_boolean_mono_info()` and | |
2617 | :c:func:`snd_ctl_boolean_stereo_info()`. Obviously, the former | |
2618 | is an info callback for a mono channel boolean item, just like | |
2619 | :c:func:`snd_myctl_mono_info()` above, and the latter is for a | |
2620 | stereo channel boolean item. | |
2621 | ||
2622 | get callback | |
2623 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2624 | ||
2625 | This callback is used to read the current value of the control and to | |
2626 | return to user-space. | |
2627 | ||
2628 | For example, | |
2629 | ||
2630 | :: | |
2631 | ||
2632 | ||
2633 | static int snd_myctl_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, | |
2634 | struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) | |
2635 | { | |
2636 | struct mychip *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); | |
2637 | ucontrol->value.integer.value[0] = get_some_value(chip); | |
2638 | return 0; | |
2639 | } | |
2640 | ||
2641 | ||
2642 | ||
2643 | The ``value`` field depends on the type of control as well as on the | |
2644 | info callback. For example, the sb driver uses this field to store the | |
2645 | register offset, the bit-shift and the bit-mask. The ``private_value`` | |
2646 | field is set as follows: | |
2647 | ||
2648 | :: | |
2649 | ||
2650 | .private_value = reg | (shift << 16) | (mask << 24) | |
2651 | ||
2652 | and is retrieved in callbacks like | |
2653 | ||
2654 | :: | |
2655 | ||
2656 | static int snd_sbmixer_get_single(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, | |
2657 | struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) | |
2658 | { | |
2659 | int reg = kcontrol->private_value & 0xff; | |
2660 | int shift = (kcontrol->private_value >> 16) & 0xff; | |
2661 | int mask = (kcontrol->private_value >> 24) & 0xff; | |
2662 | .... | |
2663 | } | |
2664 | ||
2665 | In the ``get`` callback, you have to fill all the elements if the | |
2666 | control has more than one elements, i.e. ``count > 1``. In the example | |
2667 | above, we filled only one element (``value.integer.value[0]``) since | |
2668 | it's assumed as ``count = 1``. | |
2669 | ||
2670 | put callback | |
2671 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2672 | ||
2673 | This callback is used to write a value from user-space. | |
2674 | ||
2675 | For example, | |
2676 | ||
2677 | :: | |
2678 | ||
2679 | ||
2680 | static int snd_myctl_put(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, | |
2681 | struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol) | |
2682 | { | |
2683 | struct mychip *chip = snd_kcontrol_chip(kcontrol); | |
2684 | int changed = 0; | |
2685 | if (chip->current_value != | |
2686 | ucontrol->value.integer.value[0]) { | |
2687 | change_current_value(chip, | |
2688 | ucontrol->value.integer.value[0]); | |
2689 | changed = 1; | |
2690 | } | |
2691 | return changed; | |
2692 | } | |
2693 | ||
2694 | ||
2695 | ||
2696 | As seen above, you have to return 1 if the value is changed. If the | |
2697 | value is not changed, return 0 instead. If any fatal error happens, | |
2698 | return a negative error code as usual. | |
2699 | ||
2700 | As in the ``get`` callback, when the control has more than one | |
2701 | elements, all elements must be evaluated in this callback, too. | |
2702 | ||
2703 | Callbacks are not atomic | |
2704 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
2705 | ||
2706 | All these three callbacks are basically not atomic. | |
2707 | ||
2708 | Control Constructor | |
2709 | ------------------- | |
2710 | ||
2711 | When everything is ready, finally we can create a new control. To create | |
2712 | a control, there are two functions to be called, | |
2713 | :c:func:`snd_ctl_new1()` and :c:func:`snd_ctl_add()`. | |
2714 | ||
2715 | In the simplest way, you can do like this: | |
2716 | ||
2717 | :: | |
2718 | ||
2719 | err = snd_ctl_add(card, snd_ctl_new1(&my_control, chip)); | |
2720 | if (err < 0) | |
2721 | return err; | |
2722 | ||
2723 | where ``my_control`` is the :c:type:`struct snd_kcontrol_new | |
2724 | <snd_kcontrol_new>` object defined above, and chip is the object | |
2725 | pointer to be passed to kcontrol->private_data which can be referred | |
2726 | to in callbacks. | |
2727 | ||
2728 | :c:func:`snd_ctl_new1()` allocates a new :c:type:`struct | |
2729 | snd_kcontrol <snd_kcontrol>` instance, and | |
2730 | :c:func:`snd_ctl_add()` assigns the given control component to the | |
2731 | card. | |
2732 | ||
2733 | Change Notification | |
2734 | ------------------- | |
2735 | ||
2736 | If you need to change and update a control in the interrupt routine, you | |
2737 | can call :c:func:`snd_ctl_notify()`. For example, | |
2738 | ||
2739 | :: | |
2740 | ||
2741 | snd_ctl_notify(card, SNDRV_CTL_EVENT_MASK_VALUE, id_pointer); | |
2742 | ||
2743 | This function takes the card pointer, the event-mask, and the control id | |
2744 | pointer for the notification. The event-mask specifies the types of | |
2745 | notification, for example, in the above example, the change of control | |
2746 | values is notified. The id pointer is the pointer of :c:type:`struct | |
2747 | snd_ctl_elem_id <snd_ctl_elem_id>` to be notified. You can | |
2748 | find some examples in ``es1938.c`` or ``es1968.c`` for hardware volume | |
2749 | interrupts. | |
2750 | ||
2751 | Metadata | |
2752 | -------- | |
2753 | ||
2754 | To provide information about the dB values of a mixer control, use on of | |
2755 | the ``DECLARE_TLV_xxx`` macros from ``<sound/tlv.h>`` to define a | |
2756 | variable containing this information, set the ``tlv.p`` field to point to | |
2757 | this variable, and include the ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_TLV_READ`` flag | |
2758 | in the ``access`` field; like this: | |
2759 | ||
2760 | :: | |
2761 | ||
2762 | static DECLARE_TLV_DB_SCALE(db_scale_my_control, -4050, 150, 0); | |
2763 | ||
2764 | static struct snd_kcontrol_new my_control = { | |
2765 | ... | |
2766 | .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | | |
2767 | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_TLV_READ, | |
2768 | ... | |
2769 | .tlv.p = db_scale_my_control, | |
2770 | }; | |
2771 | ||
2772 | ||
2773 | The :c:func:`DECLARE_TLV_DB_SCALE()` macro defines information | |
2774 | about a mixer control where each step in the control's value changes the | |
2775 | dB value by a constant dB amount. The first parameter is the name of the | |
2776 | variable to be defined. The second parameter is the minimum value, in | |
2777 | units of 0.01 dB. The third parameter is the step size, in units of 0.01 | |
2778 | dB. Set the fourth parameter to 1 if the minimum value actually mutes | |
2779 | the control. | |
2780 | ||
2781 | The :c:func:`DECLARE_TLV_DB_LINEAR()` macro defines information | |
2782 | about a mixer control where the control's value affects the output | |
2783 | linearly. The first parameter is the name of the variable to be defined. | |
2784 | The second parameter is the minimum value, in units of 0.01 dB. The | |
2785 | third parameter is the maximum value, in units of 0.01 dB. If the | |
2786 | minimum value mutes the control, set the second parameter to | |
2787 | ``TLV_DB_GAIN_MUTE``. | |
2788 | ||
2789 | API for AC97 Codec | |
2790 | ================== | |
2791 | ||
2792 | General | |
2793 | ------- | |
2794 | ||
2795 | The ALSA AC97 codec layer is a well-defined one, and you don't have to | |
2796 | write much code to control it. Only low-level control routines are | |
2797 | necessary. The AC97 codec API is defined in ``<sound/ac97_codec.h>``. | |
2798 | ||
2799 | Full Code Example | |
2800 | ----------------- | |
2801 | ||
2802 | :: | |
2803 | ||
2804 | struct mychip { | |
2805 | .... | |
2806 | struct snd_ac97 *ac97; | |
2807 | .... | |
2808 | }; | |
2809 | ||
2810 | static unsigned short snd_mychip_ac97_read(struct snd_ac97 *ac97, | |
2811 | unsigned short reg) | |
2812 | { | |
2813 | struct mychip *chip = ac97->private_data; | |
2814 | .... | |
2815 | /* read a register value here from the codec */ | |
2816 | return the_register_value; | |
2817 | } | |
2818 | ||
2819 | static void snd_mychip_ac97_write(struct snd_ac97 *ac97, | |
2820 | unsigned short reg, unsigned short val) | |
2821 | { | |
2822 | struct mychip *chip = ac97->private_data; | |
2823 | .... | |
2824 | /* write the given register value to the codec */ | |
2825 | } | |
2826 | ||
2827 | static int snd_mychip_ac97(struct mychip *chip) | |
2828 | { | |
2829 | struct snd_ac97_bus *bus; | |
2830 | struct snd_ac97_template ac97; | |
2831 | int err; | |
2832 | static struct snd_ac97_bus_ops ops = { | |
2833 | .write = snd_mychip_ac97_write, | |
2834 | .read = snd_mychip_ac97_read, | |
2835 | }; | |
2836 | ||
2837 | err = snd_ac97_bus(chip->card, 0, &ops, NULL, &bus); | |
2838 | if (err < 0) | |
2839 | return err; | |
2840 | memset(&ac97, 0, sizeof(ac97)); | |
2841 | ac97.private_data = chip; | |
2842 | return snd_ac97_mixer(bus, &ac97, &chip->ac97); | |
2843 | } | |
2844 | ||
2845 | ||
2846 | AC97 Constructor | |
2847 | ---------------- | |
2848 | ||
