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1 | .. _changes: |
2 | ||
9b4ebd98 | 3 | Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel |
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4 | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
5 | ||
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6 | Intro |
7 | ===== | |
8 | ||
9 | This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of | |
81f10d19 | 10 | software necessary to run the 4.x kernels. |
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11 | |
12 | This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels | |
13 | and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch, | |
14 | Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the | |
15 | 'net). | |
16 | ||
1da177e4 | 17 | Current Minimal Requirements |
840f6690 | 18 | **************************** |
1da177e4 | 19 | |
840f6690 | 20 | Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've |
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21 | encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently |
22 | running, the suggested command should tell you. | |
23 | ||
5adaf851 LT |
24 | Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally |
25 | running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all | |
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26 | systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example, |
27 | you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils. | |
1da177e4 | 28 | |
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29 | ====================== =============== ======================================== |
30 | Program Minimal version Command to check the version | |
31 | ====================== =============== ======================================== | |
cafa0010 | 32 | GNU C 4.6 gcc --version |
37d69ee3 | 33 | GNU make 3.81 make --version |
1fb12b35 | 34 | binutils 2.21 ld -v |
033dba2e MY |
35 | flex 2.5.35 flex --version |
36 | bison 2.0 bison --version | |
840f6690 | 37 | util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version |
934193a6 | 38 | kmod 13 depmod -V |
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39 | e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V |
40 | jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V | |
41 | reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V | |
42 | xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V | |
43 | squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version | |
44 | btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck | |
45 | pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V | |
46 | quota-tools 3.09 quota -V | |
47 | PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version | |
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48 | nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version |
49 | procps 3.2.0 ps --version | |
50 | oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version | |
51 | udev 081 udevd --version | |
52 | grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version | |
53 | mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version | |
54 | iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V | |
55 | openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version | |
56 | bc 1.06.95 bc --version | |
212fa2f8 | 57 | Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version |
840f6690 | 58 | ====================== =============== ======================================== |
7a922637 | 59 | |
81f10d19 | 60 | .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation |
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61 | |
62 | Kernel compilation | |
840f6690 | 63 | ****************** |
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64 | |
65 | GCC | |
66 | --- | |
67 | ||
68 | The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your | |
a1365647 | 69 | computer. |
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70 | |
71 | Make | |
72 | ---- | |
73 | ||
13e09881 | 74 | You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel. |
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75 | |
76 | Binutils | |
77 | -------- | |
78 | ||
1fb12b35 | 79 | Binutils 2.21 or newer is needed to build the kernel. |
1da177e4 | 80 | |
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81 | pkg-config |
82 | ---------- | |
83 | ||
84 | The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed | |
85 | kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in | |
fd65465b | 86 | 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not |
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87 | verified or documented. |
88 | ||
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89 | Flex |
90 | ---- | |
91 | ||
92 | Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers | |
93 | during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later. | |
94 | ||
95 | ||
96 | Bison | |
97 | ----- | |
98 | ||
99 | Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers | |
100 | during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later. | |
101 | ||
08219624 JLPD |
102 | Perl |
103 | ---- | |
104 | ||
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105 | You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``, |
106 | ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel. | |
08219624 | 107 | |
221069be A |
108 | BC |
109 | -- | |
110 | ||
111 | You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher | |
112 | ||
08219624 | 113 | |
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114 | OpenSSL |
115 | ------- | |
116 | ||
117 | Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and | |
118 | crypto library to do key creation and signature generation. | |
119 | ||
120 | You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is | |
121 | enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3 | |
122 | and higher. | |
123 | ||
124 | ||
1da177e4 | 125 | System utilities |
840f6690 | 126 | **************** |
1da177e4 LT |
127 | |
128 | Architectural changes | |
129 | --------------------- | |
130 | ||
131 | DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev | |
132 | (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/) | |
133 | ||
134 | 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun! | |
135 | ||
136 | Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline | |
137 | documentation via specially-formatted comments near their | |
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138 | definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST |
139 | files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can | |
140 | then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files. | |
141 | In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need | |
142 | Sphinx. | |
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143 | |
144 | Util-linux | |
145 | ---------- | |
146 | ||
840f6690 | 147 | New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks, |
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148 | support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition |
