2 LZO stream format as understood by Linux's LZO decompressor
3 ===========================================================
7 This is not a specification. No specification seems to be publicly available
8 for the LZO stream format. This document describes what input format the LZO
9 decompressor as implemented in the Linux kernel understands. The file subject
10 of this analysis is lib/lzo/lzo1x_decompress_safe.c. No analysis was made on
11 the compressor nor on any other implementations though it seems likely that
12 the format matches the standard one. The purpose of this document is to
13 better understand what the code does in order to propose more efficient fixes
14 for future bug reports.
18 The stream is composed of a series of instructions, operands, and data. The
19 instructions consist in a few bits representing an opcode, and bits forming
20 the operands for the instruction, whose size and position depend on the
21 opcode and on the number of literals copied by previous instruction. The
22 operands are used to indicate :
24 - a distance when copying data from the dictionary (past output buffer)
25 - a length (number of bytes to copy from dictionary)
26 - the number of literals to copy, which is retained in variable "state"
27 as a piece of information for next instructions.
29 Optionally depending on the opcode and operands, extra data may follow. These
30 extra data can be a complement for the operand (eg: a length or a distance
31 encoded on larger values), or a literal to be copied to the output buffer.
33 The first byte of the block follows a different encoding from other bytes, it
34 seems to be optimized for literal use only, since there is no dictionary yet
37 Lengths are always encoded on a variable size starting with a small number
38 of bits in the operand. If the number of bits isn't enough to represent the
39 length, up to 255 may be added in increments by consuming more bytes with a
40 rate of at most 255 per extra byte (thus the compression ratio cannot exceed
41 around 255:1). The variable length encoding using #bits is always the same :
43 length = byte & ((1 << #bits) - 1)
45 length = ((1 << #bits) - 1)
46 length += 255*(number of zero bytes)
47 length += first-non-zero-byte
49 length += constant (generally 2 or 3)
51 For references to the dictionary, distances are relative to the output
52 pointer. Distances are encoded using very few bits belonging to certain
53 ranges, resulting in multiple copy instructions using different encodings.
54 Certain encodings involve one extra byte, others involve two extra bytes
55 forming a little-endian 16-bit quantity (marked LE16 below).
57 After any instruction except the large literal copy, 0, 1, 2 or 3 literals
58 are copied before starting the next instruction. The number of literals that
59 were copied may change the meaning and behaviour of the next instruction. In
60 practice, only one instruction needs to know whether 0, less than 4, or more
61 literals were copied. This is the information stored in the <state> variable
62 in this implementation. This number of immediate literals to be copied is
63 generally encoded in the last two bits of the instruction but may also be
64 taken from the last two bits of an extra operand (eg: distance).
66 End of stream is declared when a block copy of distance 0 is seen. Only one
67 instruction may encode this distance (0001HLLL), it takes one LE16 operand
68 for the distance, thus requiring 3 bytes.
70 IMPORTANT NOTE : in the code some length checks are missing because certain
71 instructions are called under the assumption that a certain number of bytes
72 follow because it has already been garanteed before parsing the instructions.
73 They just have to "refill" this credit if they consume extra bytes. This is
74 an implementation design choice independant on the algorithm or encoding.
80 0..17 : follow regular instruction encoding, see below. It is worth
81 noting that codes 16 and 17 will represent a block copy from
82 the dictionary which is empty, and that they will always be
83 invalid at this place.
85 18..21 : copy 0..3 literals
86 state = (byte - 17) = 0..3 [ copy <state> literals ]
89 22..255 : copy literal string
90 length = (byte - 17) = 4..238
91 state = 4 [ don't copy extra literals ]
94 Instruction encoding :
96 0 0 0 0 X X X X (0..15)
97 Depends on the number of literals copied by the last instruction.
98 If last instruction did not copy any literal (state == 0), this
99 encoding will be a copy of 4 or more literal, and must be interpreted
102 0 0 0 0 L L L L (0..15) : copy long literal string
103 length = 3 + (L ?: 15 + (zero_bytes * 255) + non_zero_byte)
104 state = 4 (no extra literals are copied)
106 If last instruction used to copy between 1 to 3 literals (encoded in
107 the instruction's opcode or distance), the instruction is a copy of a
108 2-byte block from the dictionary within a 1kB distance. It is worth
109 noting that this instruction provides little savings since it uses 2
110 bytes to encode a copy of 2 other bytes but it encodes the number of
111 following literals for free. It must be interpreted like this :
113 0 0 0 0 D D S S (0..15) : copy 2 bytes from <= 1kB distance
115 state = S (copy S literals after this block)
116 Always followed by exactly one byte : H H H H H H H H
117 distance = (H << 2) + D + 1
119 If last instruction used to copy 4 or more literals (as detected by
120 state == 4), the instruction becomes a copy of a 3-byte block from the
121 dictionary from a 2..3kB distance, and must be interpreted like this :
123 0 0 0 0 D D S S (0..15) : copy 3 bytes from 2..3 kB distance
125 state = S (copy S literals after this block)
126 Always followed by exactly one byte : H H H H H H H H
127 distance = (H << 2) + D + 2049
129 0 0 0 1 H L L L (16..31)
130 Copy of a block within 16..48kB distance (preferably less than 10B)
131 length = 2 + (L ?: 7 + (zero_bytes * 255) + non_zero_byte)
132 Always followed by exactly one LE16 : D D D D D D D D : D D D D D D S S
133 distance = 16384 + (H << 14) + D
134 state = S (copy S literals after this block)
135 End of stream is reached if distance == 16384
137 0 0 1 L L L L L (32..63)
138 Copy of small block within 16kB distance (preferably less than 34B)
139 length = 2 + (L ?: 31 + (zero_bytes * 255) + non_zero_byte)
140 Always followed by exactly one LE16 : D D D D D D D D : D D D D D D S S
142 state = S (copy S literals after this block)
144 0 1 L D D D S S (64..127)
145 Copy 3-4 bytes from block within 2kB distance
146 state = S (copy S literals after this block)
148 Always followed by exactly one byte : H H H H H H H H
149 distance = (H << 3) + D + 1
151 1 L L D D D S S (128..255)
152 Copy 5-8 bytes from block within 2kB distance
153 state = S (copy S literals after this block)
155 Always followed by exactly one byte : H H H H H H H H
156 distance = (H << 3) + D + 1
160 This document was written by Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu> on 2014/07/19 during an
161 analysis of the decompression code available in Linux 3.16-rc5. The code is
162 tricky, it is possible that this document contains mistakes or that a few
163 corner cases were overlooked. In any case, please report any doubt, fix, or
164 proposed updates to the author(s) so that the document can be updated.