2849 | To create an ac97 instance, first call :c:func:`snd_ac97_bus()` | |
2850 | with an ``ac97_bus_ops_t`` record with callback functions. | |
2851 | ||
2852 | :: | |
2853 | ||
2854 | struct snd_ac97_bus *bus; | |
2855 | static struct snd_ac97_bus_ops ops = { | |
2856 | .write = snd_mychip_ac97_write, | |
2857 | .read = snd_mychip_ac97_read, | |
2858 | }; | |
2859 | ||
2860 | snd_ac97_bus(card, 0, &ops, NULL, &pbus); | |
2861 | ||
2862 | The bus record is shared among all belonging ac97 instances. | |
2863 | ||
2864 | And then call :c:func:`snd_ac97_mixer()` with an :c:type:`struct | |
2865 | snd_ac97_template <snd_ac97_template>` record together with | |
2866 | the bus pointer created above. | |
2867 | ||
2868 | :: | |
2869 | ||
2870 | struct snd_ac97_template ac97; | |
2871 | int err; | |
2872 | ||
2873 | memset(&ac97, 0, sizeof(ac97)); | |
2874 | ac97.private_data = chip; | |
2875 | snd_ac97_mixer(bus, &ac97, &chip->ac97); | |
2876 | ||
2877 | where chip->ac97 is a pointer to a newly created ``ac97_t`` | |
2878 | instance. In this case, the chip pointer is set as the private data, | |
2879 | so that the read/write callback functions can refer to this chip | |
2880 | instance. This instance is not necessarily stored in the chip | |
2881 | record. If you need to change the register values from the driver, or | |
2882 | need the suspend/resume of ac97 codecs, keep this pointer to pass to | |
2883 | the corresponding functions. | |
2884 | ||
2885 | AC97 Callbacks | |
2886 | -------------- | |
2887 | ||
2888 | The standard callbacks are ``read`` and ``write``. Obviously they | |
2889 | correspond to the functions for read and write accesses to the | |
2890 | hardware low-level codes. | |
2891 | ||
2892 | The ``read`` callback returns the register value specified in the | |
2893 | argument. | |
2894 | ||
2895 | :: | |
2896 | ||
2897 | static unsigned short snd_mychip_ac97_read(struct snd_ac97 *ac97, | |
2898 | unsigned short reg) | |
2899 | { | |
2900 | struct mychip *chip = ac97->private_data; | |
2901 | .... | |
2902 | return the_register_value; | |
2903 | } | |
2904 | ||
2905 | Here, the chip can be cast from ``ac97->private_data``. | |
2906 | ||
2907 | Meanwhile, the ``write`` callback is used to set the register | |
2908 | value | |
2909 | ||
2910 | :: | |
2911 | ||
2912 | static void snd_mychip_ac97_write(struct snd_ac97 *ac97, | |
2913 | unsigned short reg, unsigned short val) | |
2914 | ||
2915 | ||
2916 | These callbacks are non-atomic like the control API callbacks. | |
2917 | ||
2918 | There are also other callbacks: ``reset``, ``wait`` and ``init``. | |
2919 | ||
2920 | The ``reset`` callback is used to reset the codec. If the chip | |
2921 | requires a special kind of reset, you can define this callback. | |
2922 | ||
2923 | The ``wait`` callback is used to add some waiting time in the standard | |
2924 | initialization of the codec. If the chip requires the extra waiting | |
2925 | time, define this callback. | |
2926 | ||
2927 | The ``init`` callback is used for additional initialization of the | |
2928 | codec. | |
2929 | ||
2930 | Updating Registers in The Driver | |
2931 | -------------------------------- | |
2932 | ||
2933 | If you need to access to the codec from the driver, you can call the | |
2934 | following functions: :c:func:`snd_ac97_write()`, | |
2935 | :c:func:`snd_ac97_read()`, :c:func:`snd_ac97_update()` and | |
2936 | :c:func:`snd_ac97_update_bits()`. | |
2937 | ||
2938 | Both :c:func:`snd_ac97_write()` and | |
2939 | :c:func:`snd_ac97_update()` functions are used to set a value to | |
2940 | the given register (``AC97_XXX``). The difference between them is that | |
2941 | :c:func:`snd_ac97_update()` doesn't write a value if the given | |
2942 | value has been already set, while :c:func:`snd_ac97_write()` | |
2943 | always rewrites the value. | |
2944 | ||
2945 | :: | |
2946 | ||
2947 | snd_ac97_write(ac97, AC97_MASTER, 0x8080); | |
2948 | snd_ac97_update(ac97, AC97_MASTER, 0x8080); | |
2949 | ||
2950 | :c:func:`snd_ac97_read()` is used to read the value of the given | |
2951 | register. For example, | |
2952 | ||
2953 | :: | |
2954 | ||
2955 | value = snd_ac97_read(ac97, AC97_MASTER); | |
2956 | ||
2957 | :c:func:`snd_ac97_update_bits()` is used to update some bits in | |
2958 | the given register. | |
2959 | ||
2960 | :: | |
2961 | ||
2962 | snd_ac97_update_bits(ac97, reg, mask, value); | |
2963 | ||
2964 | Also, there is a function to change the sample rate (of a given register | |
2965 | such as ``AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE``) when VRA or DRA is supported by the | |
2966 | codec: :c:func:`snd_ac97_set_rate()`. | |
2967 | ||
2968 | :: | |
2969 | ||
2970 | snd_ac97_set_rate(ac97, AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE, 44100); | |
2971 | ||
2972 | ||
2973 | The following registers are available to set the rate: | |
2974 | ``AC97_PCM_MIC_ADC_RATE``, ``AC97_PCM_FRONT_DAC_RATE``, | |
2975 | ``AC97_PCM_LR_ADC_RATE``, ``AC97_SPDIF``. When ``AC97_SPDIF`` is | |
2976 | specified, the register is not really changed but the corresponding | |
2977 | IEC958 status bits will be updated. | |
2978 | ||
2979 | Clock Adjustment | |
2980 | ---------------- | |
2981 | ||
2982 | In some chips, the clock of the codec isn't 48000 but using a PCI clock | |
2983 | (to save a quartz!). In this case, change the field ``bus->clock`` to | |
2984 | the corresponding value. For example, intel8x0 and es1968 drivers have | |
2985 | their own function to read from the clock. | |
2986 | ||
2987 | Proc Files | |
2988 | ---------- | |
2989 | ||
2990 | The ALSA AC97 interface will create a proc file such as | |
2991 | ``/proc/asound/card0/codec97#0/ac97#0-0`` and ``ac97#0-0+regs``. You | |
2992 | can refer to these files to see the current status and registers of | |
2993 | the codec. | |
2994 | ||
2995 | Multiple Codecs | |
2996 | --------------- | |
2997 | ||
2998 | When there are several codecs on the same card, you need to call | |
2999 | :c:func:`snd_ac97_mixer()` multiple times with ``ac97.num=1`` or | |
3000 | greater. The ``num`` field specifies the codec number. | |
3001 | ||
3002 | If you set up multiple codecs, you either need to write different | |
3003 | callbacks for each codec or check ``ac97->num`` in the callback | |
3004 | routines. | |
3005 | ||
3006 | MIDI (MPU401-UART) Interface | |
3007 | ============================ | |
3008 | ||
3009 | General | |
3010 | ------- | |
3011 | ||
3012 | Many soundcards have built-in MIDI (MPU401-UART) interfaces. When the | |
3013 | soundcard supports the standard MPU401-UART interface, most likely you | |
3014 | can use the ALSA MPU401-UART API. The MPU401-UART API is defined in | |
3015 | ``<sound/mpu401.h>``. | |
3016 | ||
3017 | Some soundchips have a similar but slightly different implementation of | |
3018 | mpu401 stuff. For example, emu10k1 has its own mpu401 routines. | |
3019 | ||
3020 | MIDI Constructor | |
3021 | ---------------- | |
3022 | ||
3023 | To create a rawmidi object, call :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_new()`. | |
3024 | ||
3025 | :: | |
3026 | ||
3027 | struct snd_rawmidi *rmidi; | |
3028 | snd_mpu401_uart_new(card, 0, MPU401_HW_MPU401, port, info_flags, | |
3029 | irq, &rmidi); | |
3030 | ||
3031 | ||
3032 | The first argument is the card pointer, and the second is the index of | |
3033 | this component. You can create up to 8 rawmidi devices. | |
3034 | ||
3035 | The third argument is the type of the hardware, ``MPU401_HW_XXX``. If | |
3036 | it's not a special one, you can use ``MPU401_HW_MPU401``. | |
3037 | ||
3038 | The 4th argument is the I/O port address. Many backward-compatible | |
3039 | MPU401 have an I/O port such as 0x330. Or, it might be a part of its own | |
3040 | PCI I/O region. It depends on the chip design. | |
3041 | ||
3042 | The 5th argument is a bitflag for additional information. When the I/O | |
3043 | port address above is part of the PCI I/O region, the MPU401 I/O port | |
3044 | might have been already allocated (reserved) by the driver itself. In | |
3045 | such a case, pass a bit flag ``MPU401_INFO_INTEGRATED``, and the | |
3046 | mpu401-uart layer will allocate the I/O ports by itself. | |
3047 | ||
3048 | When the controller supports only the input or output MIDI stream, pass | |
3049 | the ``MPU401_INFO_INPUT`` or ``MPU401_INFO_OUTPUT`` bitflag, | |
3050 | respectively. Then the rawmidi instance is created as a single stream. | |
3051 | ||
3052 | ``MPU401_INFO_MMIO`` bitflag is used to change the access method to MMIO | |
3053 | (via readb and writeb) instead of iob and outb. In this case, you have | |
3054 | to pass the iomapped address to :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_new()`. | |
3055 | ||
3056 | When ``MPU401_INFO_TX_IRQ`` is set, the output stream isn't checked in | |
3057 | the default interrupt handler. The driver needs to call | |
3058 | :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt_tx()` by itself to start | |
3059 | processing the output stream in the irq handler. | |