149 | types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies. | |
150 | You'll probably want to upgrade. | |
151 | ||
152 | Ksymoops | |
153 | -------- | |
154 | ||
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155 | If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the |
156 | ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't. | |
840f6690 | 157 | It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so |
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158 | that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also |
159 | produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel | |
840f6690 | 160 | is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and |
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161 | reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops |
162 | with ksymoops. | |
1da177e4 | 163 | |
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164 | Mkinitrd |
165 | -------- | |
166 | ||
840f6690 | 167 | These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that |
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168 | mkinitrd be upgraded. |
169 | ||
170 | E2fsprogs | |
171 | --------- | |
172 | ||
840f6690 | 173 | The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and |
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174 | debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade. |
175 | ||
176 | JFSutils | |
177 | -------- | |
178 | ||
840f6690 | 179 | The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system. |
1da177e4 | 180 | The following utilities are available: |
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181 | |
182 | - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check | |
1da177e4 | 183 | and repair a JFS formatted partition. |
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184 | |
185 | - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition. | |
186 | ||
187 | - other file system utilities are also available in this package. | |
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188 | |
189 | Reiserfsprogs | |
190 | ------------- | |
191 | ||
192 | The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x | |
193 | (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working | |
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194 | versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and |
195 | ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms. | |
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196 | |
197 | Xfsprogs | |
198 | -------- | |
199 | ||
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200 | The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the |
201 | ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is | |
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202 | architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should |
203 | work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or | |
204 | later is recommended, due to some significant improvements). | |
205 | ||
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206 | PCMCIAutils |
207 | ----------- | |
208 | ||
840f6690 | 209 | PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up |
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210 | PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules |
211 | for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug | |
212 | subsystem is used. | |
1da177e4 | 213 | |
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214 | Quota-tools |
215 | ----------- | |
216 | ||
217 | Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use | |
218 | the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and | |
219 | newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer | |
220 | from the table above. | |
221 | ||
222 | Intel IA32 microcode | |
223 | -------------------- | |
224 | ||
225 | A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode, | |
890fbae2 | 226 | accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using |
1b49ecf2 | 227 | udev you may need to:: |
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228 | |
229 | mkdir /dev/cpu | |
230 | mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184 | |
231 | chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode | |
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232 | |
233 | as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to | |
234 | get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this. | |
235 | ||
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236 | udev |
237 | ---- | |
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238 | |
239 | ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with | |
240 | only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic | |
03a67a46 | 241 | functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for |
890fbae2 | 242 | devices. |
1da177e4 | 243 | |
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244 | FUSE |
245 | ---- | |
246 | ||
247 | Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount | |
840f6690 | 248 | options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work. |
909021ea | 249 | |
1da177e4 | 250 | Networking |
840f6690 | 251 | ********** |
1da177e4 LT |
252 | |
253 | General changes | |
254 | --------------- | |
255 | ||
256 | If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably | |
257 | consider using the network tools from ip-route2. | |
258 | ||
259 | Packet Filter / NAT | |
260 | ------------------- | |
261 | The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x | |
262 | kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules | |
263 | for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm. | |
264 | ||
265 | PPP | |
266 | --- | |
267 | ||
268 | The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to | |
269 | enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP, | |
270 | upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0. | |
271 | ||
890fbae2 | 272 | If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp |
1b49ecf2 | 273 | which can be made by:: |
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274 | |
275 | mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0 | |
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276 | |
277 | as root. | |
278 | ||
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279 | NFS-utils |
280 | --------- | |
281 | ||
5adaf851 LT |
282 | In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know |
283 | about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This | |
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284 | information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client |
285 | mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs | |
286 | would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``. | |
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287 | |
288 | This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct | |
289 | which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement | |
840f6690 | 290 | fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from |