3060 | ||
3061 | If the MPU-401 interface shares its interrupt with the other logical | |
3062 | devices on the card, set ``MPU401_INFO_IRQ_HOOK`` (see | |
3063 | `below <#MIDI-Interrupt-Handler>`__). | |
3064 | ||
3065 | Usually, the port address corresponds to the command port and port + 1 | |
3066 | corresponds to the data port. If not, you may change the ``cport`` | |
3067 | field of :c:type:`struct snd_mpu401 <snd_mpu401>` manually afterward. | |
3068 | However, :c:type:`struct snd_mpu401 <snd_mpu401>` pointer is | |
3069 | not returned explicitly by :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_new()`. You | |
3070 | need to cast ``rmidi->private_data`` to :c:type:`struct snd_mpu401 | |
3071 | <snd_mpu401>` explicitly, | |
3072 | ||
3073 | :: | |
3074 | ||
3075 | struct snd_mpu401 *mpu; | |
3076 | mpu = rmidi->private_data; | |
3077 | ||
3078 | and reset the ``cport`` as you like: | |
3079 | ||
3080 | :: | |
3081 | ||
3082 | mpu->cport = my_own_control_port; | |
3083 | ||
3084 | The 6th argument specifies the ISA irq number that will be allocated. If | |
3085 | no interrupt is to be allocated (because your code is already allocating | |
3086 | a shared interrupt, or because the device does not use interrupts), pass | |
3087 | -1 instead. For a MPU-401 device without an interrupt, a polling timer | |
3088 | will be used instead. | |
3089 | ||
3090 | MIDI Interrupt Handler | |
3091 | ---------------------- | |
3092 | ||
3093 | When the interrupt is allocated in | |
3094 | :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_new()`, an exclusive ISA interrupt | |
3095 | handler is automatically used, hence you don't have anything else to do | |
3096 | than creating the mpu401 stuff. Otherwise, you have to set | |
3097 | ``MPU401_INFO_IRQ_HOOK``, and call | |
3098 | :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt()` explicitly from your own | |
3099 | interrupt handler when it has determined that a UART interrupt has | |
3100 | occurred. | |
3101 | ||
3102 | In this case, you need to pass the private_data of the returned rawmidi | |
3103 | object from :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_new()` as the second | |
3104 | argument of :c:func:`snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt()`. | |
3105 | ||
3106 | :: | |
3107 | ||
3108 | snd_mpu401_uart_interrupt(irq, rmidi->private_data, regs); | |
3109 | ||
3110 | ||
3111 | RawMIDI Interface | |
3112 | ================= | |
3113 | ||
3114 | Overview | |
3115 | -------- | |
3116 | ||
3117 | The raw MIDI interface is used for hardware MIDI ports that can be | |
3118 | accessed as a byte stream. It is not used for synthesizer chips that do | |
3119 | not directly understand MIDI. | |
3120 | ||
3121 | ALSA handles file and buffer management. All you have to do is to write | |
3122 | some code to move data between the buffer and the hardware. | |
3123 | ||
3124 | The rawmidi API is defined in ``<sound/rawmidi.h>``. | |
3125 | ||
3126 | RawMIDI Constructor | |
3127 | ------------------- | |
3128 | ||
3129 | To create a rawmidi device, call the :c:func:`snd_rawmidi_new()` | |
3130 | function: | |
3131 | ||
3132 | :: | |
3133 | ||
3134 | struct snd_rawmidi *rmidi; | |
3135 | err = snd_rawmidi_new(chip->card, "MyMIDI", 0, outs, ins, &rmidi); | |
3136 | if (err < 0) | |
3137 | return err; | |
3138 | rmidi->private_data = chip; | |
3139 | strcpy(rmidi->name, "My MIDI"); | |
3140 | rmidi->info_flags = SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_OUTPUT | | |
3141 | SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_INPUT | | |
3142 | SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_DUPLEX; | |
3143 | ||
3144 | The first argument is the card pointer, the second argument is the ID | |
3145 | string. | |
3146 | ||
3147 | The third argument is the index of this component. You can create up to | |
3148 | 8 rawmidi devices. | |
3149 | ||
3150 | The fourth and fifth arguments are the number of output and input | |
3151 | substreams, respectively, of this device (a substream is the equivalent | |
3152 | of a MIDI port). | |
3153 | ||
3154 | Set the ``info_flags`` field to specify the capabilities of the | |
3155 | device. Set ``SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_OUTPUT`` if there is at least one | |
3156 | output port, ``SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_INPUT`` if there is at least one | |
3157 | input port, and ``SNDRV_RAWMIDI_INFO_DUPLEX`` if the device can handle | |
3158 | output and input at the same time. | |
3159 | ||
3160 | After the rawmidi device is created, you need to set the operators | |
3161 | (callbacks) for each substream. There are helper functions to set the | |
3162 | operators for all the substreams of a device: | |
3163 | ||
3164 | :: | |
3165 | ||
3166 | snd_rawmidi_set_ops(rmidi, SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_OUTPUT, &snd_mymidi_output_ops); | |
3167 | snd_rawmidi_set_ops(rmidi, SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_INPUT, &snd_mymidi_input_ops); | |
3168 | ||
3169 | The operators are usually defined like this: | |
3170 | ||
3171 | :: | |
3172 | ||
3173 | static struct snd_rawmidi_ops snd_mymidi_output_ops = { | |
3174 | .open = snd_mymidi_output_open, | |
3175 | .close = snd_mymidi_output_close, | |
3176 | .trigger = snd_mymidi_output_trigger, | |
3177 | }; | |
3178 | ||
3179 | These callbacks are explained in the `RawMIDI Callbacks`_ section. | |
3180 | ||
3181 | If there are more than one substream, you should give a unique name to | |
3182 | each of them: | |
3183 | ||
3184 | :: | |
3185 | ||
3186 | struct snd_rawmidi_substream *substream; | |
3187 | list_for_each_entry(substream, | |
3188 | &rmidi->streams[SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_OUTPUT].substreams, | |
3189 | list { | |
3190 | sprintf(substream->name, "My MIDI Port %d", substream->number + 1); | |
3191 | } | |
3192 | /* same for SNDRV_RAWMIDI_STREAM_INPUT */ | |
3193 | ||
3194 | RawMIDI Callbacks | |
3195 | ----------------- | |
3196 | ||
3197 | In all the callbacks, the private data that you've set for the rawmidi | |
3198 | device can be accessed as ``substream->rmidi->private_data``. | |
3199 | ||
3200 | If there is more than one port, your callbacks can determine the port | |
3201 | index from the struct snd_rawmidi_substream data passed to each | |
3202 | callback: | |
3203 | ||
3204 | :: | |
3205 | ||
3206 | struct snd_rawmidi_substream *substream; | |
3207 | int index = substream->number; | |
3208 | ||
3209 | RawMIDI open callback | |
3210 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
3211 | ||
3212 | :: | |
3213 | ||
3214 | static int snd_xxx_open(struct snd_rawmidi_substream *substream); | |
3215 | ||
3216 | ||
3217 | This is called when a substream is opened. You can initialize the | |
3218 | hardware here, but you shouldn't start transmitting/receiving data yet. | |
3219 | ||
3220 | RawMIDI close callback | |
3221 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
3222 | ||
3223 | :: | |
3224 | ||
3225 | static int snd_xxx_close(struct snd_rawmidi_substream *substream); | |
3226 | ||
3227 | Guess what. | |
3228 | ||
3229 | The ``open`` and ``close`` callbacks of a rawmidi device are | |
3230 | serialized with a mutex, and can sleep. | |
3231 | ||
3232 | Rawmidi trigger callback for output substreams | |
3233 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
3234 | ||
3235 | :: | |
3236 | ||
3237 | static void snd_xxx_output_trigger(struct snd_rawmidi_substream *substream, int up); | |
3238 | ||
3239 | ||
3240 | This is called with a nonzero ``up`` parameter when there is some data | |
3241 | in the substream buffer that must be transmitted. | |
3242 | ||
3243 | To read data from the buffer, call | |
3244 | :c:func:`snd_rawmidi_transmit_peek()`. It will return the number | |
3245 | of bytes that have been read; this will be less than the number of bytes | |
3246 | requested when there are no more data in the buffer. After the data have | |
3247 | been transmitted successfully, call | |
3248 | :c:func:`snd_rawmidi_transmit_ack()` to remove the data from the | |
3249 | substream buffer: | |
3250 | ||
3251 | :: | |
3252 | ||
3253 | unsigned char data; | |
3254 | while (snd_rawmidi_transmit_peek(substream, &data, 1) == 1) { | |
3255 | if (snd_mychip_try_to_transmit(data)) | |
3256 | snd_rawmidi_transmit_ack(substream, 1); | |
3257 | else | |
3258 | break; /* hardware FIFO full */ | |
3259 | } | |
3260 | ||
3261 | If you know beforehand that the hardware will accept data, you can use | |
3262 | the :c:func:`snd_rawmidi_transmit()` function which reads some | |
3263 | data and removes them from the buffer at once: | |
3264 | ||
3265 | :: | |
3266 | ||
3267 | while (snd_mychip_transmit_possible()) { | |
3268 | unsigned char data; | |
3269 | if (snd_rawmidi_transmit(substream, &data, 1) != 1) | |
3270 | break; /* no more data */ | |
3271 | snd_mychip_transmit(data); | |
3272 | } | |
3273 | ||
3274 | If you know beforehand how many bytes you can accept, you can use a | |
3275 | buffer size greater than one with the | |
3276 | :c:func:`snd_rawmidi_transmit\*()` functions. | |
3277 | ||
3278 | The ``trigger`` callback must not sleep. If the hardware FIFO is full | |
3279 | before the substream buffer has been emptied, you have to continue | |
3280 | transmitting data later, either in an interrupt handler, or with a | |
3281 | timer if the hardware doesn't have a MIDI transmit interrupt. | |
3282 | ||
3283 | The ``trigger`` callback is called with a zero ``up`` parameter when | |
3284 | the transmission of data should be aborted. | |
3285 | ||
3286 | RawMIDI trigger callback for input substreams | |
3287 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
3288 | ||
3289 | :: | |
3290 | ||
3291 | static void snd_xxx_input_trigger(struct snd_rawmidi_substream *substream, int up); | |
3292 | ||
3293 | ||
3294 | This is called with a nonzero ``up`` parameter to enable receiving data, | |
3295 | or with a zero ``up`` parameter do disable receiving data. | |
3296 | ||
3297 | The ``trigger`` callback must not sleep; the actual reading of data | |
3298 | from the device is usually done in an interrupt handler. | |
3299 | ||
3300 | When data reception is enabled, your interrupt handler should call | |
3301 | :c:func:`snd_rawmidi_receive()` for all received data: | |
3302 | ||
3303 | :: | |
3304 | ||
3305 | void snd_mychip_midi_interrupt(...) | |
3306 | { | |
3307 | while (mychip_midi_available()) { | |
3308 | unsigned char data; | |
3309 | data = mychip_midi_read(); | |
3310 | snd_rawmidi_receive(substream, &data, 1); | |
3311 | } | |
3312 | } | |
3313 | ||
3314 | ||
3315 | drain callback | |
3316 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
3317 | ||
3318 | :: | |
3319 | ||
3320 | static void snd_xxx_drain(struct snd_rawmidi_substream *substream); | |
3321 | ||
3322 | ||
3323 | This is only used with output substreams. This function should wait | |
3324 | until all data read from the substream buffer have been transmitted. | |
3325 | This ensures that the device can be closed and the driver unloaded | |
3326 | without losing data. | |
3327 | ||
3328 | This callback is optional. If you do not set ``drain`` in the struct | |
3329 | snd_rawmidi_ops structure, ALSA will simply wait for 50 milliseconds | |
3330 | instead. | |
3331 | ||
3332 | Miscellaneous Devices | |
3333 | ===================== | |
3334 | ||
3335 | FM OPL3 | |
3336 | ------- | |
3337 | ||
3338 | The FM OPL3 is still used in many chips (mainly for backward | |
3339 | compatibility). ALSA has a nice OPL3 FM control layer, too. The OPL3 API | |
3340 | is defined in ``<sound/opl3.h>``. | |
3341 | ||
3342 | FM registers can be directly accessed through the direct-FM API, defined | |
3343 | in ``<sound/asound_fm.h>``. In ALSA native mode, FM registers are | |
3344 | accessed through the Hardware-Dependent Device direct-FM extension API, | |
3345 | whereas in OSS compatible mode, FM registers can be accessed with the | |
3346 | OSS direct-FM compatible API in ``/dev/dmfmX`` device. | |
3347 | ||
3348 | To create the OPL3 component, you have two functions to call. The first | |
3349 | one is a constructor for the ``opl3_t`` instance. | |
3350 | ||
3351 | :: | |
3352 | ||
3353 | struct snd_opl3 *opl3; | |
3354 | snd_opl3_create(card, lport, rport, OPL3_HW_OPL3_XXX, | |
3355 | integrated, &opl3); | |
3356 | ||
3357 | The first argument is the card pointer, the second one is the left port | |
3358 | address, and the third is the right port address. In most cases, the | |
3359 | right port is placed at the left port + 2. | |
3360 | ||
3361 | The fourth argument is the hardware type. | |
3362 | ||
3363 | When the left and right ports have been already allocated by the card | |
3364 | driver, pass non-zero to the fifth argument (``integrated``). Otherwise, | |
3365 | the opl3 module will allocate the specified ports by itself. | |
3366 | ||
3367 | When the accessing the hardware requires special method instead of the | |
3368 | standard I/O access, you can create opl3 instance separately with | |
3369 | :c:func:`snd_opl3_new()`. | |
3370 | ||
3371 | :: | |
3372 | ||
3373 | struct snd_opl3 *opl3; | |
3374 | snd_opl3_new(card, OPL3_HW_OPL3_XXX, &opl3); | |
3375 | ||
3376 | Then set ``command``, ``private_data`` and ``private_free`` for the | |
3377 | private access function, the private data and the destructor. The | |
3378 | ``l_port`` and ``r_port`` are not necessarily set. Only the command | |
3379 | must be set properly. You can retrieve the data from the | |
3380 | ``opl3->private_data`` field. | |
3381 | ||
3382 | After creating the opl3 instance via :c:func:`snd_opl3_new()`, | |
3383 | call :c:func:`snd_opl3_init()` to initialize the chip to the | |
3384 | proper state. Note that :c:func:`snd_opl3_create()` always calls | |
3385 | it internally. | |
3386 | ||
3387 | If the opl3 instance is created successfully, then create a hwdep device | |
3388 | for this opl3. | |
3389 | ||
3390 | :: | |
3391 | ||
3392 | struct snd_hwdep *opl3hwdep; | |
3393 | snd_opl3_hwdep_new(opl3, 0, 1, &opl3hwdep); | |
3394 | ||
3395 | The first argument is the ``opl3_t`` instance you created, and the | |
3396 | second is the index number, usually 0. | |
3397 | ||
3398 | The third argument is the index-offset for the sequencer client assigned | |
3399 | to the OPL3 port. When there is an MPU401-UART, give 1 for here (UART | |
3400 | always takes 0). | |
3401 | ||
3402 | Hardware-Dependent Devices | |
3403 | -------------------------- | |
3404 | ||
3405 | Some chips need user-space access for special controls or for loading | |
3406 | the micro code. In such a case, you can create a hwdep | |
3407 | (hardware-dependent) device. The hwdep API is defined in | |
3408 | ``<sound/hwdep.h>``. You can find examples in opl3 driver or | |
3409 | ``isa/sb/sb16_csp.c``. | |
3410 | ||
3411 | The creation of the ``hwdep`` instance is done via | |
3412 | :c:func:`snd_hwdep_new()`. | |
3413 | ||
3414 | :: | |
3415 | ||
3416 | struct snd_hwdep *hw; | |
3417 | snd_hwdep_new(card, "My HWDEP", 0, &hw); | |
3418 | ||
3419 | where the third argument is the index number. | |
3420 | ||
3421 | You can then pass any pointer value to the ``private_data``. If you | |
3422 | assign a private data, you should define the destructor, too. The | |
3423 | destructor function is set in the ``private_free`` field. | |
3424 | ||
3425 | :: | |
3426 | ||
3427 | struct mydata *p = kmalloc(sizeof(*p), GFP_KERNEL); | |
3428 | hw->private_data = p; | |
3429 | hw->private_free = mydata_free; | |
3430 | ||
3431 | and the implementation of the destructor would be: | |
3432 | ||
3433 | :: | |
3434 | ||
3435 | static void mydata_free(struct snd_hwdep *hw) | |
3436 | { | |
3437 | struct mydata *p = hw->private_data; | |
3438 | kfree(p); | |
3439 | } | |
3440 | ||
3441 | The arbitrary file operations can be defined for this instance. The file | |
3442 | operators are defined in the ``ops`` table. For example, assume that | |
3443 | this chip needs an ioctl. | |
3444 | ||
3445 | :: | |
3446 | ||
3447 | hw->ops.open = mydata_open; | |
3448 | hw->ops.ioctl = mydata_ioctl; | |
3449 | hw->ops.release = mydata_release; | |
3450 | ||
3451 | And implement the callback functions as you like. | |
3452 | ||
3453 | IEC958 (S/PDIF) | |
3454 | --------------- | |
3455 | ||
3456 | Usually the controls for IEC958 devices are implemented via the control | |
3457 | interface. There is a macro to compose a name string for IEC958 | |
3458 | controls, :c:func:`SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()` defined in | |
3459 | ``<include/asound.h>``. | |
3460 | ||
3461 | There are some standard controls for IEC958 status bits. These controls | |
3462 | use the type ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_TYPE_IEC958``, and the size of element is | |
3463 | fixed as 4 bytes array (value.iec958.status[x]). For the ``info`` | |
3464 | callback, you don't specify the value field for this type (the count | |
3465 | field must be set, though). | |
3466 | ||
3467 | “IEC958 Playback Con Mask” is used to return the bit-mask for the IEC958 | |
3468 | status bits of consumer mode. Similarly, “IEC958 Playback Pro Mask” | |
3469 | returns the bitmask for professional mode. They are read-only controls, | |
3470 | and are defined as MIXER controls (iface = | |
3471 | ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER``). | |
3472 | ||
3473 | Meanwhile, “IEC958 Playback Default” control is defined for getting and | |
3474 | setting the current default IEC958 bits. Note that this one is usually | |
3475 | defined as a PCM control (iface = ``SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM``), | |
3476 | although in some places it's defined as a MIXER control. | |
3477 | ||
3478 | In addition, you can define the control switches to enable/disable or to | |
3479 | set the raw bit mode. The implementation will depend on the chip, but | |
3480 | the control should be named as “IEC958 xxx”, preferably using the | |
3481 | :c:func:`SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958()` macro. | |