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291 | getting lots of old entries that never get removed. |
292 | ||
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293 | With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd |
294 | when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give | |
295 | appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the | |
840f6690 | 296 | dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about |
5adaf851 | 297 | currently active clients. |
1da177e4 | 298 | |
1b49ecf2 | 299 | To enable this new functionality, you need to:: |
840f6690 | 300 | |
e4121712 | 301 | mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd |
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302 | |
303 | before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS | |
304 | services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where | |
305 | that is possible. | |
306 | ||
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307 | mcelog |
308 | ------ | |
309 | ||
c8c3f7d6 | 310 | On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check |
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311 | events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors |
312 | reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged. | |
172d899d | 313 | |
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314 | Kernel documentation |
315 | ******************** | |
316 | ||
317 | Sphinx | |
318 | ------ | |
319 | ||
f77af637 | 320 | Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>` |
b8b07b5c | 321 | for details about Sphinx requirements. |
81f10d19 | 322 | |
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323 | Getting updated software |
324 | ======================== | |
325 | ||
326 | Kernel compilation | |
327 | ****************** | |
328 | ||
a1365647 AM |
329 | gcc |
330 | --- | |
840f6690 MCC |
331 | |
332 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/> | |
1da177e4 LT |
333 | |
334 | Make | |
335 | ---- | |
840f6690 MCC |
336 | |
337 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/> | |
1da177e4 LT |
338 | |
339 | Binutils | |
340 | -------- | |
840f6690 | 341 | |
3bdadc86 | 342 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/> |
1da177e4 | 343 | |
033dba2e MY |
344 | Flex |
345 | ---- | |
346 | ||
347 | - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases> | |
348 | ||
349 | Bison | |
350 | ----- | |
351 | ||
352 | - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/> | |
353 | ||
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354 | OpenSSL |
355 | ------- | |
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356 | |
357 | - <https://www.openssl.org/> | |
3f1d44ae | 358 | |
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359 | System utilities |
360 | **************** | |
361 | ||
362 | Util-linux | |
363 | ---------- | |
840f6690 | 364 | |
3bdadc86 | 365 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/> |
1da177e4 | 366 | |
934193a6 RD |
367 | Kmod |
368 | ---- | |
369 | ||
370 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/> | |
371 | - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git> | |
372 | ||
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373 | Ksymoops |
374 | -------- | |
840f6690 | 375 | |
3bdadc86 | 376 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/> |
1da177e4 | 377 | |
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378 | Mkinitrd |
379 | -------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
380 | |
381 | - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main> | |
1da177e4 LT |
382 | |
383 | E2fsprogs | |
384 | --------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
385 | |
386 | - <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz> | |
1da177e4 LT |
387 | |
388 | JFSutils | |
389 | -------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
390 | |
391 | - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/> | |
1da177e4 LT |
392 | |
393 | Reiserfsprogs | |
394 | ------------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
395 | |
396 | - <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/> | |
1da177e4 LT |
397 | |
398 | Xfsprogs | |
399 | -------- | |
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400 | |
401 | - <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/> | |
1da177e4 | 402 | |
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403 | Pcmciautils |
404 | ----------- | |
840f6690 | 405 | |
3bdadc86 | 406 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/> |
5085cb26 | 407 | |
1da177e4 | 408 | Quota-tools |
840f6690 MCC |
409 | ----------- |
410 | ||
411 | - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/> | |
1da177e4 | 412 | |
8b0c2d98 | 413 | |
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414 | Intel P6 microcode |
415 | ------------------ | |
840f6690 MCC |
416 | |
417 | - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/> | |
1da177e4 | 418 | |
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419 | udev |
420 | ---- | |
840f6690 MCC |
421 | |
422 | - <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html> | |
1da177e4 | 423 | |
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424 | FUSE |
425 | ---- | |
840f6690 | 426 | |
86afad7d | 427 | - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases> |
909021ea | 428 | |
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429 | mcelog |
430 | ------ | |
840f6690 MCC |
431 | |
432 | - <http://www.mcelog.org/> | |
172d899d | 433 | |
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434 | Networking |
435 | ********** | |
436 | ||
437 | PPP | |
438 | --- | |
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439 | |
440 | - <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/> | |
1da177e4 | 441 | |
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442 | NFS-utils |
443 | --------- | |
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444 | |
445 | - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14> | |
1da177e4 LT |
446 | |
447 | Iptables | |
448 | -------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
449 | |
450 | - <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html> | |
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451 | |
452 | Ip-route2 | |
453 | --------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
454 | |
455 | - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/> | |
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456 | |
457 | OProfile | |
458 | -------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
459 | |
460 | - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/> | |
1da177e4 LT |
461 | |
462 | NFS-Utils | |
463 | --------- | |
840f6690 MCC |
464 | |
465 | - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/> | |
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466 | |
467 | Kernel documentation | |
468 | ******************** | |
469 | ||
470 | Sphinx | |
471 | ------ | |
472 | ||
473 | - <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/> |