3482 | ||
3483 | You can find several cases, for example, ``pci/emu10k1``, | |
3484 | ``pci/ice1712``, or ``pci/cmipci.c``. | |
3485 | ||
3486 | Buffer and Memory Management | |
3487 | ============================ | |
3488 | ||
3489 | Buffer Types | |
3490 | ------------ | |
3491 | ||
3492 | ALSA provides several different buffer allocation functions depending on | |
3493 | the bus and the architecture. All these have a consistent API. The | |
3494 | allocation of physically-contiguous pages is done via | |
3495 | :c:func:`snd_malloc_xxx_pages()` function, where xxx is the bus | |
3496 | type. | |
3497 | ||
3498 | The allocation of pages with fallback is | |
3499 | :c:func:`snd_malloc_xxx_pages_fallback()`. This function tries | |
3500 | to allocate the specified pages but if the pages are not available, it | |
3501 | tries to reduce the page sizes until enough space is found. | |
3502 | ||
3503 | The release the pages, call :c:func:`snd_free_xxx_pages()` | |
3504 | function. | |
3505 | ||
3506 | Usually, ALSA drivers try to allocate and reserve a large contiguous | |
3507 | physical space at the time the module is loaded for the later use. This | |
3508 | is called “pre-allocation”. As already written, you can call the | |
3509 | following function at pcm instance construction time (in the case of PCI | |
3510 | bus). | |
3511 | ||
3512 | :: | |
3513 | ||
3514 | snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, | |
3515 | snd_dma_pci_data(pci), size, max); | |
3516 | ||
3517 | where ``size`` is the byte size to be pre-allocated and the ``max`` is | |
3518 | the maximum size to be changed via the ``prealloc`` proc file. The | |
3519 | allocator will try to get an area as large as possible within the | |
3520 | given size. | |
3521 | ||
3522 | The second argument (type) and the third argument (device pointer) are | |
3523 | dependent on the bus. In the case of the ISA bus, pass | |
3524 | :c:func:`snd_dma_isa_data()` as the third argument with | |
3525 | ``SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV`` type. For the continuous buffer unrelated to the | |
3526 | bus can be pre-allocated with ``SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_CONTINUOUS`` type and the | |
3527 | ``snd_dma_continuous_data(GFP_KERNEL)`` device pointer, where | |
3528 | ``GFP_KERNEL`` is the kernel allocation flag to use. For the PCI | |
3529 | scatter-gather buffers, use ``SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_SG`` with | |
3530 | ``snd_dma_pci_data(pci)`` (see the `Non-Contiguous Buffers`_ | |
3531 | section). | |
3532 | ||
3533 | Once the buffer is pre-allocated, you can use the allocator in the | |
3534 | ``hw_params`` callback: | |
3535 | ||
3536 | :: | |
3537 | ||
3538 | snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages(substream, size); | |
3539 | ||
3540 | Note that you have to pre-allocate to use this function. | |
3541 | ||
3542 | External Hardware Buffers | |
3543 | ------------------------- | |
3544 | ||
3545 | Some chips have their own hardware buffers and the DMA transfer from the | |
3546 | host memory is not available. In such a case, you need to either 1) | |
3547 | copy/set the audio data directly to the external hardware buffer, or 2) | |
3548 | make an intermediate buffer and copy/set the data from it to the | |
3549 | external hardware buffer in interrupts (or in tasklets, preferably). | |
3550 | ||
3551 | The first case works fine if the external hardware buffer is large | |
3552 | enough. This method doesn't need any extra buffers and thus is more | |
f7a47817 TI |
3553 | effective. You need to define the ``copy_user`` and ``copy_kernel`` |
3554 | callbacks for the data transfer, in addition to ``fill_silence`` | |
3555 | callback for playback. However, there is a drawback: it cannot be | |
7ddedebb TI |
3556 | mmapped. The examples are GUS's GF1 PCM or emu8000's wavetable PCM. |
3557 | ||
3558 | The second case allows for mmap on the buffer, although you have to | |
3559 | handle an interrupt or a tasklet to transfer the data from the | |
3560 | intermediate buffer to the hardware buffer. You can find an example in | |
3561 | the vxpocket driver. | |
3562 | ||
3563 | Another case is when the chip uses a PCI memory-map region for the | |
3564 | buffer instead of the host memory. In this case, mmap is available only | |
3565 | on certain architectures like the Intel one. In non-mmap mode, the data | |
3566 | cannot be transferred as in the normal way. Thus you need to define the | |
f7a47817 TI |
3567 | ``copy_user``, ``copy_kernel`` and ``fill_silence`` callbacks as well, |
3568 | as in the cases above. The examples are found in ``rme32.c`` and | |
3569 | ``rme96.c``. | |
7ddedebb | 3570 | |
f7a47817 TI |
3571 | The implementation of the ``copy_user``, ``copy_kernel`` and |
3572 | ``silence`` callbacks depends upon whether the hardware supports | |
3573 | interleaved or non-interleaved samples. The ``copy_user`` callback is | |
3574 | defined like below, a bit differently depending whether the direction | |
3575 | is playback or capture: | |
7ddedebb TI |
3576 | |
3577 | :: | |
3578 | ||
f7a47817 TI |
3579 | static int playback_copy_user(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, |
3580 | int channel, unsigned long pos, | |
3581 | void __user *src, unsigned long count); | |
3582 | static int capture_copy_user(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, | |
3583 | int channel, unsigned long pos, | |
3584 | void __user *dst, unsigned long count); | |
7ddedebb TI |
3585 | |
3586 | In the case of interleaved samples, the second argument (``channel``) is | |
3587 | not used. The third argument (``pos``) points the current position | |
f7a47817 | 3588 | offset in bytes. |
7ddedebb TI |
3589 | |
3590 | The meaning of the fourth argument is different between playback and | |
3591 | capture. For playback, it holds the source data pointer, and for | |
3592 | capture, it's the destination data pointer. | |
3593 | ||
f7a47817 | 3594 | The last argument is the number of bytes to be copied. |
7ddedebb TI |
3595 | |
3596 | What you have to do in this callback is again different between playback | |
3597 | and capture directions. In the playback case, you copy the given amount | |
3598 | of data (``count``) at the specified pointer (``src``) to the specified | |
3599 | offset (``pos``) on the hardware buffer. When coded like memcpy-like | |
3600 | way, the copy would be like: | |
3601 | ||
3602 | :: | |
3603 | ||
f7a47817 | 3604 | my_memcpy_from_user(my_buffer + pos, src, count); |
7ddedebb TI |
3605 | |
3606 | For the capture direction, you copy the given amount of data (``count``) | |
3607 | at the specified offset (``pos``) on the hardware buffer to the | |
3608 | specified pointer (``dst``). | |
3609 | ||
3610 | :: | |
3611 | ||
f7a47817 TI |
3612 | my_memcpy_to_user(dst, my_buffer + pos, count); |
3613 | ||
3614 | Here the functions are named as ``from_user`` and ``to_user`` because | |
3615 | it's the user-space buffer that is passed to these callbacks. That | |
3616 | is, the callback is supposed to copy from/to the user-space data | |
3617 | directly to/from the hardware buffer. | |
7ddedebb | 3618 | |
f7a47817 TI |
3619 | Careful readers might notice that these callbacks receive the |
3620 | arguments in bytes, not in frames like other callbacks. It's because | |
3621 | it would make coding easier like the examples above, and also it makes | |
3622 | easier to unify both the interleaved and non-interleaved cases, as | |
3623 | explained in the following. | |
7ddedebb TI |
3624 | |
3625 | In the case of non-interleaved samples, the implementation will be a bit | |
f7a47817 TI |
3626 | more complicated. The callback is called for each channel, passed by |
3627 | the second argument, so totally it's called for N-channels times per | |
3628 | transfer. | |
3629 | ||
3630 | The meaning of other arguments are almost same as the interleaved | |
3631 | case. The callback is supposed to copy the data from/to the given | |
3632 | user-space buffer, but only for the given channel. For the detailed | |
3633 | implementations, please check ``isa/gus/gus_pcm.c`` or | |
3634 | "pci/rme9652/rme9652.c" as examples. | |
3635 | ||
3636 | The above callbacks are the copy from/to the user-space buffer. There | |
3637 | are some cases where we want copy from/to the kernel-space buffer | |
3638 | instead. In such a case, ``copy_kernel`` callback is called. It'd | |
3639 | look like: | |
3640 | ||
3641 | :: | |
3642 | ||
3643 | static int playback_copy_kernel(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, | |
3644 | int channel, unsigned long pos, | |
3645 | void *src, unsigned long count); | |
3646 | static int capture_copy_kernel(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, | |
3647 | int channel, unsigned long pos, | |
3648 | void *dst, unsigned long count); | |
3649 | ||
3650 | As found easily, the only difference is that the buffer pointer is | |
3651 | without ``__user`` prefix; that is, a kernel-buffer pointer is passed | |
3652 | in the fourth argument. Correspondingly, the implementation would be | |
3653 | a version without the user-copy, such as: | |
7ddedebb | 3654 | |
f7a47817 TI |
3655 | :: |
3656 | ||
3657 | my_memcpy(my_buffer + pos, src, count); | |
7ddedebb | 3658 | |
f7a47817 TI |
3659 | Usually for the playback, another callback ``fill_silence`` is |
3660 | defined. It's implemented in a similar way as the copy callbacks | |
3661 | above: | |
7ddedebb TI |
3662 | |
3663 | :: | |
3664 | ||
3665 | static int silence(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int channel, | |
f7a47817 | 3666 | unsigned long pos, unsigned long count); |
7ddedebb | 3667 | |
f7a47817 TI |
3668 | The meanings of arguments are the same as in the ``copy_user`` and |
3669 | ``copy_kernel`` callbacks, although there is no buffer pointer | |
3670 | argument. In the case of interleaved samples, the channel argument has | |
3671 | no meaning, as well as on ``copy_*`` callbacks. | |
7ddedebb | 3672 | |
f7a47817 | 3673 | The role of ``fill_silence`` callback is to set the given amount |
7ddedebb TI |
3674 | (``count``) of silence data at the specified offset (``pos``) on the |
3675 | hardware buffer. Suppose that the data format is signed (that is, the | |
3676 | silent-data is 0), and the implementation using a memset-like function | |
3677 | would be like: | |
3678 | ||
3679 | :: | |
3680 | ||
f7a47817 | 3681 | my_memset(my_buffer + pos, 0, count); |
7ddedebb TI |
3682 | |
3683 | In the case of non-interleaved samples, again, the implementation | |
f7a47817 TI |
3684 | becomes a bit more complicated, as it's called N-times per transfer |
3685 | for each channel. See, for example, ``isa/gus/gus_pcm.c``. | |
7ddedebb TI |
3686 | |
3687 | Non-Contiguous Buffers | |
3688 | ---------------------- | |
3689 | ||
3690 | If your hardware supports the page table as in emu10k1 or the buffer | |
3691 | descriptors as in via82xx, you can use the scatter-gather (SG) DMA. ALSA | |
3692 | provides an interface for handling SG-buffers. The API is provided in | |
3693 | ``<sound/pcm.h>``. | |
3694 | ||
3695 | For creating the SG-buffer handler, call | |
3696 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages()` or | |
3697 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all()` with | |
3698 | ``SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV_SG`` in the PCM constructor like other PCI | |
3699 | pre-allocator. You need to pass ``snd_dma_pci_data(pci)``, where pci is | |
3700 | the :c:type:`struct pci_dev <pci_dev>` pointer of the chip as | |
3701 | well. The ``struct snd_sg_buf`` instance is created as | |
3702 | ``substream->dma_private``. You can cast the pointer like: | |
3703 | ||
3704 | :: | |
3705 | ||
3706 | struct snd_sg_buf *sgbuf = (struct snd_sg_buf *)substream->dma_private; | |
3707 | ||
3708 | Then call :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_malloc_pages()` in the ``hw_params`` | |
3709 | callback as well as in the case of normal PCI buffer. The SG-buffer | |
3710 | handler will allocate the non-contiguous kernel pages of the given size | |
3711 | and map them onto the virtually contiguous memory. The virtual pointer | |
3712 | is addressed in runtime->dma_area. The physical address | |
3713 | (``runtime->dma_addr``) is set to zero, because the buffer is | |
3714 | physically non-contiguous. The physical address table is set up in | |
3715 | ``sgbuf->table``. You can get the physical address at a certain offset | |
3716 | via :c:func:`snd_pcm_sgbuf_get_addr()`. | |
3717 | ||
3718 | When a SG-handler is used, you need to set | |
3719 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_sgbuf_ops_page()` as the ``page`` callback. (See | |
3720 | `page callback`_ section.) | |
3721 | ||
3722 | To release the data, call :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_free_pages()` in | |
3723 | the ``hw_free`` callback as usual. | |
3724 | ||
3725 | Vmalloc'ed Buffers | |
3726 | ------------------ | |
3727 | ||
3728 | It's possible to use a buffer allocated via :c:func:`vmalloc()`, for | |
3729 | example, for an intermediate buffer. Since the allocated pages are not | |
3730 | contiguous, you need to set the ``page`` callback to obtain the physical | |
3731 | address at every offset. | |
3732 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
3733 | The easiest way to achieve it would be to use |
3734 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_alloc_vmalloc_buffer()` for allocating the buffer | |
3735 | via :c:func:`vmalloc()`, and set :c:func:`snd_pcm_sgbuf_ops_page()` to | |
3736 | the ``page`` callback. At release, you need to call | |
3737 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_lib_free_vmalloc_buffer()`. | |
3738 | ||
3739 | If you want to implementation the ``page`` manually, it would be like | |
3740 | this: | |
7ddedebb TI |
3741 | |
3742 | :: | |
3743 | ||
3744 | #include <linux/vmalloc.h> | |
3745 | ||
3746 | /* get the physical page pointer on the given offset */ | |
3747 | static struct page *mychip_page(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, | |
3748 | unsigned long offset) | |
3749 | { | |
3750 | void *pageptr = substream->runtime->dma_area + offset; | |
3751 | return vmalloc_to_page(pageptr); | |
3752 | } | |
3753 | ||
3754 | Proc Interface | |
3755 | ============== | |
3756 | ||
3757 | ALSA provides an easy interface for procfs. The proc files are very | |
3758 | useful for debugging. I recommend you set up proc files if you write a | |
3759 | driver and want to get a running status or register dumps. The API is | |
3760 | found in ``<sound/info.h>``. | |
3761 | ||
3762 | To create a proc file, call :c:func:`snd_card_proc_new()`. | |
3763 | ||
3764 | :: | |
3765 | ||
3766 | struct snd_info_entry *entry; | |
3767 | int err = snd_card_proc_new(card, "my-file", &entry); | |
3768 | ||
3769 | where the second argument specifies the name of the proc file to be | |
3770 | created. The above example will create a file ``my-file`` under the | |
3771 | card directory, e.g. ``/proc/asound/card0/my-file``. | |
3772 | ||
3773 | Like other components, the proc entry created via | |
3774 | :c:func:`snd_card_proc_new()` will be registered and released | |
3775 | automatically in the card registration and release functions. | |
3776 | ||
3777 | When the creation is successful, the function stores a new instance in | |
3778 | the pointer given in the third argument. It is initialized as a text | |
3779 | proc file for read only. To use this proc file as a read-only text file | |
3780 | as it is, set the read callback with a private data via | |
3781 | :c:func:`snd_info_set_text_ops()`. | |
3782 | ||
3783 | :: | |
3784 | ||
3785 | snd_info_set_text_ops(entry, chip, my_proc_read); | |
3786 | ||
3787 | where the second argument (``chip``) is the private data to be used in | |
3788 | the callbacks. The third parameter specifies the read buffer size and | |
3789 | the fourth (``my_proc_read``) is the callback function, which is | |
3790 | defined like | |
3791 | ||
3792 | :: | |
3793 | ||
3794 | static void my_proc_read(struct snd_info_entry *entry, | |
3795 | struct snd_info_buffer *buffer); | |
3796 | ||
3797 | In the read callback, use :c:func:`snd_iprintf()` for output | |
3798 | strings, which works just like normal :c:func:`printf()`. For | |
3799 | example, | |
3800 | ||
3801 | :: | |
3802 | ||
3803 | static void my_proc_read(struct snd_info_entry *entry, | |
3804 | struct snd_info_buffer *buffer) | |
3805 | { | |
3806 | struct my_chip *chip = entry->private_data; | |
3807 | ||
3808 | snd_iprintf(buffer, "This is my chip!\n"); | |
3809 | snd_iprintf(buffer, "Port = %ld\n", chip->port); | |
3810 | } | |
3811 | ||
3812 | The file permissions can be changed afterwards. As default, it's set as | |
3813 | read only for all users. If you want to add write permission for the | |
3814 | user (root as default), do as follows: | |
3815 | ||
3816 | :: | |
3817 | ||
3818 | entry->mode = S_IFREG | S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR; | |
3819 | ||
3820 | and set the write buffer size and the callback | |
3821 | ||
3822 | :: | |
3823 | ||
3824 | entry->c.text.write = my_proc_write; | |
3825 | ||
3826 | For the write callback, you can use :c:func:`snd_info_get_line()` | |
3827 | to get a text line, and :c:func:`snd_info_get_str()` to retrieve | |
3828 | a string from the line. Some examples are found in | |
3829 | ``core/oss/mixer_oss.c``, core/oss/and ``pcm_oss.c``. | |
3830 | ||
3831 | For a raw-data proc-file, set the attributes as follows: | |
3832 | ||
3833 | :: | |
3834 | ||
3835 | static struct snd_info_entry_ops my_file_io_ops = { | |
3836 | .read = my_file_io_read, | |
3837 | }; | |
3838 | ||
3839 | entry->content = SNDRV_INFO_CONTENT_DATA; | |
3840 | entry->private_data = chip; | |
3841 | entry->c.ops = &my_file_io_ops; | |
3842 | entry->size = 4096; | |
3843 | entry->mode = S_IFREG | S_IRUGO; | |
3844 | ||
3845 | For the raw data, ``size`` field must be set properly. This specifies | |
3846 | the maximum size of the proc file access. | |
3847 | ||
3848 | The read/write callbacks of raw mode are more direct than the text mode. | |
3849 | You need to use a low-level I/O functions such as | |
3850 | :c:func:`copy_from/to_user()` to transfer the data. | |
3851 | ||
3852 | :: | |
3853 | ||
3854 | static ssize_t my_file_io_read(struct snd_info_entry *entry, | |
3855 | void *file_private_data, | |
3856 | struct file *file, | |
3857 | char *buf, | |
3858 | size_t count, | |
3859 | loff_t pos) | |
3860 | { | |
3861 | if (copy_to_user(buf, local_data + pos, count)) | |
3862 | return -EFAULT; | |
3863 | return count; | |
3864 | } | |
3865 | ||
3866 | If the size of the info entry has been set up properly, ``count`` and | |
3867 | ``pos`` are guaranteed to fit within 0 and the given size. You don't | |
3868 | have to check the range in the callbacks unless any other condition is | |
3869 | required. | |
3870 | ||
3871 | Power Management | |
3872 | ================ | |
3873 | ||
3874 | If the chip is supposed to work with suspend/resume functions, you need | |
3875 | to add power-management code to the driver. The additional code for | |
f90afe79 TI |
3876 | power-management should be ifdef-ed with ``CONFIG_PM``, or annotated |
3877 | with __maybe_unused attribute; otherwise the compiler will complain | |
3878 | you. | |
7ddedebb TI |
3879 | |
3880 | If the driver *fully* supports suspend/resume that is, the device can be | |
3881 | properly resumed to its state when suspend was called, you can set the | |
3882 | ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME`` flag in the pcm info field. Usually, this is | |
3883 | possible when the registers of the chip can be safely saved and restored | |
3884 | to RAM. If this is set, the trigger callback is called with | |
3885 | ``SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME`` after the resume callback completes. | |
3886 | ||
3887 | Even if the driver doesn't support PM fully but partial suspend/resume | |
3888 | is still possible, it's still worthy to implement suspend/resume | |
3889 | callbacks. In such a case, applications would reset the status by | |
3890 | calling :c:func:`snd_pcm_prepare()` and restart the stream | |
3891 | appropriately. Hence, you can define suspend/resume callbacks below but | |
3892 | don't set ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME`` info flag to the PCM. | |
3893 | ||
3894 | Note that the trigger with SUSPEND can always be called when | |
3895 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_suspend_all()` is called, regardless of the | |
3896 | ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME`` flag. The ``RESUME`` flag affects only the | |
3897 | behavior of :c:func:`snd_pcm_resume()`. (Thus, in theory, | |
3898 | ``SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME`` isn't needed to be handled in the trigger | |
3899 | callback when no ``SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME`` flag is set. But, it's better | |
3900 | to keep it for compatibility reasons.) | |
3901 | ||
3902 | In the earlier version of ALSA drivers, a common power-management layer | |
3903 | was provided, but it has been removed. The driver needs to define the | |
3904 | suspend/resume hooks according to the bus the device is connected to. In | |
3905 | the case of PCI drivers, the callbacks look like below: | |
3906 | ||
3907 | :: | |
3908 | ||
f90afe79 | 3909 | static int __maybe_unused snd_my_suspend(struct device *dev) |
7ddedebb TI |
3910 | { |
3911 | .... /* do things for suspend */ | |
3912 | return 0; | |
3913 | } | |
f90afe79 | 3914 | static int __maybe_unused snd_my_resume(struct device *dev) |
7ddedebb TI |
3915 | { |
3916 | .... /* do things for suspend */ | |
3917 | return 0; | |
3918 | } | |
7ddedebb TI |
3919 | |
3920 | The scheme of the real suspend job is as follows. | |
3921 | ||
3922 | 1. Retrieve the card and the chip data. | |
3923 | ||
3924 | 2. Call :c:func:`snd_power_change_state()` with | |
3925 | ``SNDRV_CTL_POWER_D3hot`` to change the power status. | |
3926 | ||
3927 | 3. Call :c:func:`snd_pcm_suspend_all()` to suspend the running | |
3928 | PCM streams. | |
3929 | ||
3930 | 4. If AC97 codecs are used, call :c:func:`snd_ac97_suspend()` for | |
3931 | each codec. | |
3932 | ||
3933 | 5. Save the register values if necessary. | |
3934 | ||
3935 | 6. Stop the hardware if necessary. | |
3936 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
3937 | A typical code would be like: |
3938 | ||
3939 | :: | |
3940 | ||
f90afe79 | 3941 | static int __maybe_unused mychip_suspend(struct device *dev) |
7ddedebb TI |
3942 | { |
3943 | /* (1) */ | |
f90afe79 | 3944 | struct snd_card *card = dev_get_drvdata(dev); |
7ddedebb TI |
3945 | struct mychip *chip = card->private_data; |
3946 | /* (2) */ | |
3947 | snd_power_change_state(card, SNDRV_CTL_POWER_D3hot); | |
3948 | /* (3) */ | |
3949 | snd_pcm_suspend_all(chip->pcm); | |
3950 | /* (4) */ | |
3951 | snd_ac97_suspend(chip->ac97); | |
3952 | /* (5) */ | |
3953 | snd_mychip_save_registers(chip); | |
3954 | /* (6) */ | |
3955 | snd_mychip_stop_hardware(chip); | |
7ddedebb TI |
3956 | return 0; |
3957 | } | |
3958 | ||
3959 | ||
3960 | The scheme of the real resume job is as follows. | |
3961 | ||
3962 | 1. Retrieve the card and the chip data. | |
3963 | ||
f90afe79 | 3964 | 2. Re-initialize the chip. |
7ddedebb | 3965 | |
f90afe79 | 3966 | 3. Restore the saved registers if necessary. |
7ddedebb | 3967 | |
f90afe79 | 3968 | 4. Resume the mixer, e.g. calling :c:func:`snd_ac97_resume()`. |
7ddedebb | 3969 | |
f90afe79 | 3970 | 5. Restart the hardware (if any). |
7ddedebb | 3971 | |
f90afe79 | 3972 | 6. Call :c:func:`snd_power_change_state()` with |
7ddedebb TI |
3973 | ``SNDRV_CTL_POWER_D0`` to notify the processes. |
3974 | ||
3975 | A typical code would be like: | |
3976 | ||
3977 | :: | |
3978 | ||
f90afe79 | 3979 | static int __maybe_unused mychip_resume(struct pci_dev *pci) |
7ddedebb TI |
3980 | { |
3981 | /* (1) */ | |
f90afe79 | 3982 | struct snd_card *card = dev_get_drvdata(dev); |
7ddedebb TI |
3983 | struct mychip *chip = card->private_data; |
3984 | /* (2) */ | |
7ddedebb | 3985 | snd_mychip_reinit_chip(chip); |
f90afe79 | 3986 | /* (3) */ |
7ddedebb | 3987 | snd_mychip_restore_registers(chip); |
f90afe79 | 3988 | /* (4) */ |
7ddedebb | 3989 | snd_ac97_resume(chip->ac97); |
f90afe79 | 3990 | /* (5) */ |
7ddedebb | 3991 | snd_mychip_restart_chip(chip); |
f90afe79 | 3992 | /* (6) */ |
7ddedebb TI |
3993 | snd_power_change_state(card, SNDRV_CTL_POWER_D0); |
3994 | return 0; | |
3995 | } | |
3996 | ||
3997 | As shown in the above, it's better to save registers after suspending | |
3998 | the PCM operations via :c:func:`snd_pcm_suspend_all()` or | |
3999 | :c:func:`snd_pcm_suspend()`. It means that the PCM streams are | |
4000 | already stopped when the register snapshot is taken. But, remember that | |
4001 | you don't have to restart the PCM stream in the resume callback. It'll | |
4002 | be restarted via trigger call with ``SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME`` when | |
4003 | necessary. | |
4004 | ||
4005 | OK, we have all callbacks now. Let's set them up. In the initialization | |
4006 | of the card, make sure that you can get the chip data from the card | |
4007 | instance, typically via ``private_data`` field, in case you created the | |
4008 | chip data individually. | |
4009 | ||
4010 | :: | |
4011 | ||
4012 | static int snd_mychip_probe(struct pci_dev *pci, | |
4013 | const struct pci_device_id *pci_id) | |
4014 | { | |
4015 | .... | |
4016 | struct snd_card *card; | |
4017 | struct mychip *chip; | |
4018 | int err; | |
4019 | .... | |
4020 | err = snd_card_new(&pci->dev, index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, | |
4021 | 0, &card); | |
4022 | .... | |
4023 | chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL); | |
4024 | .... | |
4025 | card->private_data = chip; | |
4026 | .... | |
4027 | } | |
4028 | ||
4029 | When you created the chip data with :c:func:`snd_card_new()`, it's | |
4030 | anyway accessible via ``private_data`` field. | |
4031 | ||
4032 | :: | |
4033 | ||
4034 | static int snd_mychip_probe(struct pci_dev *pci, | |
4035 | const struct pci_device_id *pci_id) | |
4036 | { | |
4037 | .... | |
4038 | struct snd_card *card; | |
4039 | struct mychip *chip; | |
4040 | int err; | |
4041 | .... | |
4042 | err = snd_card_new(&pci->dev, index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, | |
4043 | sizeof(struct mychip), &card); | |
4044 | .... | |
4045 | chip = card->private_data; | |
4046 | .... | |
4047 | } | |
4048 | ||
4049 | If you need a space to save the registers, allocate the buffer for it | |
4050 | here, too, since it would be fatal if you cannot allocate a memory in | |
4051 | the suspend phase. The allocated buffer should be released in the | |
4052 | corresponding destructor. | |
4053 | ||
4054 | And next, set suspend/resume callbacks to the pci_driver. | |
4055 | ||
4056 | :: | |
4057 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
4058 | static SIMPLE_DEV_PM_OPS(snd_my_pm_ops, mychip_suspend, mychip_resume); |
4059 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
4060 | static struct pci_driver driver = { |
4061 | .name = KBUILD_MODNAME, | |
4062 | .id_table = snd_my_ids, | |
4063 | .probe = snd_my_probe, | |
4064 | .remove = snd_my_remove, | |
f90afe79 | 4065 | .driver.pm = &snd_my_pm_ops, |
7ddedebb TI |
4066 | }; |
4067 | ||
4068 | Module Parameters | |
4069 | ================= | |
4070 | ||
4071 | There are standard module options for ALSA. At least, each module should | |
4072 | have the ``index``, ``id`` and ``enable`` options. | |
4073 | ||
4074 | If the module supports multiple cards (usually up to 8 = ``SNDRV_CARDS`` | |
4075 | cards), they should be arrays. The default initial values are defined | |
4076 | already as constants for easier programming: | |
4077 | ||
4078 | :: | |
4079 | ||
4080 | static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX; | |
4081 | static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR; | |
4082 | static int enable[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_ENABLE_PNP; | |
4083 | ||
4084 | If the module supports only a single card, they could be single | |
4085 | variables, instead. ``enable`` option is not always necessary in this | |
4086 | case, but it would be better to have a dummy option for compatibility. | |
4087 | ||
4088 | The module parameters must be declared with the standard | |
f90afe79 | 4089 | ``module_param()``, ``module_param_array()`` and |
7ddedebb TI |
4090 | :c:func:`MODULE_PARM_DESC()` macros. |
4091 | ||
4092 | The typical coding would be like below: | |
4093 | ||
4094 | :: | |
4095 | ||
4096 | #define CARD_NAME "My Chip" | |
4097 | ||
4098 | module_param_array(index, int, NULL, 0444); | |
4099 | MODULE_PARM_DESC(index, "Index value for " CARD_NAME " soundcard."); | |
4100 | module_param_array(id, charp, NULL, 0444); | |
4101 | MODULE_PARM_DESC(id, "ID string for " CARD_NAME " soundcard."); | |
4102 | module_param_array(enable, bool, NULL, 0444); | |
4103 | MODULE_PARM_DESC(enable, "Enable " CARD_NAME " soundcard."); | |
4104 | ||
f90afe79 TI |
4105 | Also, don't forget to define the module description and the license. |
4106 | Especially, the recent modprobe requires to define the | |
7ddedebb TI |
4107 | module license as GPL, etc., otherwise the system is shown as “tainted”. |
4108 | ||
4109 | :: | |
4110 | ||
f90afe79 | 4111 | MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Sound driver for My Chip"); |
7ddedebb | 4112 | MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); |
7ddedebb TI |
4113 | |
4114 | ||
4115 | How To Put Your Driver Into ALSA Tree | |
4116 | ===================================== | |
4117 | ||
4118 | General | |
4119 | ------- | |
4120 | ||
4121 | So far, you've learned how to write the driver codes. And you might have | |
4122 | a question now: how to put my own driver into the ALSA driver tree? Here | |
4123 | (finally :) the standard procedure is described briefly. | |
4124 | ||
4125 | Suppose that you create a new PCI driver for the card “xyz”. The card | |
4126 | module name would be snd-xyz. The new driver is usually put into the | |
f90afe79 TI |
4127 | alsa-driver tree, ``sound/pci`` directory in the case of PCI |
4128 | cards. | |
7ddedebb TI |
4129 | |
4130 | In the following sections, the driver code is supposed to be put into | |
f90afe79 | 4131 | Linux kernel tree. The two cases are covered: a driver consisting of a |
7ddedebb TI |
4132 | single source file and one consisting of several source files. |
4133 | ||
4134 | Driver with A Single Source File | |
4135 | -------------------------------- | |
4136 | ||
f90afe79 | 4137 | 1. Modify sound/pci/Makefile |
7ddedebb TI |
4138 | |
4139 | Suppose you have a file xyz.c. Add the following two lines | |
4140 | ||
4141 | :: | |
4142 | ||
4143 | snd-xyz-objs := xyz.o | |
4144 | obj-$(CONFIG_SND_XYZ) += snd-xyz.o | |
4145 | ||
4146 | 2. Create the Kconfig entry | |
4147 | ||
4148 | Add the new entry of Kconfig for your xyz driver. config SND_XYZ | |
4149 | tristate "Foobar XYZ" depends on SND select SND_PCM help Say Y here | |
4150 | to include support for Foobar XYZ soundcard. To compile this driver | |
4151 | as a module, choose M here: the module will be called snd-xyz. the | |
4152 | line, select SND_PCM, specifies that the driver xyz supports PCM. In | |
4153 | addition to SND_PCM, the following components are supported for | |
4154 | select command: SND_RAWMIDI, SND_TIMER, SND_HWDEP, | |
4155 | SND_MPU401_UART, SND_OPL3_LIB, SND_OPL4_LIB, SND_VX_LIB, | |
4156 | SND_AC97_CODEC. Add the select command for each supported | |
4157 | component. | |
4158 | ||
4159 | Note that some selections imply the lowlevel selections. For example, | |
4160 | PCM includes TIMER, MPU401_UART includes RAWMIDI, AC97_CODEC | |
4161 | includes PCM, and OPL3_LIB includes HWDEP. You don't need to give | |
4162 | the lowlevel selections again. | |
4163 | ||
4164 | For the details of Kconfig script, refer to the kbuild documentation. | |
4165 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
4166 | Drivers with Several Source Files |
4167 | --------------------------------- | |
4168 | ||
4169 | Suppose that the driver snd-xyz have several source files. They are | |
f90afe79 | 4170 | located in the new subdirectory, sound/pci/xyz. |
7ddedebb | 4171 | |
f90afe79 TI |
4172 | 1. Add a new directory (``sound/pci/xyz``) in ``sound/pci/Makefile`` |
4173 | as below | |
7ddedebb TI |
4174 | |
4175 | :: | |
4176 | ||
f90afe79 | 4177 | obj-$(CONFIG_SND) += sound/pci/xyz/ |
7ddedebb TI |
4178 | |
4179 | ||
f90afe79 | 4180 | 2. Under the directory ``sound/pci/xyz``, create a Makefile |
7ddedebb TI |
4181 | |
4182 | :: | |
4183 | ||
7ddedebb | 4184 | snd-xyz-objs := xyz.o abc.o def.o |
7ddedebb TI |
4185 | obj-$(CONFIG_SND_XYZ) += snd-xyz.o |
4186 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
4187 | 3. Create the Kconfig entry |
4188 | ||
4189 | This procedure is as same as in the last section. | |
4190 | ||
7ddedebb TI |
4191 | |
4192 | Useful Functions | |
4193 | ================ | |
4194 | ||
4195 | :c:func:`snd_printk()` and friends | |
f90afe79 TI |
4196 | ---------------------------------- |
4197 | ||
4198 | .. note:: This subsection describes a few helper functions for | |
4199 | decorating a bit more on the standard :c:func:`printk()` & co. | |
4200 | However, in general, the use of such helpers is no longer recommended. | |
4201 | If possible, try to stick with the standard functions like | |
4202 | :c:func:`dev_err()` or :c:func:`pr_err()`. | |
7ddedebb TI |
4203 | |
4204 | ALSA provides a verbose version of the :c:func:`printk()` function. | |
4205 | If a kernel config ``CONFIG_SND_VERBOSE_PRINTK`` is set, this function | |
4206 | prints the given message together with the file name and the line of the | |
4207 | caller. The ``KERN_XXX`` prefix is processed as well as the original | |
4208 | :c:func:`printk()` does, so it's recommended to add this prefix, | |
4209 | e.g. snd_printk(KERN_ERR "Oh my, sorry, it's extremely bad!\\n"); | |
4210 | ||
4211 | There are also :c:func:`printk()`'s for debugging. | |
4212 | :c:func:`snd_printd()` can be used for general debugging purposes. | |
4213 | If ``CONFIG_SND_DEBUG`` is set, this function is compiled, and works | |
4214 | just like :c:func:`snd_printk()`. If the ALSA is compiled without | |
4215 | the debugging flag, it's ignored. | |
4216 | ||
4217 | :c:func:`snd_printdd()` is compiled in only when | |
f90afe79 | 4218 | ``CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_VERBOSE`` is set. |
7ddedebb TI |
4219 | |
4220 | :c:func:`snd_BUG()` | |
f90afe79 | 4221 | ------------------- |
7ddedebb TI |
4222 | |
4223 | It shows the ``BUG?`` message and stack trace as well as | |
4224 | :c:func:`snd_BUG_ON()` at the point. It's useful to show that a | |
4225 | fatal error happens there. | |
4226 | ||
4227 | When no debug flag is set, this macro is ignored. | |
4228 | ||
4229 | :c:func:`snd_BUG_ON()` | |
f90afe79 | 4230 | ---------------------- |
7ddedebb TI |
4231 | |
4232 | :c:func:`snd_BUG_ON()` macro is similar with | |
4233 | :c:func:`WARN_ON()` macro. For example, snd_BUG_ON(!pointer); or | |
4234 | it can be used as the condition, if (snd_BUG_ON(non_zero_is_bug)) | |
4235 | return -EINVAL; | |
4236 | ||
4237 | The macro takes an conditional expression to evaluate. When | |
4238 | ``CONFIG_SND_DEBUG``, is set, if the expression is non-zero, it shows | |
4239 | the warning message such as ``BUG? (xxx)`` normally followed by stack | |
4240 | trace. In both cases it returns the evaluated value. | |
4241 | ||
4242 | Acknowledgments | |
4243 | =============== | |
4244 | ||
4245 | I would like to thank Phil Kerr for his help for improvement and | |
4246 | corrections of this document. | |
4247 | ||
4248 | Kevin Conder reformatted the original plain-text to the DocBook format. | |
4249 | ||
4250 | Giuliano Pochini corrected typos and contributed the example codes in | |
4251 | the hardware constraints section. |